The bronze statue of the zodiac is just a drop in the bucket among the lost cultural relics in Yuanmingyuan.
Nowadays, in Yuanmingyuan Ruins Park, people can only see semi-abandoned landscapes and broken walls. It is hard to imagine that it once enjoyed the reputation of "Garden of Ten Thousand Gardens". In the heyday of Yuanmingyuan, there were hundreds of famous scenic spots. 150 For more than 50 years, several generations of emperors in the Qing Dynasty carefully managed this royal garden which concentrated the western architectural style. Emperor Qianlong commented on Yuanmingyuan and said, "There is no such thing." But nowadays, people can only guess the face of Yuanmingyuan more than 100 years ago by imagination.
How many cultural relics are there in Yuanmingyuan? There are different opinions on this issue so far.
According to Mr. Yang's inference, the number of cultural relics in Yuanmingyuan in that year will not be less than 6.5438+0.5 million. He collected a lot of evidence from the historical archives of the Qing Dynasty, the research articles of the Palace Museum and the furnishings of the Summer Palace:
Emperors Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang and Xianfeng lived in Yuanmingyuan for more than half a year every year. Take Emperor Qianlong as an example. According to the records of the Qing internal affairs office, in the 21st year of Qianlong, there were ***393 days (due to the leap moon), 66 days in Rehe Summer Resort and Mulan paddock, 54 days in Qufu, 0/05 days in the Palace (Forbidden City) and 0/68 days in Yuanmingyuan/Kloc. Twenty-four years of Daoguang, 347 days a year. Daoguang Emperor lived in Yuanmingyuan for 274 days, and only lived in the palace for 73 days. Therefore, the furnishings in Yuanmingyuan should be no worse than the Forbidden City.
The garden buildings in Yuanmingyuan reached 200,000 square meters, more than 40,000 square meters more than the total construction area of the Forbidden City. Excluding the unfurnished pavilions, the building area of garden residence, sacrifice, reading, entertainment and warehouse is about 1.9 million square meters. If the number of cultural relics in these buildings is calculated according to the general furnishings and warehouse storage, it should also be no less than the number of cultural relics in the Forbidden City. It is estimated that when Puyi abdicated, there should be at least 6.5438+0.5 million cultural relics in the Forbidden City.
During the Daoguang period, the Ministry of Internal Affairs wrote a memorial, which recorded in detail the inventory of items stored in the Palace and Yuanmingyuan in the 15th year of Daoguang: 569,390 silver coins, including 290,505 in the Palace and 280,694 in Yuanmingyuan; All kinds of ruyi 162 1, including Palace Memory 1 194, Yuanmingyuan 450; There are 50/kloc-0 pieces of jade inkstones and pens, including 42 pieces in Gongzhong/kloc-0 and 337 pieces in Yuanmingyuan. 773 first-class porcelain furnaces, bottles and cans. * * *, of which 337 pieces are in the palace, and 29/kloc-0 pieces are in the Yuanmingyuan ... The collection of Yuanmingyuan can also be seen.
How much do you know about the Yuanmingyuan treasure lost overseas?
1860, the British and French allied forces looted the Yuanmingyuan and took away most of the cultural relics.
According to the memories of the British and French invaders who robbed Yuanmingyuan that year, in order to auction the treasures robbed from Yuanmingyuan, they "arranged all the stolen goods to be exhibited in the main hall of Yonghe Palace", including white and green jade articles of various colors, antique enamel porcelain bottles, bronzes and gold and silver Buddha statues; Fur products are also exquisite, many of which are valuable, including mink, otter skin, mink skin, lamb skin and so on; What is particularly striking is that there are two or three imperial robes. Grant, commander of the British army, gave his "due" share to the soldiers ... >>
Question 2: How many rare treasures are there in Yuanmingyuan?
