Summary of Chinese government's research on emergency management of sudden natural disasters Abstract: At present, China is in a period of rapid economic development, and various sudden public emergencies continue one after another. Natural disasters are one of the outstanding public emergencies, which often bring people life and property losses, and the normal production and living order is destroyed. By establishing and improving the new government emergency management system and mechanism, the government has continuously improved its ability to manage sudden natural disasters. In recent years, scholars have done a lot of related research, which has formed a relatively systematic theory in theory. This paper mainly introduces some valuable viewpoints, so as to continuously learn and master relevant knowledge. Key words: emergency management of sudden natural disasters in recent years, China's economy has developed at a high speed. According to the data released by the World Bank, China's Gini coefficient is close to . 5, and the society is in a turbulent period. Typhoon, tsunami, mine disaster, air crash, earthquake, fire, riots and so on continue, and terrorist attacks, epidemic spread and ecological disasters also appear from time to time, threatening people's lives and property safety. In 23, SARS ravaged China, from foot-and-mouth disease to bird flu, from hand-foot-and-mouth disease all over the country to the Wenchuan earthquake. Sudden natural disasters occurred one after another, which brought people loss of life and property and destroyed the normal production and living order. I. Definition of Public Emergency Public Emergency is a special term to study the crisis from the perspective of public management, which mainly refers to the sudden occurrence, causing or likely to cause heavy casualties, heavy property losses and major social impact, and is a public emergency or state that has a great impact on public security, social stability and state power. From different angles and according to different grounds, emergencies can be divided into different types. According to the National Overall Emergency Plan for Public Emergencies, according to the occurrence process, nature and mechanism of public emergencies, public emergencies are mainly divided into four categories: natural disasters, accident disasters, public health incidents and social security incidents. Natural disasters are events that affect and hinder social and economic development because of the abnormal changes of natural phenomena acting on human society, resulting in casualties, property losses and social disorder. Based on the dominant factors (geographical attributes) of natural disasters, natural disasters can be divided into four categories: meteorological and climatic disasters, geological and geomorphological disasters, hydrological and marine disasters and biological disasters. In addition, the special motion phenomena of some celestial bodies in space and solar system will also do harm to the earth and human society to varying degrees, which is astronomical disaster (star disaster). Different types of natural disasters have different causes and characteristics, and the impact and harm to people are also different in scope and degree. Appropriate measures should be taken to deal with them. As a kind of public emergencies, natural disasters often bring people loss of life and property, and measures should be taken to actively deal with them in order to minimize the harm caused. (1) the significance of emergency management of natural disasters Natural disasters are different from other public emergencies in terms of their suddenness, publicity and harmfulness. Natural disasters are different from other public emergencies in many aspects, such as their causes, scope of influence, time and forms of transmission. We should fully consider these characteristics and take appropriate countermeasures and rescue measures when dealing with them. Natural disasters are a kind of public emergencies, and the emergency management of natural disasters should follow the principle of emergency management of public emergencies. (2) A series of countermeasures of Chinese government for emergency management of sudden natural disasters. From the point of view of scholars at home and abroad, the definition of emergency management generally contains two meanings: one is to explain the purpose of emergency management; The second is to explain what management behavior should be taken in emergency management. Based on the above considerations, the so-called emergency management is the behavior process of preventing and handling public emergencies through a series of effective management behaviors, so as to get public organizations and their members out of the crisis state. Its purpose is to deal with the crisis in time and effectively, restore social stability quickly, and minimize the harm caused by sudden crisis events by improving the government's early warning ability and treatment ability. The main countermeasures focus on the following aspects: 1. To improve the public's understanding of the occurrence of public emergencies, we should effectively deal with emergencies and enhance the awareness of disaster prevention and reduction. In peacetime, we should carry out publicity and education on the knowledge of dealing with natural disasters and carry out various forms of training to improve people's awareness of disaster prevention and reduction. We should strengthen the publicity and education of popular science, raise the awareness of disaster prevention and reduction of the whole people, actively carry out publicity and popularization education of disaster prevention and reduction through various channels, raise the public's awareness of environmental protection and disaster reduction, mobilize the strength of the whole society, and carry out and do a good job in disaster prevention and reduction with "people-oriented, prevention-oriented, collective efforts and combination of prevention and control". Although natural disasters cannot be completely avoided at present, we should establish a sense of disaster prevention and try our best to avoid natural disasters. As soon as it happens, respond positively. Through training, people's awareness of disaster prevention and reduction can be improved, and people's understanding of emergency management of natural disasters and their ability and level to deal with natural disasters can be