The world's hot pole: Basra (Iraq) recorded a maximum of 58.8 degrees Celsius

The world's cold pole: the Eastern Station (Antarctica) recorded a minimum of -89.2 degrees Celsius

The world's wet pole : Waialeale (an island in the Pacific) has an average of 335 rainy days per year, with an annual precipitation of 12,244 mm

The Dry Pole of the World: Atacama Desert (South America) Average annual precipitation Less than 0.1 mm, it did not rain for 91 years from 1845 to 1936

The world's rain pole: Cherrapunji (India) annual precipitation is 10,842 mm, and the annual precipitation reached 20,447 mm in 1861

The highest mountain: Mount Everest (elevation 8,844.43 meters)

The highest peak from the bottom to the top of the structure: Mauna Kea (Mauna Kea, Hawaii Island, altitude 4, 205 meters, 5,998 meters under the sea, total height 10,203 meters)

The largest mountain and volcano on earth: Mauna Loa (Mauna Loa, Hawaii Island, 4,169 meters above sea level) , with a volcanic volume of 75,000 cubic kilometers)

The highest volcano and extinct volcano on Earth: Mount Aconcagua (6,962 meters above sea level, the highest peak in the Western and Southern Hemispheres)

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The highest active volcano on Earth: Ojos del Salado (6,893 meters above sea level)

The highest mountain on the island: Puncak Jaya , New Guinea island, 4,884 meters above sea level)

The highest and largest known mountain and volcano in the solar system: Olympus volcano (Mars, about 27 kilometers high)

< p>The longest land mountain range: the Andes (7,500 kilometers long)

The longest undersea mountain range: the Mid-ocean ridge (80,000 kilometers long)

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The lowest volcano: Kasayama (Kasayama, Japan, elevation 112 meters)

The longest mountain system: the Cordillera Mountains

Islands

The largest island: Greenland (area 2,166,086 square kilometers)

The largest island in the river: Bananal Island (Bananal Island, Tocantins, Brazil, area 20,000 square kilometers)

The largest island in the lake: Manitoulin Island (Manitoulin Island, Lake Huron, covering an area of ??2,766 square kilometers)

The largest island in the freshwater lake: Manitoulin Island Neto Island.

The largest island in a lake: Samosir (Lake Toba, Sumatra, covering an area of ??520 square kilometers)

The largest crater lake Middle Island: René-Levasseur Island (René-Levasseur Island, Quebec, Canada, area 2,020 square kilometers)

The largest sandy island: Fenser Island (Queensland, Australia, area 1,630 square kilometers)

The largest island completely surrounded by fresh water: Marajó Island (the mouth of the Brazilian Amazon, covering an area of ??40,100 square kilometers)

The largest estuary Alluvial island and the largest sand island: Chongming Island (an area of ??more than 1,200 square kilometers)

The highest island: New Guinea (the island’s Jaya Peak is 4,884 meters above sea level)

The most populous island: Java (population 124 million)

The most populous island: Ap Lei Chau (population density 68,200 people per square kilometer)

The largest archipelago: the Malay Archipelago (composed of more than 13,000 islands in Indonesia and more than 7,000 islands in the Philippines)

The largest peninsula: the Arabian Peninsula (an area of ??about 300 10,000 square kilometers)

The largest coral reef group: the Great Barrier Reef

The only island belonging to three countries: Kalimantan

Lake

< p>The largest lake and saltwater lake: the Caspian Sea (area 371,000 square kilometers)

The largest freshwater lake: Lake Tanganyika (Africa)

The largest freshwater body: The Five Great Lakes of North America (Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, Lake Ontario)

The largest artificial lake and reservoir: Volta Reservoir (Ghana, area 8,502 square kilometers)

The largest lake within an island within a lake: Lake Manitou (Lake Huron, covering an area of ??104 square kilometers)

The deepest lake and freshwater lake: Lake Baikal (water depth reaches 1 , 940 meters)

The deepest saltwater lake: Dead Sea (water depth reaches 330 meters)

The highest lake and saltwater lake: Namtso (the lake surface elevation is 4,718 meters)

The highest freshwater lake: Lake Mafamutso (the lake surface is 4,585 meters above sea level)

The lake with the lowest altitude: Dead Sea (the lake surface is minus 418 meters above sea level, the lowest point that has exposed land)

The highest-altitude lake with a route and a freshwater lake: Lake Titicaca (the lake is 3,821 meters above sea level)

The saltiest lake: the Dead Sea (the salinity of the lake water reaches 300‰, which is 8.6 times that of ordinary seawater)< /p>

The oldest lake: Lake Baikal (has existed on the earth for more than 25 million years)

The lake, inland lake and saltwater lake with the largest water storage capacity: the Caspian Sea (volume of 78,200 cubic kilometers)

The freshwater lake with the largest water storage capacity: Lake Baikal (volume 23,600 cubic kilometers)

The artificial lake with the largest water storage capacity: Bratsk Reservoir (Russia, volume 169 Cubic kilometers)

The asphalt lake with the largest amount of asphalt storage: Peach Lake (Triridad and Tobago, with an area of ??0.4 square kilometers and an asphalt capacity of 12 million tons. )

The largest group of freshwater lakes: the five Great Lakes in North America (total area of ??245,000 square kilometers)

Rivers

The longest river: the Nile ( Total length 6,695 kilometers)

The longest internal river: Volga River (Europe, total length 3,690 kilometers)

The longest external river: Nile River (with the Kagera River as the Source, Africa, 6671 kilometers)

The shortest river: Roe River (Roe River, only 61 meters long) in Montana, USA (disputed)

Drainage area The largest river: Amazon River (area: 6,915,000 square kilometers)

The river with the largest flow: Amazon River (flow rate: 222,440 cubic meters per second, accounting for 20% of the world’s river flow)

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The river with the most sediment: the Yellow River (the highest sediment content was recorded at 920 kilograms of sand per cubic meter in 1977)

The river that flows through the most countries: the Danube River (flows through Western Europe to Eastern Europe ***18 countries)

The longest canal: the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal (total length 1,764 kilometers)

The earliest canal: the ancient Suez Canal (built in 19 BC century, it was completed in 500 BC. It was destroyed in the 8th century and rebuilt in the 19th century.

