He also proved the area theorem of black holes. Hawking's life is very legendary, and he is one of the most outstanding scientists in history in scientific achievements. His position is the highest professorship in the history of Cambridge University, that is, Lucasson Professor of Mathematics once held by Newton and Dirac. He holds several honorary degrees and is a member of the Royal Society.
He suffered from "gradual freezing" (Lou Gehrig's disease of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) and stayed in a wheelchair for 40 years. However, he was physically and mentally disabled and turned it into an advantage, overcoming his disability and becoming a supernova in the international physics community. He can't write or even read clearly, but he transcends relativity, quantum mechanics and the Big Bang theory and enters the "geometric dance" to create the universe. Although he was so helpless in a wheelchair, his thoughts traveled brilliantly in the vast space and time, and solved the mystery of the universe.
Hawking's charm lies not only in his legendary physical genius, but also in his convincing life force. His constant pursuit of scientific spirit and brave and tenacious personality strength deeply attracted everyone who knew him.
He is known as "the greatest living scientist", "another Einstein" and "a real life strongman".
Edit related works in this paragraph:
As the undisputed authority of cosmology, the sequel of A Brief History of Time has always attracted readers with its research results and life. The sequel to A Brief History of Time is for readers who want to know more about Professor Hawking's life and his theory. The book describes Professor Hawking's life course and research work in the form of frank and sincere personal interviews, and shows the real "people" behind the huge theoretical framework. This book is not an ordinary oral history, but an extremely touching and charming portrait and description of one of the greatest thoughts of mankind in the twentieth century. For non-professional readers, this book is undoubtedly an opportunity for them to enjoy the fruits of human civilization and a source of valuable inspiration.
Hawking's Lecture-Black Hole, baby universes and Others is a collection of articles and speeches written by Hawking during1976-1992 * *13. This paper discusses the birth of baby universes caused by virtual time and black holes and the efforts of scientists to seek a completely unified theory, and puts forward original opinions on free will, life value and death.
The essence of time and space was expressed in a complete mathematical form 80 years ago, and the basic principles of quantum theory appeared 70 years ago. However, can these two most accurate and successful theories in the whole physics be unified in a single quantum gravity? Two of the most famous physicists in the world debated this question. This book is based on six speeches and final debates given by Hawking and Penrose at Cambridge University.
The charm of the future begins with stephen william hawking's prediction of the next billion years of the universe and ends with Don Kubit's understanding of the final judgment. It introduces the development of prediction and the methods we use to predict the future today. The text of the book is easy to understand. The author expounds his own views and answers some interesting questions, which is very interesting to read.
The Universe in the Shell is Professor Hawking's most important work after A Brief History of Time. In this book, Professor Hawking once again takes us to the forefront of theoretical physics. In Professor Hawking's world, truth is even more dazzling and colorful than fantasy. Professor Hawking explained the principles that restrict our universe in popular language, and with his unique enthusiasm, invited us to travel together in the universe for extraordinary time and space travel.
A Brief History of Time (written in 1988) Hawking's best-selling book A Brief History of Time is Hawking's masterpiece. The author's imagination is rich, his ideas are wonderful, his language is beautiful and his words are meticulous, which is even more surprising. The outside world, the future changes are so magical and wonderful. This book has a cumulative circulation of 25 million copies and has been translated into nearly 40 languages.
In this book, Hawking will try to outline the history of the universe in our mind-from the Big Bang to the black hole. In the first lecture, he will briefly review the past ideas about the universe and explain how we get the current image. This may be called the history of the universe.
The second lecture will explain why both Newton's and Einstein's theories of gravity have concluded that the universe cannot be static, and it must either expand or contract. This in turn means that there must be a moment between the first 20 billion years and the first 654.38+0 billion years when the density of the universe is infinite, resulting in the so-called Big Bang. This may be the beginning of the universe.
The third class will talk about black holes. A black hole is formed when a huge planet or a larger celestial body is attracted by its own gravity and collapses. According to Einstein's general theory of relativity, any fool who is stupid enough to fall into a black hole will disappear forever, and they will never escape from the black hole again. Their history will reach a singularity and a painful end. However, general relativity is a classical theory-that is, it does not consider the uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics.
The fourth lecture will talk about how quantum mechanics makes energy leak from black holes. Black holes are not as black as people describe.
The fifth lecture will apply the idea of quantum mechanics to the Big Bang and the origin of the universe. This leads to the hypothesis that space-time may be limited, but there is no edge. This may be similar to the surface of the earth, but it has two more dimensions.
