(China Institute of Land and Resources Economics, Sanhe, Hebei, 10 1 149)
The sustainable development of mines and mining industry is the core problem to solve the problem of "four mines" At present, China is not only facing the shortage of most mineral resources needed for social and economic development, but also facing serious ecological and environmental problems in most mines, so it is difficult for extensive mining development to continue to support the sustainable development of social economy. Under this background, this paper puts forward that in the process of building a well-off society in an all-round way, we should vigorously advocate and develop green mining, establish a circular economy system in mining development and social and economic life, and then put forward policies and measures to develop green mining and establish a circular economy system.
Keywords: green mining circular economy system, policies and measures
Since the founding of New China, the mining industry in China has developed rapidly and played an increasingly important role in the national economy. At present, China has built state-owned mines 1000, collective mines 150000 and individual mines 10000. The basic goal of circular economy model is to maximize the efficiency of resource utilization, minimize the waste discharge and make economic activities ecological. Emphasizing the development of economy on the basis of material circulation can not only improve the utilization efficiency of energy and resources to the maximum extent, but also promote the recycling and substitution of natural resources. Moreover, it can effectively reduce or avoid environmental pollution and ecological destruction through less or even zero emissions, promote the circular purification of the ecological environment, thus promoting low-cost economic growth and realizing the coordinated development of economy, resources and environment. From this point of view, circular economy regards the environment as an endogenous variable of economic growth, taking into account economic growth and environmental protection, and is a sustainable and environment-friendly economic growth model. The essence of its connotation is to follow the ecological law, make rational use of natural resources and environmental capacity, combine clean production with waste utilization, and implement waste reduction, recycling and harmlessness, so as to make the economic system material and natural ecosystem circulate harmoniously and realize the ecologicalization of economic activities.
From the aspect of material flow, the traditional economy is a linear economy with one-way material flow, which is composed of an open-loop economic process of "resources-products-wastes" and has the characteristics of high exploitation, high input, low utilization and high emission. In this economic model, people rely on high-intensity exploitation and low-efficiency consumption of natural resources, and at the same time constantly discharge waste (pollutants) to destroy the ecological environment, in order to achieve quantitative economic growth. Compared with the traditional economy, circular economy is a closed-loop (feedback) economic process of "resources-products-renewable resources", which has the characteristics of low exploitation, low input, high utilization and low emission. In this continuous economic cycle, all materials and energy are reasonably and permanently utilized, so that the negative impact of economic activities on the ecological environment is reduced to as small a degree as possible, thus realizing the quality-oriented growth of the economy, thus fundamentally eliminating the sharp conflict between the economy and the environment for a long time and promoting the transformation of the traditional economy into an environment-friendly economy that meets the requirements of sustainable development. Due to the implementation of circular economy in Germany, in the 1970s, when GDP increased by more than 2 times, the main pollutants decreased by 75%, achieving a "win-win" between economic benefits and environmental benefits. Therefore, developing circular economy and taking the road of environmental protection economic growth is a realistic choice for us to further change the mode of economic growth and realize sustainable economic development.
The 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China clearly put forward the grand goal of quadrupling China's GDP on the basis of 2000 by 2020. If we continue to promote economic growth according to the traditional mode of production development, it will inevitably cause greater waste and damage to China's existing resources and ecological environment and weaken the sustainability of China's economic development. Therefore, we must renew our ideas, implement the strategy of sustainable development, and take the road of developing green mining industry, establishing circular economy system and building a circular society.
2. Possibility and conditions to realize green mining and circular economy
To realize green mining, the premise is scientific planning based on environmental assessment, and the core is continuous innovation of key technologies. The current level of science and technology and knowledge accumulation have laid a solid foundation for realizing "green mining":
(1) The theory and practice of regional environmental carrying capacity and mine environmental disturbance assessment have made breakthrough progress in recent years. Some countries have carried out regional environmental assessment by scientifically demarcating regional geochemical baselines and establishing environmental assessment standards, which have been tested and developed in practice. It is mature to evaluate mine environmental disturbance through the development of geological environment model of deposit.
(2) The progress of science and technology makes it possible for mining, mineral processing and smelting to be less disturbed, non-toxic and less polluted. For example, "theory and technology of sulfide ore potential regulation flotation" makes the mineral processing wastewater of Qixia lead-zinc mine in Nanjing zero discharge, saving water by 60% ~ 90%; The "new paste filling technology" has basically realized less pollution and no tailings in Jinchuan copper-nickel mine; The research on "underground in-situ leaching" technology of copper polymetallic ore makes it possible to comprehensively utilize resources and undisturbed mining of surface ecological environment.
(3) There are numerous successful examples of mine environmental pollution control and ecological restoration at home and abroad. For example, Sanshandao Gold Mine in Jiaodong, China has become a "garden-style" mine through cyanide-containing sewage treatment and zero discharge, tailings resource utilization and ecological reconstruction.
Therefore, technically speaking, China has sufficient basic conditions to realize green mining; Moreover, the continuous progress of science and technology and the continuous development of practical exploration at home and abroad make the realization of green mining from necessity to possibility. What is needed now is to continue to increase support and guidance for the development of green mining from the policy level.
The theory and practice of circular economy have been developed in developed countries. At present, 45% of the world's steel production, 62% of copper production, 22% of aluminum production and 35% of paper products production all come from the recycling of renewable resources. Relevant government departments should be market-oriented, benefit-centered, strengthen supervision and inspection, implement whole-process audit management of renewable resource enterprises in accordance with ISO 14000 standards and other related green management systems, promote the continuous flow and regeneration of resources, and make the overall utilization of resources in China change from a closed economy to an open benign circular economy model.
In the aspect of mining science and technology progress, we should improve the research and development ability and strive to strengthen the technical support of circular economy. To meet the requirements of circular economy development, focusing on energy conservation, emission reduction, clean production and recycling of renewable resources, we will support and guide enterprises to increase investment in science and technology, vigorously carry out various forms of Industry-University-Research joint efforts, actively introduce and train scientific and technological and management talents, strengthen international cooperation and exchanges, accelerate the introduction, development and popularization of advanced and applicable ecological recycling new technologies, technologies and equipment, accelerate the transformation of traditional production processes, develop and produce recycled products, and promote the ecological production and operation of enterprises.
4 potential customers
At present, the serious resource pressure and environmental crisis faced by China's social and economic development have aroused widespread concern at all levels of society, and the development of green mining and the practice of circular economy have also achieved certain results. It is reasonable to believe that through the continuous support and guidance of policies and the continuous efforts of the whole society, the green mining policy will be continuously improved, the circular economy system will be established, the mine environmental problems in China will be effectively curbed, the passive situation of mine environmental protection will be fundamentally solved, and the sustainable development of China's mining industry will be smooth sailing, thus providing powerful resources for the sustainable development of China's social economy and the ultimate realization of a well-off society in an all-round way.
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