Yuanmingyuan is not only a magnificent building, but also a collection of particularly precious historical relics. From the bronze ritual vessels in the pre-Qin period to the famous painters and calligraphers in the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, there are all kinds of rare treasures. There are magnificent palaces and exquisite pavilions in Yuanmingyuan. There are "buying and selling streets" symbolizing lively markets, as well as mountains and rivers and countryside symbolizing rural scenery. There are also landscapes built according to the poetry of ancient poets, such as Penglai Yaotai and Wuling Spring Scenery. It went through Qin, Han, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, about 2300 years. Think about how many famous calligraphy and paintings and rare treasures there will be. Beijing Poly Group repurchased Tiger Head, Bull Head and Monkey Head for nearly HK$ 40 million, bringing them back to the embrace of the motherland. I understand that there are many small gardens in Yuanmingyuan. In the pool in front of Haiyan Hall, there are 12 bronze statues of the Chinese zodiac. Yuanmingyuan is located in the northwest suburb of Beijing. It consists of Yuanmingyuan, Changchun Garden and Near Spring Garden. There are also many small gardens surrounded by stars. The area of Yuanmingyuan is equivalent to the size of more than ten thousand halls. Bright and bright, sky and painting, the sky up and down, apricot blossom spring pavilion, open and frank, Changchun Xianting, Wanfang Anhe, Wuling Spring scenery, high mountains and high water, moon and land, Fang Hui Academy, pour water and spearmint, Beiyuan Mountain, Xifeng Xiuse, Siyi Bookstore, Pinghu Qiuyue, Penglai Terrace, Juedong, rock-sitting wind, Quyuan wind and lotus. Because Eight-Nation Alliance robbed something, he was afraid that our people would make a financial inventory and announce it to the world, so he had to return it to us. But after they burned the Yuanmingyuan, our people couldn't take an inventory, so we didn't want what they robbed.
Question 3: How many rare treasures are there in Yuanmingyuan? In the heyday of Yuanmingyuan, there were no less than 6.5438+0.5 million cultural relics.
The bronze statue of the zodiac is just a drop in the bucket among the lost cultural relics in Yuanmingyuan.
Nowadays, in Yuanmingyuan Ruins Park, people can only see semi-abandoned landscapes and broken walls. It is hard to imagine that it once enjoyed the reputation of "Garden of Ten Thousand Gardens". In the heyday of Yuanmingyuan, there were hundreds of famous scenic spots. 150 For more than 50 years, several generations of emperors in the Qing Dynasty carefully managed this royal garden which concentrated the western architectural style. Emperor Qianlong commented on Yuanmingyuan and said, "There is no such thing." But nowadays, people can only guess the face of Yuanmingyuan more than 100 years ago by imagination.
How many cultural relics are there in Yuanmingyuan? There are different opinions on this issue so far.
According to Mr. Yang's inference, the number of cultural relics in Yuanmingyuan in that year will not be less than 6.5438+0.5 million. He collected a lot of evidence from the historical archives of the Qing Dynasty, the research articles of the Palace Museum and the furnishings of the Summer Palace:
Emperors Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang and Xianfeng lived in Yuanmingyuan for more than half a year every year. Take Emperor Qianlong as an example. According to the records of the Qing internal affairs office, in the 21st year of Qianlong, there were ***393 days (due to the leap moon), 66 days in Rehe Summer Resort and Mulan paddock, 54 days in Qufu, 0/05 days in the Palace (Forbidden City) and 0/68 days in Yuanmingyuan/Kloc. Twenty-four years of Daoguang, 347 days a year. Daoguang Emperor lived in Yuanmingyuan for 274 days, and only lived in the palace for 73 days. Therefore, the furnishings in Yuanmingyuan should be no worse than the Forbidden City.