The sixth lecture will explain how this new boundary condition explains this problem: although the laws of physics are time symmetric, why is the past so different from the future?
Finally, the seventh lecture will talk about how we try to find a unified theory, which can include the interaction in quantum mechanics, gravity and all other physics. If we do this, we will really understand the universe and our place in it.
This book is not an ordinary oral history, but an extremely touching and charming portrait and description of one of the greatest thoughts of mankind in the twentieth century. For non-professional readers, this book is undoubtedly an opportunity for them to enjoy the fruits of human civilization and a source of valuable inspiration. Hawking's Lecture-Black Hole, baby universes and Others is a collection of articles and speeches written by Hawking during1976-1992 * *13. This paper discusses the birth of baby universes caused by virtual time and black holes, and the efforts of scientists to seek a completely unified theory, and puts forward unique views on free will, the value of life and death. After three years of study, which was not a huge workload, he obtained a first-class honorary degree in natural science, and then went to Cambridge University to study cosmology, when there was no cosmology major at Oxford University. Although he hoped to do research with Fred Hoyle in Cambridge at that time, his tutor was Dens Scarma. After receiving his doctorate, he became a researcher and later a professor at Gonville and Caius College.
1992 The film of the same name cost 3.5 million pounds. Hawking firmly believes that the basic ideas about the universe and the origin of life can be expressed without mathematics, and the world should be able to understand his profound theory through the audio-visual media such as movies. This book is a popular reading about exploring the nature of time and the frontier of the universe. It is the most important classic of contemporary scientific thinking about the universe, and it has changed the human concept of the universe. As the undisputed authority of cosmology, the sequel of A Brief History of Time has always attracted readers with its research results and life. The sequel to A Brief History of Time is for readers who want to know more about Professor Hawking's life and his theory. The book describes Professor Hawking's life course and research work in the form of frank and sincere personal interviews, and shows the real "people" behind the huge theoretical framework.
The Chinese version of George's The Secret of the Universe was published in early 2008. This book was written by Stephen Hawking, his daughter Lucy Hawking and his student Christopher jaafar. It is one of Stephen Hawking's "Children's Popular Science Trilogy". In this book, black holes and many parts briefly describe Hawking's new ideas. This book has received rave reviews at home and abroad.
Edit this interesting story about Hawking:
Although Hawking's physical disability is getting more and more serious, Hawking tries to live like an ordinary person and accomplish anything within his power. He's even lively-it sounds funny. After he was completely unable to move, he still insisted on driving a wheelchair with his only movable finger on the way to the office. When meeting Prince Charles, he turned his wheelchair to show off and ran over Prince Charles' toes.
Edit this paragraph to win the grand prize:
Hawking
1 and 1989 were awarded the honorary title of British knighthood.
He is a student of the Royal Society and a foreign academician of the American Academy of Sciences.
3. Eddington Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society of London.
4. Vatican Papal Science Society 1 1 Medal
5. Hopkins Prize
6. American Danny O 'Heinemann Award
7. Maxwell Prize
8. Hughes Medal of the Royal Society.
9. 1978 won the Albert Einstein Prize, the most prestigious prize in physics.
10 and penrose * * *, together, won the wolf physics prize of 1988.
1 1, 1988 Hawking's book A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to the Black Hole won the Wolf Foundation Award.
Edit the sequence of events in this paragraph:
1942 65438+/kloc-0 was born in Oxford, England on October 8th.
The family moved to St. Albans on 1950.
1959 entered Oxford University.
1962 graduated from Oxford and went to Cambridge for postgraduate study.
1963 was diagnosed as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
1965, she received her doctorate from Cambridge University and married Jenny Wilder (Jane Wilde).
The eldest son Robert was born.
Daughter Lucy was born/started to use a wheelchair.
1973 published the first book "The Structure of Time and Space".
1974 Hawking published a paper in Nature, expounding his new discovery that black holes are radioactive. And become a member of the royal society.
1977 was appointed Professor of Gravitational Physics at Cambridge University.
The second son, Timothy, was born in 1979/ and was appointed Lucas Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge University/published Review of General Relativity: Commemorating Einstein's Centennial Birthday.
198 1 year, he attended the Vatican cosmology conference, announced the publication of borderless ideas/hyperspace and supergravity/was awarded the Senior Knight Order of the British Empire.
He fell ill in Switzerland on 1985/underwent tracheotomy and lost his language ability. He published A Brief History of Time: From BIGBANG to 1988 Black Hole with a computer with a sound generator and won the Wolf Foundation Award.