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The longest river with the highest altitude: the Yarlung Zangbo River (the average river bed altitude is more than 3,000 meters)

Ocean

The largest ocean: the Pacific Ocean (area 179.687 million Thousands of square kilometers, the length from north to south is about 15,900 kilometers, and the maximum length from east to west is about 19,900 kilometers)

The deepest ocean: the Pacific Ocean (the deepest Challenger Abyss in the Mariana Trench is 11,034 meters deep)

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The smallest ocean: Arctic Ocean (area 14,056,000 square kilometers)

The largest sea: Coral Sea (area 4,791,000 square kilometers)

The deepest sea: the New Hebrit Trench (the deepest depth is 9,175 meters)

The smallest sea: the Sea of ??Marmara (area 11,350 square kilometers)

The smallest sea The shallowest sea: the Sea of ??Azov (the average depth is only 13 meters, the deepest is only 15.3 meters)

The saltiest sea: the Red Sea (the salinity in the north is 42‰, compared with the world’s average salinity of 35 ‰Much higher)

The freshest sea: Baltic Sea (the salinity of sea water is only 7~8‰, and the salinity of each bay is even lower, only 2%)

The sea with the most islands : Aegean Sea (with seven archipelagos and a total of 2,500 islands)

The oldest sea: the Mediterranean Sea

The sea with the least living creatures: the Black Sea

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The sea with the most coastal countries: Caribbean (20)

The clearest sea: Sargasso Sea (66 meters, the only sea without a coastline)

The warmest sea: the Pacific Ocean

The ocean with the most islands, bays, trenches and volcanoes: the Pacific Ocean

Plateau

The largest plateau: the Brazilian Plateau (area About 5 million square kilometers)

The highest plateau: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (average altitude 4,000 meters)

The largest aeolian plateau: Loess Plateau

Canyon

The largest canyon on earth: the Brahmaputra Grand Canyon (the Brahmaputra River in Asia, 496.3 kilometers long)

The deepest canyon on the earth: the Brahmaputra Grand Canyon (average depth 5,000 meters, maximum depth 5,382 meters) meters)

The largest known canyon in the solar system: Valles Marineris (Mars, 4,500 kilometers long, 200 kilometers wide, 11 kilometers deep)

The longest Grand Canyon : Nujiang Grand Canyon (more than 600 kilometers long)

The largest rift zone: the East African Rift Valley (the deepest reaches 2,000 meters, the total length is more than 6,400 kilometers, equivalent to 1 /6, known as "the biggest scar on earth")

Strait

The narrowest strait: Tobuchi Strait (Tobuchi Strait, Japan, only 9.93 meters apart) < /p>

The widest strait: Drake Passage (965 kilometers wide)

The longest strait: Mozambique Channel (located between Mozambique and Madagascar, a country in southeastern Africa, Total length 1670 kilometers (some say 1760 kilometers)

The narrowest navigable strait: located between Aipua and the European continent, Greece, 40 meters.

The most tortuous strait: the Strait of Magellan

The strait through which the most ships pass: the English Channel

The strait with the busiest oil transportation: the Strait of Hormuz

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Waterfalls

The waterfall with the largest drop: Angel Falls (with a drop of 979.6 meters)

The widest waterfall: Iguazu Falls (the total width is 4 kilometers)

The most famous waterfall: Niagara Falls (located in the middle section of the Niagara River at the junction of Canada and the United States, known as one of the seven wonders of the world, together with the Iguazu Falls in South America and the Victoria Falls in Africa) The three largest waterfalls in the world)

The longest waterfall: Kisangani Falls, located in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in Africa

The largest man-made waterfall: the "Nine Sky Galaxy" man-made waterfall in the Li River

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The cleanest waterfall: Jiuzhaigou Falls

The loudest waterfall: Victoria Falls (located on the border of Zambia and Zimbabwe in southern Africa, at the junction of the upper and middle reaches of the Zambezi River)

Desert

The largest desert: the Sahara Desert (an area of ??more than 8 million square kilometers)

The highest desert: the Badain Jaran Desert (generally an altitude of 1,200~ 1,500 meters)

Plains

The largest plain: the Amazon Plain (more than 5.6 million square kilometers)

The coldest plain: the Siberian Plain ( The average temperature is -45 degrees, with the lowest reaching -71 degrees)

Basin

The largest basin: Congo Basin

The lowest basin: Turpan Basin

Caves

The largest cave: Tenglong Cave (total area 156 square kilometers)

The longest cave: Mammoth Cave (total length more than 240 kilometers)

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The deepest cave: Bernard Cave (more than 1,500 meters deep into the earth)

Swamp

The largest plateau swamp: Zoige Swamp (total area of ??about 6,180 square kilometers)< /p>

Stone

The largest known independent rock in the world: Ayers Rock (348 meters high, about 9400 meters in circumference at the base, covering an area of ??about 1200 hectares)

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The hardest stone in the world: diamond

Tropical rainforest

The largest tropical rainforest: Amazon rainforest