enhanced. ③2. Strengthening the construction of emergency plan for natural disasters Emergency plan, also known as emergency plan, is a relevant plan or scheme formulated in advance for possible major accidents (incidents) or disasters to ensure rapid, orderly and effective emergency and rescue operations and reduce accident losses. Natural disaster emergency plan is an important content of natural disaster emergency management, and it is an indispensable link for natural disaster emergency management. Because natural disasters are sudden, uncertain and harmful, it is very important to strengthen the monitoring of natural disasters in peacetime. However, under the current level of science and technology, it is still impossible to accurately predict some natural disasters and avoid their occurrence, so we must take active measures to deal with them. If a natural disaster occurs, the relevant departments can take corresponding measures to deal with the natural disaster according to the plan and the actual situation. Therefore, we should strengthen the construction of natural disaster emergency plan to improve the emergency management ability of natural disasters. 3. Strengthen the cooperation between the central government and local governments at all levels, reform the disaster reduction management system, clarify the responsibilities of the central government and local governments in the comprehensive natural disaster risk management system according to the severity of natural disasters in the jurisdiction, and strengthen the work of natural disaster zoning, disaster reduction planning, emergency plan preparation, emergency action, disaster relief fund, recovery and reconstruction in the jurisdiction, so as to achieve clear objectives, graded responsibility and coordinated operations, and fully mobilize the enthusiasm of all parties. Integrate the above-mentioned comprehensive administrative functions on regional natural disaster risks. This is the relevant guidance of the government. 4. Do a good job in daily strategic material reserve and establish the national strategic material reserve system. Strategic materials refer to grain, energy, mineral resources and medical equipment related to the national economy and people's livelihood, which play a very important role in coping with emergencies, especially disaster relief and post-disaster reconstruction. The storage of strategic materials should also take into account the geographical security and distribution to ensure that it can play a role quickly at critical times. For example, according to international practice, it is a warning line that oil imports reach 7% of domestic oil consumption, and a corresponding strategic oil reserve plan should be formulated. Generally speaking, this reserve should be 9 days of imports. Therefore, it is urgent for China to establish a strategic oil reserve system. The same is true of other reserves such as grain, minerals and finance. In emergency management, whether the manpower and material resources can be guaranteed in time is the key to the success or failure of the whole operation. Therefore, the government has the right to start all kinds of strategic material reserves according to the situation; Have the right to call on all citizens to work together to deal with emergencies such as war preparedness, disaster relief and emergency rescue in the whole country or local areas; They also have the right to force the citizens concerned to provide certain services or property with compensation when necessary. The laws of all countries in the world have provisions on this. ④ In this Wenchuan earthquake, there was a shortage of many national material reserves, which brought a lot of inconvenience to disaster relief. 5. Establish and improve the rules and regulations for emergency management of public emergencies * * * In order to effectively deal with public emergencies, the first task of western developed countries is to establish and improve the corresponding laws and regulations, unify the duties, rights and responsibilities of the government in emergency management, and determine the legal principles of management according to law. Although China has also formulated and promulgated some laws and regulations to deal with public emergencies, these laws have strong departmental characteristics and are difficult to coordinate as a whole. The core problem lies in the lack of a law on state of emergency and administrative emergency disposal in China. It is necessary to improve and perfect the legal system of emergency and administrative emergency disposal, and bring China's emergency management into the track of rule of law. In the event of major crises and emergencies, it can protect the lives of the vast majority of citizens to the maximum extent and safeguard national interests and public interests. At the same time, our government should constantly improve and perfect the legal responsibilities of party committees, governments and leading cadres at all levels in dealing with crises and emergencies. How to finally solve the emergency management of public emergencies depends on the degree of system reform and legalization in China, the degree of people's understanding and understanding of the crisis, and the depth of theoretical research on emergency management of public emergencies in China. In order to ensure the quality of emergency management, it is necessary to monitor the whole process of emergency management in real time and make corresponding adjustments according to the development of the situation. This kind of monitoring, on the one hand, is based on the following specific implementation, found all the shortcomings of emergency management measures themselves, and made timely adjustments. The key to this is to ensure the two-way and effective information transmission channels, that is to say, to ensure the diversification and objectivity of information sources. This depends not only on the internal information system of government agencies, but also on the extensive participation of academic institutions, non-governmental organizations and news media. Because of the consideration of interests, the feedback information provided by the lower authorities is often inaccurate, and it is easy to mislead the information by reporting more good news and less worries. On the other hand, according to the monitoring situation, the parties involved in the specific administrative act who are poorly implemented are