Genetic testing is performed by analyzing a small sample of blood or body tissue.

They determine whether you, your partner, or your baby carry genes for certain inherited diseases.

Genetic testing has advanced enough that doctors can often find missing or defective genes.

The type of genetic testing needed to make a specific diagnosis depends on the specific disease your doctor suspects.

Many different types of body fluids and tissues can be used for genetic testing.

For DNA testing, only very small amounts of blood, skin, bone or other tissue are needed.

Genetic Testing During Pregnancy For prenatal genetic testing, a pregnant woman may decide to undergo amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling.

There is also a blood test that women can use to screen for certain diseases.

If screening tests reveal a possible problem, amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling may be recommended.

Amniocentesis is usually performed between the 15th and 20th weeks of pregnancy.

Doctors insert a hollow needle into a woman's abdomen and remove a small amount of amniotic fluid from around the developing fetus. This fluid can be tested to check for genetic problems and determine the sex of the child.

When there is a risk of premature birth, amniocentesis may be performed to find out how long the baby's lungs have matured.

Amniocentesis carries a slight risk of miscarriage.

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is usually performed between the 10th and 12th weeks of pregnancy.

Doctors remove a small piece of the placenta to check the fetus for genetic problems.

Because chorionic villus sampling is an invasive test, there is a small risk of miscarriage.

The role of eugenics and eugenics 1. A couple plans to start a family, and one of them or a relative has a hereditary disease.

Some people are carriers of genes for inherited diseases, although they do not show or manifest themselves.

This is because some genetic diseases are recessive - meaning that offspring who inherit a problem gene from one parent but a normal gene from another parent will not have symptoms of the recessive disease, however, only if one person inherits both problems

Copies of the gene are expressed in time, and each parent has one.

There is a 50% chance of passing the problem gene to their children.

2. Parents already have a child with severe birth defects.

Not all children with birth defects have genetic problems.

Sometimes birth defects are caused by exposure to toxins (toxins), infection, or physical trauma before birth.

Often, the cause of birth defects is unknown.

Even if a child does have a genetic problem, there is always a chance it is not inherited, and it happens because something spontaneously went wrong in the child's cells, not the parents' cells.

3. Have had more than two miscarriages.

Severe chromosomal problems in the fetus can sometimes lead to spontaneous miscarriage.

Several miscarriages may point to a genetic problem.

4. Delivered a stillborn baby with physical signs of a genetic disease.

Many serious genetic diseases cause specific physical abnormalities, giving affected children a very unique appearance.

5. Pregnant women aged over 34 have an increased chance of having a child with chromosomal problems (such as trisomy) when pregnant women are older.

Older fathers are at risk of having a child with a new dominant genetic mutation (caused by a single genetic defect that has not previously run in the family).

6. Abnormal results of standard prenatal screening tests.

If a screening test reveals a possible genetic problem, genetic testing may be recommended.

7. A child may have a genetic medical problem.

When a child has a medical problem involving more than one body system, genetic testing may be recommended to determine the cause and provide a diagnosis.

8. A child has a medical problem identified as a specific genetic syndrome.

Genetic testing is performed to confirm the diagnosis.

In some cases, it may also help determine the specific type or severity of a genetic disorder, which can help determine the most appropriate treatment.

But be cautious. While advances in genetic testing have improved doctors' ability to diagnose and treat certain diseases, there are still some limitations.

Genetic testing can identify a specific problem gene, but cannot always predict how severely the gene will affect people who carry it.

For example, in cystic fibrosis, finding a problem gene on chromosome 7 does not necessarily predict whether a child will have severe lung problems or milder respiratory symptoms.

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