1989 was awarded the title of honorary knight of the British Empire.
1990 Divorce with his wife
199 1 time brief history release.
1993 "black hole and baby universes" and other papers were published.
200 1 10 Another masterpiece, The Universe in the Shell, was published.
In 2007, the children's science fiction novel George's Secret of the Universe, co-authored by Hawking and Lucy Gigord, was first published in France on September 6th. This book is the first children's book written by Hawking, in which Hawking explained his theory about time and the universe to children.
If Luger's disease is diagnosed now, then maybe Hawking is not a giant now.
After editing this paragraph:
Hawking
Hawking is one of the great men who enjoy international reputation in this century. He is 66 years old and was born on the anniversary of Galileo's death. He is a professor in the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics of Cambridge University, and also the most important general relativity and cosmologist of our time. In the 1970s, he and Penrose proved the famous singularity theorem, for which they both won the Wolf Prize in Physics of 1988. He is therefore known as the most famous scientific thinker and the most outstanding theoretical physicist in the world after Einstein. He also proved the area theorem of black holes.
Hawking's life is very legendary, and he is one of the most outstanding scientists in history in scientific achievements. His position is the highest professorship in the history of Cambridge University, that is, Lucasson Professor of Mathematics held by Newton and Dirac. He holds several honorary degrees and is a member of the Royal Society. He suffers from Luger's disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) and has lived in a wheelchair for 40 years. However, he was physically and mentally disabled and turned it into an advantage, overcoming his disability and becoming a supernova in the international physics community. He can't write or even read clearly, but he transcends relativity, quantum mechanics and the Big Bang theory and enters the "geometric dance" to create the universe. Although he was so helpless in a wheelchair, his thoughts traveled brilliantly in the vast space and time, and solved the mystery of the universe.
Professor Hawking is a modern popular science novelist. His masterpiece is A Brief History of Time written in 1988, which is an excellent astronomical popular science novel. The author's imagination is rich, his ideas are wonderful, his language is beautiful and his words are meticulous, which is even more surprising. The outside world, the future changes are so magical and wonderful. This book has a cumulative circulation of 25 million copies and has been translated into nearly 40 languages. 1992 The film of the same name cost 3.5 million pounds. Hawking firmly believes that the basic ideas about the universe and the origin of life can be expressed without mathematics, and the world should be able to understand his profound theory through the audio-visual media such as movies. This book is a popular reading about exploring the nature of time and the frontier of the universe. It is the most important classic work about the scientific thought of the universe, which has changed the concept of the universe. As soon as this book was published, it caused great repercussions all over the world. A Brief History of Time is a landmark book for readers who prefer words to equations. She is good at being a contributor to human thoughts. This is a book that pursues knowledge infinitely and explores the essence of time and space.
As the undisputed authority of cosmology, the sequel of A Brief History of Time has always attracted readers with its research results and life. The sequel to A Brief History of Time is for readers who want to know more about Professor Hawking's life and his theory. The book describes Professor Hawking's life course and research work in the form of frank and sincere personal interviews, and shows the real "people" behind the huge theoretical framework. This book is not an ordinary oral history, but an extremely touching and charming portrait and description of one of the greatest thoughts of mankind in the twentieth century. For non-professional readers, this book is undoubtedly an opportunity for them to enjoy the fruits of human civilization and a source of valuable inspiration.
Hawking's Lecture-Black Hole, baby universes and Others is a collection of articles and speeches written by Hawking during1976-1992 * *13. This paper discusses the birth of baby universes caused by virtual time and black holes, and the efforts of scientists to seek a completely unified theory, and puts forward unique views on free will, the value of life and death.
The essence of time and space was expressed in a complete mathematical form 80 years ago, and the basic principles of quantum theory appeared 70 years ago. However, can these two most accurate and successful theories in the whole physics be unified in a single quantum gravity? Two of the most famous physicists in the world debated this question. This book is based on six speeches and final debates given by Hawking and Penrose at Cambridge University.
The charm of the future begins with Hawking's prediction of the next billion years of the universe and ends with Don Kubit's understanding of the final judgment. It introduces the development of prediction and the methods we use to predict the future today. The text of the book is easy to understand. The author expounds his own views and answers some interesting questions, which is very interesting to read.
Edit this passage of Hawking's life:
1942 65438+/kloc-0 was born in Oxford, England on October 8th.
