Question 1: The development of genetic engineering Since the mid-1980s, China's biotechnology has been developing vigorously and has achieved gratifying results. As the National High-Tech Research Program (i.e. the "863" Program), the National Key Research Program and the National Natural Science Foundation all regard biotechnology as a priority development area and provide key support, China's overall biotechnology research level has rapidly improved, and a number of high-tech achievements have been achieved. The level of research results provides a technological source for the establishment and development of China's emerging biotechnology industry. China's genetic engineering pharmaceutical industry has entered a period of rapid development. Industry Status In 1989, China approved the first genetically engineered drug produced in China - recombinant human interferon αlb, marking a breakthrough in the genetically engineered drugs produced in China. Recombinant human interferon αlb is the world's first genetically engineered drug that adopts Chinese gene cloning and expression. It is also the only new genetically engineered drug with independent intellectual property rights that has been successfully developed by China so far. Since then, China's genetic engineering pharmaceutical industry has grown from scratch and continued to grow. In 1998, China's genetic engineering pharmaceutical industry sales reached 720 million yuan. By the end of 1998, China had approved a total of 15 genetic engineering drugs and vaccine products for marketing. More than 30 domestic biopharmaceutical companies have obtained approval numbers for trial production or formal production of genetically engineered drugs or vaccines. According to the results of a 1997 communication survey of 452 units engaged in biotechnology research, development and production across the country, by the end of 1996, China had commercialized 8 genetic engineering drugs and vaccines (including trial production). Sales of drugs and vaccines were approximately RMB 220 million, accounting for only 10.4% of the national annual sales of pharmaceutical and biotechnology products of RMB 2.116 billion during the same period. However, the good news is that China's genetic engineering pharmaceutical industry has developed rapidly. Annual sales have increased from 220 million yuan in 1996 to 720 million yuan in 1998, with an average annual growth rate of as high as 80%. Sales of genetically engineered drugs in China are expected to reach 2.28 billion yuan in 2000. Genetic engineering has broad development prospects in the pharmaceutical industry. China's genetic pharmaceutical industry has begun to take shape, but there is a gap with developed countries in the world. This is mainly reflected in the fact that there are fewer products with independent intellectual property rights, small industrial scale, and low economic benefits. The genetic pharmaceutical industry is facing historic opportunities, mainly in terms of government support, abundant resources, disclosure of genetic information, and increased international exchanges. Improving independent development capabilities and protecting genetic resources are currently urgent issues that need to be solved. At the same time, research and preparation for technical barriers in the field of genetic pharmaceuticals should be strengthened. Domestic and international comparisons of China's biotechnology industry, especially the scale of the biopharmaceutical industry, are far behind those of the United States. In 1996, China's biotechnology sales were 11.4 billion yuan and the United States' sales were 10 billion U.S. dollars, a seven-fold difference. In 1996, sales of genetic engineering and vaccines in China were 230 million yuan, compared with US$7.5 billion in the United States during the same period. In 1998, China's sales of genetically engineered drugs and vaccines were 720 million yuan, less than 100 million U.S. dollars. In 1996, the sales of Neupgen (G-CSF) and Epogen (erythropoietin), the two main products of the American company Amgen, were reached US$1 billion each. In terms of marketed varieties, in 1998, 15 types of genetically engineered drugs and vaccines were approved for marketing in China, and there were 53 types of biological drugs (mainly genetically engineered drugs) listed in the United States. China's basic engineering drugs are put on the market 5 to 10 years later than the same kind in the United States. The main existing problems are 1. There are too many manufacturers of the same product, resulting in vicious competition in the market and seriously affecting the healthy development of the industry: the vast majority of genetically engineered drugs and vaccines that have been approved for marketing in China are produced by multiple companies. For example: there are 5 manufacturers of interferon α2a, 5 manufacturers of interferon α2b, 10 manufacturers of interleukin-2, 7 manufacturers of G-CSF, and 6 manufacturers of GM-CSF. The clinical application dosage of genetic engineering drugs is generally very small (microgram level), and usually 2-3 manufacturers can produce at full capacity to meet the needs of the national market. Therefore, too many manufacturers producing the same genetically engineered drugs will inevitably lead to excessive competition in the market, which will reduce the profits of each production company. It will also lead to insufficient operation of existing production capacity and increase costs, making it impossible for companies to obtain reasonable profits and enter healthy development. The trajectory has even forced some companies to suffer serious losses and go bankrupt. This phenomenon of repeated production is not unrelated to the guiding ideology of China's new drug research and development. In the past, the research and development of new drugs in China was mainly based on introduction and development. Most of the new drugs developed and marketed in China and under development are imitations of foreign drugs, and there are very few innovative drugs. ......>>

