Manina Sklodowska was born in Warsaw, Poland on 1867. Because of her feminine nature, she could not pursue further studies in any Russian or Polish university, so she worked as a tutor for several years. Finally, with the financial support of her sister, she moved to Paris and studied mathematics and physics at Sorbonne University (the old name of Paris University). After four years of hard work, Mary obtained two master's degrees in physics and mathematics from the University of Paris. There, she became the first female lecturer in the school.
Mary met pierre curie, another lecturer at the University of Paris, her later husband. The two of them often study radioactive materials together, mainly pitchblende, because the total radioactivity of this ore is stronger than that of the uranium it contains. 1898, the curies put forward a logical inference to this phenomenon: pitchblende must contain some unknown radioactive component, which is much more radioactive than uranium. On February 26th, 65438, Madame Curie announced the idea of the existence of this new substance.
In the following years, the Curies continued to refine the radioactive components in pitchblende. After unremitting efforts, they finally successfully separated radium chloride and discovered two new chemical elements: polonium (Po) and radium (Ra). Due to the discovery and research of radioactivity, the Curies and henry beck Rael won the 1903 Nobel Prize in physics, and Madame Curie became the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in history. Eight years later, 19 1 1 year, Madame Curie won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for successfully separating radium. Unexpectedly, after winning the Nobel Prize, Madame Curie did not apply for a patent for the method of refining pure radium, but made it public, which effectively promoted the development of radiochemistry.
Madame Curie had an affair with her husband's former student paul langevin in her later years, which caused a lot of trouble in France. 19 1 1 In the headline "Love Story: Madame Curie and Professor Lang Zhiwan" on June 5438+0 1 day, it was widely rumored that Pierre was alive and that Lang Wan Zhi was in close contact with Madame Curie. Einstein's view on this matter is that if you love each other, no one can control it. He wrote a letter to Madame Curie at19111123 to express his comfort.
Madame Curie was the first person to win two Nobel Prizes in history, and she was also one of only two people who won Nobel Prizes in different fields. During the First World War, Madame Curie advocated the use of radiology to rescue the wounded, which promoted the application of radiology in the medical field. After that, she went to the United States on 192 1 to raise money for radiology research. Madame Curie died in Haute-Savoie, France, on July 4, 1934 due to excessive exposure to radioactive substances. Later, her eldest daughter, Elon Giorio-Curie, won the 1935 Nobel Prize in chemistry. Her youngest daughter, Eve Curie, wrote a biography of Madame Curie after her mother died. During the inflation in the 1990s, Madame Curie's head appeared on Polish and French currency and stamps. The chemical element curium (Cm, 96) was named in memory of the Curie couple.
Confucius (September 28th, 55 1 year-1April 479/year) and Lu (now Qufu, Shandong Province) were thinkers and educators in the late Spring and Autumn Period in China. Confucius is the first master of Confucianism, the core theory of China culture, and a masterpiece of ancient China culture. Before his death, he was known as "the sage of heaven" and "the muduo of heaven". He was one of the most learned scholars in the society at that time, and was respected by later rulers as the most holy, the most holy teacher and the eternal teacher. Confucius and the Confucianism he founded had a far-reaching influence on China, Korean Peninsula, Japan and Vietnam, which are also called Confucian cultural circles.
Confucius was born in twenty years (in the twenty-second year of Duke Xiang of Lu, 2 146 BC, 55 1 BC) and was born in Shandong. The ancestors of Confucius can be traced back to the royal family in Song Dynasty and Shang Dynasty. The ancestor of the sixth generation is Kong, a doctor in the Song Dynasty. He worked as a Fu and was killed in the civil strife in the imperial court. His son's father fled to Lu to escape the disaster. From then on, Kong settled down in the city and became a Lu native.
Shu, the father of Confucius, lives in Changping Township, Shandong Province (now southeast of Qufu City, Shandong Province) and is now a doctor. The legend of Shu Liangxiang's historian added nine daughters to Kong Ge in succession. Brother Kong was eager to have children, so he continued to marry. Although he gave birth to a son named Meng Pi, his foot is disabled. So Kong Ge married Yan Zhizai at the age of 72, with the age of 18, and gave birth to Confucius and Zhong Ni. "Historical Records Confucius Family" said that "(Liang Shu) Ge had a wild relationship with Yan's daughter and gave birth to Confucius". In order to get a son, his father prayed in Niqiu Mountain and expressed his desire for his son. Later, he got a strong son. Therefore, he was named Qiu, which means the second child. The big platoon acts as the second child and is still the boss, which means that Confucius is the eldest son of his biological mother.
