Marie Curie is an immortal name in the history of world science. This great female scientist, with her diligence and talent, has made outstanding contributions in the fields of physics and chemistry, so she became the only famous scientist who won the Nobel Prize twice in two different disciplines. Einstein said in evaluating Madame Curie's life:

"The greatest achievement in her life-proving the existence of radioactive elements and separating them-depends not only on bold intuition, but also on the enthusiasm and tenacity of working under unimaginable and extremely difficult circumstances. Such difficulties are rare in the history of experimental science. Even if only a small part of Madame Curie's moral strength and enthusiasm exists among European intellectuals, Europe will face a brighter future. "

1895 When Madame Curie and pierre curie got married, there were only two chairs in the new house, one for each person. Pierre curie felt that there were too few chairs, so he suggested adding more chairs in case the guests had nowhere to sit. Madame Curie said, "It's good to have a chair, but the guests won't leave once they sit down. In order to have more time to do research, forget it. "

Since 19 13, Madame Curie's annual salary has increased to 40,000 francs, but she is still "stingy". Every time she comes back from abroad, she always brings back some party menus, because these menus are very thick and good pieces of paper, which are easy to write on the back. No wonder some people say that Madame Curie was "like a poor woman in a hurry" until her death.

Once, an American journalist went to visit Madame Curie. He went to the door of a fisherman's house in the village and asked a woman sitting barefoot on the slate at the door about Madame Curie's residence. The woman looked up and the reporter was surprised: it turned out that she was Madame Curie.

Madame Curie is famous all over the world, but she seeks neither fame nor profit. She won 10 prize, 16 medal and 107 honorary title all her life, but she didn't care. One day, a friend of hers visited her home and saw her little daughter playing with the gold medal just awarded to her by the Royal Society, so she was surprised and said, "Madame Curie, it is a great honor to receive the medal awarded by the Royal Society. How can I play for my children? " Madame Curie said with a smile: "I want children to know from an early age that honor, like a toy, can only be played, and must not be taken too seriously, otherwise nothing will be achieved."

Madame Curie has two daughters. Grasping the age advantage of intellectual development is an important "trick" for Madame Curie to develop children's intelligence. As early as when her daughter was less than one year old, Madame Curie instructed her children to carry out intellectual gymnastics training for children, guided them to get in touch with strangers extensively, went to the zoo to see animals, and let them learn to swim and enjoy the beautiful scenery of nature. When the children are older, she teaches them to do an artistic intellectual gymnastics, sing children's songs and tell fairy tales. When they are older, let them have intellectual training, teach them to read, play the piano, make handicrafts and so on, and teach them to ride bicycles and horses. After Madame Curie and her husband won the Nobel Prize, two younger generations trained by Madame Curie also won the Nobel Prize in succession: the eldest daughter Elena, a nuclear physicist, and she and her husband Aurio won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for discovering artificial radioactive substances. The second daughter Eve is a musician and biographer. Her husband won the 1956 Nobel Peace Prize as the Director-General of UNICEF.

Edison, the great inventor

Edison is a world-famous American electrician and inventor. In addition to his inventions and contributions in phonograph, electric light, telephone, telegraph and film, he also has many famous creations and opinions in mining, construction and chemical industry. Edison had about 2,000 inventions in his life, which made great contributions to the progress of human civilization.

Edison was born in1February, 847 1 1, Milan, Ohio, in the midwest of the United States. Edison went to school at the age of eight, but after only three months of study, he was dismissed as an "imbecile" by the teacher and was expelled from school. Since then, his mother has been his "mentor". Because of his mother's good educational methods, he took a keen interest in reading.

1863, Edison worked as a telecom operator in Stratford Hub Station, the main railway line. 1868, Edison came to Boston as a telegraph operator. In the same year, he obtained the first invention patent. This is a device for automatically recording votes. 1869 10 10 In October, he and Pope established "Pop-Edison Company", which specializes in scientific instruments for electrical engineering. Here, he invented "Edison Universal Printing Machine". In Newark, he invented wax paper and mimeograph. From 1872- 1875, Edison invented the two-pole and four-pole telegraph successively, and also helped others make the world's first English typewriter.

1876 In the spring, Edison moved to Monroe Park in New Jersey. He built the first "invention factory" here, which "marked the beginning of collective research". He also invented the phonograph, one of his favorite projects. Telephone and telegraph "are a revolution to expand human sensory functions"; The phonograph is one of the three great inventions that have changed people's lives. "From the imagination of the invention, this is his extremely significant invention achievement." At this time, people called him "the magician of Monroe Park".

1879, 10 year1October 22nd, Edison lit the first electric lamp with wide practical value. In order to prolong the life of filament, he tried more than 6000 kinds of fiber materials before finding a new luminous body-Japanese bamboo filament, which can last for more than 1000 hours and achieve the purpose of durability.