The garden buildings in Yuanmingyuan reached 200,000 square meters, more than 40,000 square meters more than the total construction area of the Forbidden City. Excluding the unfurnished pavilions, the building area of garden residence, sacrifice, reading, entertainment and warehouse is about 1.9 million square meters. If the number of cultural relics in these valve buildings is calculated according to the general display and warehouse storage, it should also be no less than the number of cultural relics displayed in the Forbidden City. It is estimated that when Puyi abdicated, there should be at least 6.5438+0.5 million cultural relics in the Forbidden City.
During the Daoguang period, the Ministry of Internal Affairs wrote a memorial, which recorded in detail the inventory of items stored in the Palace and Yuanmingyuan in the 15th year of Daoguang: 569,390 silver coins, including 290,505 in the Palace and 280,694 in Yuanmingyuan; All kinds of ruyi 162 1, including Palace Memory 1 194, Yuanmingyuan 450; There are 50/kloc-0 pieces of jade inkstones and pens, including 42 pieces in Gongzhong/kloc-0 and 337 pieces in Yuanmingyuan. 773 first-class porcelain furnaces, bottles and cans. * * *, of which 337 pieces are in the palace, and 29/kloc-0 pieces are in the Yuanmingyuan ... The collection of Yuanmingyuan can also be seen.
Yuanmingyuan is not only a magnificent building, but also a collection of particularly precious historical relics. From the bronze ritual vessels in the pre-Qin period to the famous painters and calligraphers in the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, there are all kinds of rare treasures. There are magnificent halls and exquisite pavilions in Yuanmingyuan. There are "buying and selling streets" symbolizing lively markets, as well as mountains and rivers and countryside symbolizing rural scenery. There are also landscapes built according to the poetry of ancient poets, such as Penglai Yaotai and Wuling Spring Scenery. It went through Qin, Han, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, about 2300 years. Think about how many famous calligraphy and paintings and rare treasures there will be. Beijing Poly Group repurchased Tiger Head, Bull Head and Monkey Head for nearly HK$ 40 million, bringing them back to the embrace of the motherland. I understand that there are many small gardens in Yuanmingyuan. In the pool in front of Haiyan Hall, there are 12 bronze statues of the Chinese zodiac. Yuanmingyuan is located in the northwest suburb of Beijing. It consists of Yuanmingyuan, Changchun Garden and Near Spring Garden. There are also many small gardens surrounded by stars. The area of Yuanmingyuan is equivalent to the size of more than ten thousand halls. Bright and bright, sky and painting, the sky up and down, apricot blossom spring pavilion, open and frank, Changchun Xianting, Wanfang Anhe, Wuling Spring scenery, high mountains and high water, moon and land, Fang Hui Academy, pour water and spearmint, Beiyuan Mountain, Xifeng Xiuse, Siyi Bookstore, Pinghu Qiuyue, Penglai Terrace, Juedong, rock-sitting wind, Quyuan wind and lotus. Because Eight-Nation Alliance robbed something, he was afraid that our people would make a financial inventory and announce it to the world, so he had to return it to us. But after they burned the Yuanmingyuan, our people couldn't take an inventory, so we didn't want what they robbed.
Yuanmingyuan is not only famous for its gardens, but also a royal museum with a rich collection, which can be called a treasure house of culture. Hugo once said: "Even if all the treasures of Notre Dame de China are added together, it can't compare with this magnificent Oriental Museum." The garden is luxuriously and beautifully furnished and has a large collection of works of art.
Question 4: What are the rare treasures in Yuanmingyuan? Yuanmingyuan is a treasure house, which contains rare cultural relics such as celebrity calligraphy and painting, secret room classics, Zhong Ding treasures, gold and silver jewelry and so on, which condenses the essence of ancient culture. Yuanmingyuan is also a garden of exotic flowers and plants, with millions of rare flowers and trees. There is also a western-style garden scenic spot in Yuanmingyuan. The most famous "watching water method" is a western-style fountain, a flower maze and a western-style building, all of which have the style of Italian Renaissance.
The second opium war, also known as the war between Britain and France. 1856, Britain captured pirates on the China Roya in Huangpu, Guangzhou, under the pretext of Guangdong navy.
