The geological and mining work in market economy countries is divided into two parts: profit-making and non-profit, each with different operating mechanisms and administrative management systems.

Non-profit geological and mineral work refers to social welfare geological and mineral work that is not for profit, such as national systematic geological and mineral surveys and evaluations, basic theoretical research, national and world geological and mineral information collection, processing and release, etc., all by

The state (government) funds the organization and implements strict "project management"; profitable geological and mining work refers to the geological and mining work carried out by mining companies in various places for the purpose of profit, including the exploration and development of various mineral resources, and its application

Hydrogeology, engineering geology, environmental geology work, geological professional technical labor and consulting services, etc.

For this type of profitable geological and mining work that operates according to market rules, full-process supervision and management with mining rights management as the core is mainly implemented, supplemented by policy-oriented management.

1. Classified management of mineral resources Many countries implement classified management of mineral resource development based on the different status and role of various types of mineral resources in the development of the national economy, as well as their different geographical distribution and output characteristics.

For example, the United States divides its mineral resources into two major categories: onshore and aquatic minerals, and five subcategories, which implement different management methods.

Terrestrial minerals are divided into: "discoverable minerals" (including metal minerals other than copper, lead, and zinc and non-metallic minerals such as diamonds, gypsum, gemstones, etc.), "leasable minerals" (including oil and gas, copper, lead, zinc, sulfur

, phosphorus, potassium, geothermal and other important minerals), "marketable minerals" (including sand, gravel, clay and other building materials minerals), respectively implement the 1872 General Minerals Law, the 1920 Mineral Land Concession Law and the 1947 Materials Law; while water area minerals

It is divided into two types of minerals within the territory of the United States and outside the territory, and the Outer Continental Shelf Land Act of 1953 and the Deep Sea Solid Mineral Resources Act of 1980 are implemented respectively.

Indonesia divides minerals into "strategic minerals" (seven types of minerals such as oil and gas, coal, tin, and radioactivity), "important minerals" (34 types of minerals such as gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc) and "other minerals" (asbestos,

Mica, stone and other non-metallic minerals) are subject to different administrative management.

Strategic minerals can basically only be operated by the state and developed by government agencies or state-owned enterprises designated by the Ministry of Mines and Energy, while important minerals can be developed and operated by various enterprises, but they must be approved by the Minister of Mines and Energy. Development activities of other minerals can be carried out by the province.

Controlled and managed by governments at all levels.

The Indian government divides minerals into two categories: primary minerals (exclusively controlled minerals) and secondary minerals.

The former is mined by state-owned enterprises; the latter is open to private enterprises.

The classified management of mineral resources directly involves the division of national (central) and local power. At the same time, it is of great significance and role in improving the efficiency of mining rights management and macro-regulation, promoting mining development, and driving regional economic development.

2. Legal management Comprehensive management of profitable mineral exploration and mining work according to the country’s legal system is the general development trend of countries around the world today, and the core is still the management of mining rights.

The so-called "mining rights" are a kind of concession, which are mineral resource management rights granted by the state in accordance with the law.

The laws of most countries in the world today clearly stipulate that mineral resources are owned by the state, but the management rights of mineral resources can be separated from ownership, allowing private enterprises and even foreign capital to operate, which is legally called a "concession."

The government realizes its ownership by collecting royalties and supervising the entire process of mineral resource development.

Any enterprise or individual must apply and register with the geological and mineral administration department representing the country before conducting mineral exploration and development. After obtaining approval from the relevant department and obtaining the relevant license (so it is also called the "license system")

, in order to carry out exploration and development activities.

This is essentially an authorization process.

The granting of mining rights mainly follows two principles: First, the principle of "granting in stages" (that is, it is usually divided into three stages: non-exclusive exploration rights, exclusive exploration rights, and exclusive development rights. The mining rights in the previous stage

The owner, after making a new discovery, has the priority to apply for the next stage of mining rights within a certain period); the second is the principle of combining rights and obligations, that is, the holder has already regarded the mining rights as his own assets

(Property rights) The right to enter the market and not be infringed by others (but when the mining rights are transferred to others for any reason, they must be registered and filed with the relevant government departments), and they must also perform corresponding obligations, such as paying taxes and fees on time, and remitting regularly

Relevant information, protecting the environment, fulfilling annual minimum investment, etc.

The so-called "whole-process supervision and management" means that from exploration, mine construction, mining to closure, relevant mining plans, reserve consumption, transfers, production suspensions, production safety, environmental protection, etc. must be reported to the government's geological and mining authorities. Some major actions

It must be reported to the competent authority for filing.

For enterprises that violate regulations, the government has the right to impose legal sanctions and economic penalties in accordance with the law, up to and including revoking their licenses.

Among the "whole-process supervision and management", one important content is the supervision and management of the "mine environment".

Mining is one of the "most destructive" industries in the world today, producing approximately 2.45 billion tons of waste every year.

Therefore, "mining environment" has not only become one of the focuses of widespread public attention, but also one of the key points of government administrative management.

The main means used by the government to strengthen mining environmental management include: formulating and implementing a set of environmental policies and regulations, a series of rules and regulations, and economic adjustment measures.