Confucius was born with his head at the top of Wei, and when he grew up, he was nine feet six inches long, so he was called a "long man." Sima Qian said in Historical Records Confucius Family that Confucius was born in Ding Wei, hence his name Qiu Yun. The word Zhong Ni, surnamed Kong Mingshi ". That is to say, there is a saying that Confucius' name of "Qiu" comes from this. Sima Zhen of the Tang Dynasty thought: "It's a scandal. Tintin. Ding Wei's words stand at the top, so Confucius stands at the top like an anti-universe. Those who oppose the universe, if the house is upside down, the middle is low and the sides are high. " There is a depression in the middle of Confucius' head. Chen Li of the Qing Dynasty believed this sentence, "It is the first image of Confucius, which is high on all sides and middle and lower, hence the name Qiu Yan." Historian Qian Mu also holds this view in the Biography of Confucius.
When Confucius was 3 years old, Shu died and was buried in Fangshan. Yan moved to Qufu Queli to raise Confucius, and died in 17. Confucius found the place where his father was buried and buried his parents together.
19 years old, Confucius married an official in the Song Dynasty. The following year, Guan's son was born, and Duke Zhao of Lu sent someone to congratulate him and named his son. Before Kong Li died of Confucius, there was a posthumous son Kong Ji.
Confucius' early life was extremely difficult. He said, "I can't be meaner, so I can be contemptuous." When I was young, I was bullied by yang hu, a servant of Ji family, but I also worked as a commissioner and farmer of Ji family, managing storage and animal husbandry.
In the midst of hardships, Confucius was angry and eager to learn. He visited famous teachers all over the world and humbly asked for advice. "Begging for gifts in Lao Dan, learning drums in Xiangzi, and happily visiting Changhong" (see Confucius' Family Language for details).
Around the age of thirty, some of the first disciples came to Confucius. Since then, Confucius has been engaged in education and recruited disciples. According to legend, there are three thousand disciples and seventy-two sages. He advocated teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, and became a pioneer and representative of academic downward movement and private school teaching at that time, so he was respected as a "model for all generations" and a "holy teacher" by later generations.
At the age of 35, Lu was defeated by Dr. Sanhuan. After he fled to Qi, Confucius went to Qi. I asked Confucius about politics several times and wanted him to go against the Western Heaven, but Yan Ying, the prime minister of Qi, advised him not to do so. Later, when Confucius learned that it was useless, he returned to Lu and called his disciples to give lectures.
From the ninth year of Lu to the fourteenth year of Lu, Confucius was an official in Lu, first for Zhongdu Zai (Zhongdu is now Wenshang County, Shandong Province) and then for Yong. Later, he took a photo with the big shepherd and was sentenced to "five evils" for his remarks, killing Shao Zhengmao. In the tenth year of Lu, Lu joined forces with Confucius in Jiagu, and Confucius won diplomatic victory, which enabled Qi to return Wenyang and other places that occupied Lu. In the thirteenth year of Lu, in order to re-establish his authority, Confucius planned and implemented the political and military action of "capturing the three capitals", hoping to weaken the strength of Dr. Sanhuan, so he fell into the shackles of his uncle first, and then at the expense of his family, but the siege offensive eventually failed.
Under the rule of Confucius, the state of Lu has been greatly improved, which makes the people of Qi very afraid. The doctor designed it and put forward a female music Marvin Lu, which led Lu not to ask about state affairs. This made it difficult for Confucius to bridge the moral and political differences between Duke Lu and Ji Zi, and Confucius finally went to Lu Shiwei. Later, Confucius led his disciples all over the world, wandering in Wei, Cao, Song, Zheng, Chen, Cai, Ye, Chu and other places, but they were not reused. In the meantime, in Kuang, Song, Pu and other places, Confucius and his party were trapped in distress many times.
In 484, Confucius, who was nearly seventy years old, was sent by Ji Kangzi to welcome him back to Lu as a monarch, but he was not appointed. During this period, Confucius paid attention to education and collation of ancient books. Kong Li, Yan Hui and Luz all left before him. Confucius felt it: "The people who followed me to Cai Chen before were not as good as the door." Five years later, Confucius died and was buried on the bank of Surabaya in the north of Qufu. Disciples mourned for him for 3 years, and Zi Gong kept the tomb for Confucius for 6 years.