1962, he completed a degree course in physics at Oxford University and transferred to Cambridge University for postgraduate study. 1963 Hawking was diagnosed with motor neuron disease.
1965 was awarded the doctorate. His research shows that the mathematical equation used to explain the collapse of black holes can also explain the expansion of the universe from a point.
Hawking studied the characteristics of 1970 black hole. He predicted that the radiation from black holes (now called Hawking radiation) and the surface area of black holes would never decrease.
1974 was elected as a member of the Royal Society. He went on to prove that black holes have temperature, black holes emit thermal radiation, and gasification will lead to mass loss.
Lucas was a professor of mathematics at Cambridge University from 65438 to 0980 (isaac newton once held this position).
A Brief History of Time was published in 1988 and became a best seller of quantum physics and relativity.
1996 Continue to work in Cambridge University.
Edit this passage of Hawking's famous saying:
1. When you face the possibility of death, you will realize that life is precious and you have a lot to do.
2. Which came first, the chicken or the egg?
3. Does the universe have a beginning? If so, what happened before that?
4. Where did the universe come from and where will it go?
5. There is hope when you are alive.
6. Is there an end to time?
I have noticed that even those who claim that "everything is predestined and we can't change it" will look around before crossing the road.
8. Scientists and prostitutes make money by doing what they like.
9. If a person is physically disabled, he must never be mentally disabled.
10. Life is unfair. No matter what your situation is, you can only go all out.
According to the legend of Boshongo people in Central Africa, at first there was only darkness, water and the great Bumba God. One day, Bamba had a stomachache and threw up in the sun. The sun scorched some water and left the land. He still has a stomachache. He spit out the moon and stars, then spit out some animals, such as leopards, crocodiles, turtles, and finally people.
This creation myth, like many other myths, tries to answer the question we all want to ask: Why are we here? Where do we come from? The general answer is that the origin of human beings occurred in a relatively recent era. Mankind has made continuous progress in knowledge and technology. In this way, it can't exist for that long, otherwise, it should make greater progress. This should have been clear long ago.
Aristotle: The universe has no beginning.
The universe has existed for an infinite time.
For example, according to Bishop Arthur's Genesis, the creation of the world was set at 9: 00 a.m. on October 23rd, 65438 BC. On the other hand, the natural environment such as mountains and rivers has not changed much in people's life cycle. So people usually regard them as a constant background. Either it has existed as an empty landscape for infinite time, or it was created at the same time as human beings.
But not everyone likes the idea that the universe has a beginning. For example, Aristotle, the most famous Greek philosopher, believes that the existence of the universe is infinite. What is eternal is more perfect than what is created. He pointed out that the reason why we see development in this situation is because floods or other natural disasters have repeatedly restored civilization to its embryonic stage. Believing in the eternal motivation of the universe is to avoid resorting to the intervention of God's will, thus creating the universe and starting to run. On the contrary, people who believe that the universe has a beginning regard the beginning as the argument for the existence of God and regard God as the first cause or motive force of the universe.
Time is meaningless before the beginning of the universe.
Time is absolute, from the infinite past to the infinite future.
If people believe that the universe has a beginning, then the obvious question is, what happened before the beginning? What was God doing before he created the universe? Is he preparing hell for people who ask such questions? German philosopher Immanuel Kant is very concerned about whether the universe has a beginning. He thinks that whether the universe has a beginning or not will cause logical contradictions or antinomy. If the universe has a beginning, why wait for it indefinitely? He called it a theme. On the other hand, if the universe has existed for an infinite time, why does it take an infinite time to reach this stage? He called it the opposite. No matter the topic or the antithesis, it is based on Kant's assumption that almost everyone does so, that is, time is absolute, that is, time goes from the infinite past to the infinite future. Time has nothing to do with the universe. In this context, the universe may or may not exist.
Today, in the hearts of many scientists, this picture is still maintained. However, in 19 15 Einstein put forward his revolutionary general theory of relativity. In this theory, space and time are no longer absolute, nor are they the fixed background of events. On the contrary, they are power, and the matter and energy in the universe determine their shapes. They can only be defined in the universe. It is meaningless to talk about the time before the beginning of the universe in this way. It's a bit like looking for something farther south than the South Pole. It has no definition.
A positivist approach to the study of the universe.
We interpret our sensory input according to the model we build the world.