Question 2: What impact does the development of genetic engineering have on human beings? Human beings have made great progress in the field of genes, and are changing nature to serve human beings through genetic engineering. progress rapidly in terms of needs. However, for a long time, humans did not pay enough attention to the philosophical and ethical aspects of genetic engineering. From cloning technology to the major discovery of the human genome, this problem has become increasingly prominent. However, compared with this process, the corresponding social and ethical system of mankind has not been established. Genetic ethics covers two aspects: ecological ethics and social ethics.

As far as the ecological ethics of genes are concerned, it is mainly to standardize and coordinate the conflicts between genetic engineering and the ecological environment; as far as the social ethics of genes are concerned, it is mainly to standardize and coordinate the conflicts between genetic engineering and social ethics. The establishment and development of genetic ethics will not only not hinder the development of natural science, but will further enhance our understanding of the nature of science, and will also contribute to our new understanding of truth, laws, and causality. Humanity has made great progress in the field of genes and has made rapid progress in changing nature to serve human needs through genetic engineering. However, for a long time, humans did not pay enough attention to the philosophical and ethical aspects of genetic engineering. The problem with this is two-fold. On the one hand, under the philosophical view of transforming and conquering nature, genetic engineering has caused many ecological problems, especially greatly affecting biodiversity, which is the basis for the sustainable development of nature. On the other hand, genetic engineering raises many social and ethical issues. From cloning technology to the major discovery of the human genome, this problem has become increasingly prominent. However, compared with this process, human beings have not established a corresponding social and ethical system. Judging from its content, genetic ethics can have two aspects: on the one hand, it is ecological ethics, and on the other hand, it is social ethics. As far as the ecological ethics of genes are concerned, it is mainly to standardize and coordinate the contradictions between genetic engineering and the ecological environment; as far as the social ethics of genes is concerned, it is mainly to standardize and coordinate the contradictions between genetic engineering and social ethics. Ecological ethics regulates and reasonably restricts plant genetic research work, mainly out of considerations of biological diversity. In recent years, research on plant genes has made great progress, and these advances have promoted a series of agricultural revolutions, especially the food revolution. However, this revolution based on plant genetic optimization has led to the destruction of species diversity. For example, it has reduced the number of foods people eat from more than 5,000 types to more than 150 types. Similarly, chemical fertilizers play a crucial role in increasing yields and shortening the growing season, but they also cause soil compaction and surface damage. The same situation also occurs in the research and application of animal genes. For example, in vitro cattle and in vitro sheep provide the basis for people to control biological gender. This technology makes it possible for humans to control biological populations. For a certain population, the number of males does not need to be large, but the number of females is very important. According to the laws of nature, the probability of male and female births is roughly equal. Therefore, how to increase the number of females and reduce the number of males as much as possible during birth is very critical. However, this will inevitably cause an imbalance in the ratio of male to female in the population, thereby causing an imbalance in the natural ecology. The problem is even greater when this technology is applied to humans. The discussion about cloning technology some time ago showed that once gene cloning technology is used in humans, the troubles it may bring or cause are beyond our imagination. So, does genetic ethics conflict with genetic technology and genetic engineering? Obviously not, because genetic ethics and genetic technology are completely consistent in their essence of serving human beings. Both require that genetic technology should be fully utilized to benefit mankind while at the same time avoiding as much as possible any resulting phenomena that are harmful to society. It's just that different countries and regions have different degrees and proportions of the two. For developing countries like China, the focus is not on how to try to overcome the negative effects of genetic engineering and genetic engineering, but on how to maximize the use of genetic engineering and genetic technology to develop the economy. For example, we all now know that biological diversity is the basis for the sustainable development of nature. In other words, biological evolution is not mainly about "survival of the fittest", but about the coordination of advantages and disadvantages. It is a diversified process, and optimization will inevitably lead to Monotonicity. However, current genetic engineering is mainly about selecting the best among the best, which is obviously contrary to the direction of biological diversity, and has indeed led to such problems in practice. However, for the majority of developing countries, this has solved many very difficult practical problems.

It can be known from this that the establishment and development of genetic ethics will not hinder the development of natural science...>>