Send troops to attack Guangzhou. France also invaded under the pretext that the French Catholic priest Marais was killed in Xilin, Guangxi. 1857, the British and French allied forces captured Guangzhou.
1858, the British and French fleets attacked Dagukou with the support of the United States and Russia. Dagubao fell and the British and French forces invaded Tianjin. Qing * * * sent an imperial minister Jia Liang,
Vashana signed the Tianjin Treaty with representatives of Russia, the United States, Britain and France. In the same year, Russia forced the Heilongjiang general Yishan to sign the "Hui Yuan"
Treaty. 1June, 859, Britain, France and the United States led a fleet to shell Dagu on the grounds that they were refused to change their contracts in Beijing. Shi Rongchun, the magistrate, led the defenders to fight back, sinking and injuring the enemy ship 10.
Ship, killed nearly 500 enemy troops, seriously injured the British fleet commander Herbert, Shi Rongchun died. 1August 860, 18000 British and French troops landed from Beitang and occupied Tianjin.
In September, the Qing army defeated the British and French allied forces at Baliqiao in Tongzhou, Beijing. Emperor Xianfeng and Cinuo of the Qing Dynasty left Beijing and fled to Chengde. 10 year 10 month 18 day, British and French allied forces occupied Beijing and looted it.
Robbery and burning of Yuanmingyuan (see burning Yuanmingyuan). The British and French allied forces burned and looted in the suburbs of Beijing for nearly 50 days, and the royal gardens in the suburbs of Beijing, such as Yuanmingyuan, Qingyi Garden and Jingming Garden (jade
Quanshan), Jingyi Garden (Xiangshan) and Changchun Garden were all set on fire. The Qing court appointed Yi Xin as the plenipotentiary, responsible for the Sino-British and Sino-French peace negotiations and the signing of the Beijing Treaty. 1 1 month,
Russia also coerced Qing to sign the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty. China paid huge reparations and lost a large territory.
Question 5: How many treasures in Yuanmingyuan haven't returned to China? Most of them have not come back yet.
/kloc-more than 0/0 million cultural relics are "lost" and "hidden" overseas.
According to the statistics of the Cultural Relics Society of China, since the Opium War 1840, a large number of precious cultural relics in China have been lost overseas due to war and unfair trade. During this period, more than 6,543,800 pieces of China cultural relics were lost to Europe, America, Japan, Southeast Asia and other countries and regions, including more than 6,543,800 pieces of national first-and second-class cultural relics.
The statistics of UNESCO is another figure: there are 6,543,800 pieces of China cultural relics in more than 200 museums in 47 countries, and the number of China cultural relics collected by the people is 654.38+00 times this figure.
These two statistics reflect a close data: there are more than100000 pieces of China cultural relics overseas. "But this should not be regarded as a lost cultural relic," said Niu Xianfeng. "To be precise, it should be called an overseas collection of China cultural relics. Lost cultural relics should refer to 1840 cultural relics looted by the war after the Opium War and before the founding of New China, as well as cultural relics scattered abroad by illegal and immoral means such as digging and unfair trading. The specific number of people is difficult to count. "
Covers almost all kinds of cultural relics.
Zhang Yongnian told reporters that the 6,543,800 pieces of "overseas cultural relics" cover almost all kinds of cultural relics, including calligraphy, painting, porcelain, pottery, sculpture, bronze statues and other treasures.
In terms of distribution, it is mainly distributed in Britain, France, the United States, Japan and other countries. The British Museum alone has more than 23,000 China cultural relics, including many national treasures and rare products.
The loss of cultural relics is a muddled account.
In recent years, China has spent more than 2 billion yuan to recycle 204 cultural relics. When someone calculated how much it would cost to recover 654.38+00 million overseas China cultural relics, Niu Xianfeng thought it was a muddled account.