If the universe does not change with time in essence, as was generally believed before the 1920s, there is no reason to prevent defining time at any early stage in the past. People can always extend history to an earlier time. In this sense, any so-called beginning of the universe is artificial. So, the situation can be like this. The universe was created last year, but all the memory and physical evidence show that it is much older. This raises profound philosophical questions about the meaning of existence. I will adopt the so-called positivism method to deal with these problems. In this method, the idea is that we interpret our sensory input according to the world model we construct. People can't ask whether this model represents reality, only whether it works. First of all, if a simple and elegant model can explain a large number of observations; Secondly, if this model makes a clear prediction, it may be observed and tested, or it may be falsified, then this model is a good model.
According to positivism, people can compare two models of the universe. The first model, the universe was created last year, and the other is that the universe has existed for a long time. Twins were born a year ago, and the universe model that existed for more than a year can explain such things as twins.
Hubble found the galaxy flying away from us.
Stars are not evenly distributed in the whole space.
On the other hand, the model created by the universe last year cannot explain such an event, so the second model is better. People can't ask whether the universe really existed a year ago, or whether it just seemed that way. In the method of positivism, there is no difference between the two.
In an unchanging universe, there is no natural starting point. However, in the 1920s, when Edwin Hubble began to observe with a telescope of 100 inch on Mount Wilson, the situation changed fundamentally. Hubble found that stars are not evenly distributed in the whole space, but gathered in a large number of groups called galaxies.
Hubble measures light from galaxies and can determine their speed. He predicted that there would be as many galaxies flying towards us as those flying away from us. This is what it should look like in a time-invariant universe. But to Hubble's surprise, he found that almost all the galaxies flew away from us. In addition, the farther away the galaxy is from us, the faster it flies. The universe does not change with time, unlike what everyone thinks. It is expanding. The distance between galaxies increases with time.
The most important discovery: the universe is expanding.
The expansion of the universe is one of the most important intellectual discoveries in the 20th century or any century.
The expansion of the universe is one of the most important intellectual discoveries in the 20th century or any century. It changed the debate about the origin of the universe. If galaxies are separating now, they must have been very close in the past. If their speed was constant in the past, all galaxies should have landed on another galaxy about 654.38+0.5 billion years ago. Is this moment the beginning of the universe?
Many scientists still do not like the origin of the universe. Because it seems to mean that physics has collapsed. People have to turn to the outside world for help. For convenience, we can call it God to decide how the universe began. So they put forward some theories. In these theories, the universe is expanding at the moment, but it has no beginning. One of them is the steady-state theory put forward by Band-Aid, Gauld and Huo Yier in 1948.
In the steady-state theory, the idea is that as galaxies leave, new galaxies are formed from hypothetical matter that is constantly created throughout space. The universe will exist forever and look the same at any time. From the positivist point of view, this last attribute has great advantages as a clear prediction that can be tested by observation. The Cambridge Radio Observation Astronomy Team led by martin lel investigated this weak radio source in the early 1960s. These sources are fairly evenly distributed in the sky, indicating that most of them are located outside the Milky Way. On average, weaker sources are farther away.
Conflict between steady-state theory and observation
There are more weak sources than predicted, indicating that the source density was higher in the past.
The number of sources predicted by steady-state theory corresponds to the shape of source intensity curve. However, observation shows that there are more weak sources than predicted, which indicates that the source density in the past was higher. This conflicts with the basic assumption that everything in the steady-state theory is invariant in time. For this and other reasons, the steady-state theory was abandoned.
Another attempt to avoid the origin of the universe is to suggest that there is an early contraction stage, but due to rotation and local randomness, matter will not fall to the same point. On the contrary, different parts of matter will be staggered, and the universe will expand again, at which time the density will remain limited. In fact, two Russians, Livschitz and Halanokov, claimed that they proved that general contraction without strict symmetry always leads to rebound, and the density is still limited. This result is very convenient for Marxism–Leninism's materialist dialectics, because it avoids the thorny problem about the creation of the universe. Therefore, this is the creed of Soviet scientists.
He is just a warrior who challenges his fate in a wheelchair.
Edit this public speech:
After the publication of A Brief History of Time, Hawking has made many public speeches to the general public in Britain, the United States, Japan, Hong Kong and other places for many years, describing the origin of time, the end of the universe and time travel, and his popularity is like a "rock star". This is an incomplete speech:
The Origin of the Universe (Chinese)
The beginning of the universe
The beginning of time (English)
Curvature
Does God roll dice? (English)
Life in the universe
Re-discussion on "centralization or decentralization"
Regarding the questions raised by customers, such as "centralization or decentralization" and "it is best to h