promptly replaced and dealt with. 6. Respect the public's right to know and improve the government information disclosure system. In the face of emergencies, the routine actions of some local governments and departments are to "cover up" the news or make false reports, concealed reports, delayed reports and missed reports for various purposes. But the truth is, rumors stop with wise men. Some experts pointed out, "Sometimes, the panic caused by a disaster will be more destructive than the disaster itself. Disaster is only a violation of human body, and it is lethal within a certain range; Panic destroys people's will and can lead to social chaos. " Therefore, effectively preventing, publishing, guiding and refuting information, respecting the public's right to know, and informing the masses of what they want to know, want to know and need to know in a timely, accurate and complete manner can not only correct audio-visual, avoid information transmission distortion, improve the credibility of the government, but also effectively avoid and control the escalation of events. Especially in today's highly developed information, the earlier, more and more accurate the authoritative information of the government is disseminated, the more conducive it is to maintaining social stability and the prestige of the government. Therefore, the government should speed up the institutionalization of information disclosure, improve government transparency, and better play the role of mainstream media. At the same time, the government must also attach importance to the crisis management education of the whole people and actively guide the people to establish a correct view of public opinion and information. 7. Actively mobilize social forces to support participation in the disaster relief crisis. We should not only rely on the government's strength, but also mobilize social forces to participate. This will not only help alleviate the side effects of the crisis in the public, make the public know the truth, eliminate fears, stabilize society and restore order, but also mobilize various social resources for crisis treatment, which can reduce the cost of government crisis treatment and establish an international communication and cooperation mechanism. Today's world is a globalized world. With the development of modern technology and the increasingly frequent flow of information and population around the world, any major disaster on earth has become not only a local disaster, but also a global disaster, such as the Indian Ocean tsunami. In this increasingly interdependent world, the government should have a global vision and expand cooperation with international organizations in crisis management. In crisis management, we should actively seek financial, personnel, technical, educational and training and moral support from international organizations and regional organizations, at the same time strengthen communication with international organizations in information, strengthen international and domestic cooperation through the establishment of communication and cooperation mechanisms, and make full use of international resources to solve the common problems faced by mankind, so as to achieve mutual promotion and common development between regions and countries. After the Wenchuan earthquake, enterprises and individuals in China donated money and materials in succession, and many countries and international organizations in the world also extended a helping hand to China, which effectively helped the smooth development of earthquake relief work. 8. Handling after the crisis After the crisis, it is necessary to carry out a crisis management summary to thoroughly eliminate the hidden dangers of recurrence and the root causes of similar incidents; Eliminate the adverse effects caused by the crisis and revitalize the image of the government. The establishment of crisis management system is an important part of crisis management. If it is not done well, it will also bring a series of problems and sometimes turn into a new crisis. Therefore, we must overcome the wrong practice of paying more attention to calming down the situation than dealing with the aftermath, and regard the aftermath as an important part of dealing with crisis events. To establish a system for dealing with the aftermath of the crisis, first, set up a special organization to do a good job in the aftermath, and quickly formulate the basic ideas and countermeasures for the aftermath; The second is to strengthen the government's crisis public relations. After the Wenchuan earthquake, the public psychology was very fragile, and the government carried out psychological treatment to get rid of the shadow of the crisis. Third, after the aftermath of the crisis, the government should set up a crisis database, give full play to the role of the crisis assessment system, analyze and evaluate the consequences of the crisis and the future trend of the situation, and seek regular things from it, so as to make up for the management loopholes and work mistakes exposed by the crisis and eliminate potential crises, and provide reference for government agencies and their public servants to further improve their crisis handling ability and management level and prevent and effectively solve new crisis events. In a word, in China, the research on crisis management is basically in its infancy, and it is still a brand-new topic. This requires our theoretical and practical departments to work together, choose various typical cases to analyze, especially excavate many foreign relatively formed related cases, and strive to find a comprehensive solution in line with China's national conditions and political conditions from theoretical summary to practical operation, so as to promote the progress of emergency management theory of public emergencies. It is necessary to speed up the legal construction of emergency management, form a legal system of emergency management with China characteristics, and bring emergency management into the track of standardization, institutionalization and legalization. Improve the ability to deal with public emergencies, strengthen the research on emergency management plans, scientifically demonstrate and actively exercise; Improve the level of emergency equipment and technology, speed up the construction of emergency management information platform, and form a scientific and technological support system for national public security and emergency management.