He said: "Some cultural relics can't be bought back if you want, some can't be bought back at all, and some must be sold when the time comes." The key issue is to understand the nature of cultural relics. "
Connect? British Museum: The China Cultural Relics Exhibition is always the busiest.
Hannah, manager of the public affairs office of the British Museum? In an interview with reporters, Bouton said that the British Museum has a large collection of China cultural relics, totaling about 23,000 pieces. It is reported that these China cultural relics are warmly welcomed by visitors, and the China Cultural Relics Exhibition is always the longest and busiest. However, Hannah said that at present, the museum has not received any formal request for the return of cultural relics from China.
Connect? Boston Museum of Art: The annual storage fee is tens of thousands of dollars.
Ms. Lin from the media reception desk of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts told the reporter that there are "tens of thousands" of ancient China objects in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. These precious cultural relics have been kept by the museum, and the museum spends tens of thousands of dollars to keep these cultural relics every year. (Text/Intern Zhu Jingsheng)
Cultural relics restoration
There are three forms of return: repurchase, repayment and donation. On July 5, 2003, the National Treasure Project was started, with the aim of saving lost cultural relics and protecting cultural heritage. Zhang Yongnian and Niu Xianfeng told reporters that at present, there are three forms of abnormal means for cultural relics to return: repurchase, repayment and donation.
Repurchase —— A Common Market Means
Repurchase is a common market means at present. Because cultural relics have more choices in the process of free circulation in the market, it is sometimes difficult to determine how they are lost. If it changes hands, it is often difficult to find the process of finding out the flow of cultural relics. At the same time, the sky-high price of cultural relics is out of proportion to the funds repurchased, which often leads to the abandonment of the repurchase. First of all, the source of special funds mainly depends on social donations and corporate donations. Enterprises often want to hide the cultural relics donated by themselves in enterprises, which has become a new contradiction. At the same time, social financing is always ineffective or difficult to achieve the goal.
Success story: Donated to buy back the bronze statue of pig's head in Yuanmingyuan. According to reports, the bronze statue of the pig's head was lost overseas when the British and French allied forces invaded Beijing in 1860. In the spring of 2003, cultural relics experts searched for this bronze statue from an American private collector. After hard negotiations, the Americans finally agreed to transfer it to China. After learning this news, Stanley Ho, a wealthy Macao businessman, donated nearly 7 million yuan to the China Special Fund for Rescue of Lost Overseas Cultural Relics in September 2003 to buy back the bronze statue of pig's head in Yuanmingyuan.
Asking for repayment-the most difficult way to repay.
Discussion is still the most difficult way to return cultural relics. Because once we ask other countries to return our cultural relics, it may be ... >>
Question 6: How many rare treasures are there in Yuanmingyuan? Why was Yuanmingyuan destroyed? Many years, 1858, the battle of the British and French allied forces broke out. 1In September, 860, the British and French allied forces invaded Beijing, and Emperor Xianfeng fled to Jehol in panic, and appointed Prince Gong to make peace with one heart. Large-scale looting and auction of treasures A.D. 1860 A.D./KLOC-0 10 On October 7th, the British and French allied forces agreed to divide up the treasures in Yuanmingyuan. However, allied soldiers and officers began to rob without the command of the commander-in-chief While robbing, they wantonly destroyed immovable treasures. In order to "evenly" distribute the captured treasure, the Coalition forces auctioned the stolen goods in a unified way, and the price was shared by the whole army. Queen Victoria and French emperor Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte also got some of the most exquisite treasures in this robbery. In order to eliminate the evidence of wanton looting of Yuanmingyuan, the British and French allied forces sent troops to set fire everywhere, and Yuanmingyuan became a sea of fire, which lasted for three days and three nights. After the British and French invaders burned the Yuanmingyuan, they did not stop. Nearby royal gardens such as Changchun Garden, Qingyi Garden, Jingming Garden, Jing Xian Garden and Haidian Town are also famous.