His first discovery in pure science appeared in 1883. When testing the electric lamp, he observed what he called the Edison effect: in a lighted bulb, charge travels from the hot filament through space to the cold plate. Edison applied for a patent for this discovery in 1884, and other scientists used Edison effect to develop the electronic industry, especially radio and television.

Edison took a series of photos with a piece of celluloid film newly invented by George Heasman, and projected them on the curtains in rapid succession, creating the illusion of movement. He experimented with movies for the first time in the laboratories of 1889 and 189 1. 1903, his company produced the first feature film great train robbery. Edison did a lot of work for the establishment and standardization of the film industry.

Edison moved his laboratory to West Orange in 1887 and founded many commercial companies. These companies later merged into the General Electric Company. Since then, his interests have turned to fluorescence, ore mashers, magnetic separation of iron, storage batteries and railway signaling devices. During World War I, he developed a torpedo device, a flamethrower and an underwater periscope.

193 1 year1October 18 The scientist who made great contributions to mankind died of illness at the age of 84.

What is the "secret" of Edison's great contribution to mankind? In addition to curiosity, he also has an instinct to experiment by himself, that is, he has unlimited energy and courage to work hard beyond ordinary people.

Hawking, the explorer of the mysteries of the universe

Stephen Hawking is a British theoretical physicist. 1942 1.8 was born in Oxford, England, which is a special day. Galileo, the founder of modern science, died on the same day 300 years ago.

Hawking didn't seem to have a strong learning ability when he was a child. He learned to read very late. After school, he never got into the top 65,438+00 in his class. Moreover, because his homework is always "untidy", his teachers think he is "hopeless" and his classmates regard him as the object of ridicule. When Hawking 12 years old, two boys in the class took a bag of candy and bet that he would never become a talent. His classmates ironically nicknamed him "Einstein". Who knows, after more than 20 years, the little boy who was not outstanding in those days really became a master of physics. What is the reason?

As it turns out, with the growth of age, Hawking became interested in how everything works. He often takes things apart to get to the bottom of them, but when he reassembles them, there is nothing he can do. However, his parents didn't punish him for it, and his father even served as a "coach" in mathematics and physics for him. At the age of thirteen or fourteen, Hawking found himself very interested in the study of physics. Although middle school physics is too easy and simple, it is particularly boring, but he thinks it is the most basic science, which is expected to solve the problem of where people come from and why they are here. Since then, Hawking has started a real scientific exploration.

Hawking was diagnosed as "Luger's disease" when he was 2 1 year old, that is, motor neuron atrophy. The doctor told him that his body would get out of control more and more, and only his heart, lungs and brain could function. Finally, the heart and lungs will also fail. Hawking was only sentenced to two years in prison.

At first, the disease deteriorated quite quickly. The blow to Hawking can be imagined. He almost gave up all his studies and research because he didn't think he could finish his master's thesis alive. However, he miraculously survived with tenacious perseverance.

Although Hawking's condition is getting worse. 1970, Hawking, whose academic reputation is growing day by day, was unable to walk by himself, and he began to use a wheelchair. To this day, he has never left it.

Despite the growing physical disability, Hawking still tries to live like an ordinary person and accomplish what he can. He's even lively-it sounds a bit funny. After he was completely unable to move, he still insisted on driving a wheelchair with his only movable finger on the way to the office. In a hotel in Moscow, he suggested that everyone dance. The way he turned the wheelchair in the hall was really a miracle. When meeting Prince Charles, he turned his wheelchair to show off and ran over Prince Charles' toes.

1985, Hawking underwent tracheal surgery, and since then he has completely lost the ability to speak. It is under such circumstances that he made great efforts to write the famous A Brief History of Time and explored the origin of the universe. This book has sold tens of millions of copies all over the world, and has been on the bestseller list since the publication of 1988, setting a bestseller world record. In this book, Hawking tries to explain black holes, the origin and fate of the universe, black holes and time travel in a way that ordinary people can understand.

Hawking's research object is the universe, but he has never been interested in observing astronomy, and has only observed it several times through a telescope. Compared with traditional scientific methods such as experiment and observation, Hawking's method relies on intuition.

The great achievement of "black hole is not black" comes from the flash of an idea. 1970 1 1 One night in June, Hawking slowly climbed into bed and began to think about black holes. He suddenly realized that a black hole should have a temperature, so that it would release radiation. In other words, black holes are not that black.

This epiphany, after three years of thinking, formed a complete theory. 1973165438+1October, Hawking officially announced to the world that black holes constantly emit X-rays and gamma rays, which is the famous "Hawking radiation". Before that, people thought that black holes could only swallow but not spit.

From the singularity of BIGBANG to the radiation mechanism of black holes, Hawking has made outstanding contributions to the development of quantum cosmology. Hawking won the Wolf Prize in Physics from 65438 to 0988.

199 1 In March, Hawking returned to his apartment in Berlin in a wheelchair. I was knocked down by a car while crossing the road, and my left arm was broken and my head was cut. He had 13 stitches, but after 48 hours, he returned to his office and went to work.