Table 7- 1 geological work input-output stage
It can be seen from these three stages that all kinds of funds are invested for the first time, including geological exploration fees, "two rights" prices, geological survey funds, compensation fees for geological exploration mineral resources, special projects of the central government and local finance, and inputs from all walks of life to geological exploration, while the output is all kinds of physical workload. In the process of geological exploration, it is a quantitative index of various projects or work expressed in physical measurement units in order to complete certain geological tasks and choose appropriate technical means and methods according to different geological conditions and purposes. It directly reflects the physical quantity of geological work using certain technical means and methods, reflects the scale and progress of geological work to a certain extent, and is also the basis for calculating cost budget. The second input is to output all kinds of geological information, including ore grade and rock composition, through observation, test and experiment of various physical workloads. But at first, these geological information were only reflected on the basis of their respective projects and means, and there was no overall concept. Then the third investment, that is, a comprehensive study of various geological information has been obtained, an evaluation conclusion is drawn, and a geological report is made. It is the floorboard of all kinds of geological achievements. This kind of input-output should be repeated in several main stages of the whole geological prospecting process, and the level of geological technology plays a key role in each process.
1. Geological work input
From the planned economy period to the socialist market economy period, China invested in geological work in various names, mainly in the following six types:
(1) Geological exploration fee. Under the planned economy system, the geological exploration fee refers to the fourth category of expenditure in the national budget, which is divided into two parts, namely, the 96th paragraph "geological exploration management agency funds" and the 97th paragraph "geological exploration funds". Article 97 is divided into nine projects, namely, nine departments that use geological prospecting funds: ① metallurgy (including armed police); ② Non-ferrous metals; ③ coal; 4 oil; 5 chemical industry; ⑥ Nuclear industry; ⑦ Building materials; 8 geology; Pet-name ruby others (mainly light industry). Geological exploration fees are mainly used for geological exploration work in the whole country (provincial and sub-provincial finance, excluding geological exploration fees). The geological exploration here includes all kinds of basic geological surveys and mineral geological surveys of the former Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources, and in other departments, it refers to mineral geological exploration or hydrogeology, engineering geology, geophysical and geochemical exploration, remote sensing and other work that serves mineral geological exploration.
After the localization of geological prospecting units, some changes have taken place in the functions of geological prospecting fees. The Notice of the General Office of the State Council on Printing and Distributing the Reform Plan of Geological Exploration Team Management System (Guo Ban Fa [1999] No.37) stipulates that the geological exploration fees of the former Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources and the geological exploration teams of various industrial departments will remain unchanged on the basis of the budget 1998 (excluding one-time subsidies). The geological exploration fees transferred by provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) to geological exploration teams will continue to be used for retirees of geological exploration units, geological exploration work and recurrent expenses. All localities should, on the premise of first ensuring the funds for retirees, divide the remaining funds into two parts: the funds of public welfare institutions and the funds of geological exploration units (geological exploration enterprises), and use them for special purposes and shall not be used for other purposes. It is also stipulated that in the process of localization and enterprise reform, geological prospecting units can continue to transfer about 10% of the base of geological exploration fees designated by the state to the state capital.
After the localization of geological prospecting units, the geological exploration fees in the national budget expenditure still exist as the fourth category of subjects, among which the geological exploration fees and geological undertaking fees belonging to the Ministry of Land and Resources are the personnel funds and public funds of the geological prospecting units affiliated to the Ministry of Land and Resources. Personnel funds are approved according to the head, and public funds are approved according to specific purposes, without making a big average. In addition, additional funds for land and resources investigation will be allocated according to the planned projects. There is no project, but it must be earmarked.
(two) mineral resources compensation fees shall be returned as geological exploration fees. Divided between the central government and provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) for geological exploration. In the specific use, some as subsidies, and other investors platter; Some local governments independently set up projects, outsource engineering services or entrust them directly to geological prospecting units.
(3) the price of "two rights", that is, the price charged by the government after the transfer of exploration and mining rights funded by the government. Some of them were collected by "bidding, auctioning and hanging", and some of them were formed by government funding in the past. Now there are mineral resources available for development and utilization, which should be used with compensation. After the price of "two rights" is collected, it will be used for geological prospecting.
(four) the special funds used by the central and local governments to support geological exploration. The name of the special project of the central government is "special fund for local exploration projects subsidized by the central government", with the purpose of "promoting the development of geological exploration and increasing the self-survival and self-development ability of geological prospecting units after localization". Local finance supports geological work in some places, and some places don't, but the purpose is the same, that is, to promote the development of local mining, not geological exploration. At the same time, this kind of support is arbitrary, not a fixed expenditure item of local finance, and the amount of support is not fixed, depending on the specific situation.
(5) Geological exploration funds, including central and local financial funds, are mainly used to strengthen mineral exploration, reduce commercial risks and support geological prospecting breakthroughs in key areas and key minerals.
(6) Geological exploration investment. This is an investment made by investors for their own survival and development. Under the planned economy system, China's oil and gas geological exploration only depends on the geological exploration fee allocated by the central government, which is far from meeting its own development needs. Therefore, with the approval of the central government, certain exploration funds can be extracted from every ton (thousand cubic meters) of oil and gas sold for oil and gas geological exploration. After the implementation of the market economy system, oil and gas geological exploration fees can be directly charged from the cost. At the same time, the central government's investment in commercial solid mineral exploration began to withdraw, which was accompanied by various investors entering the field of commercial mineral exploration. Among them, there are state-owned mining enterprises, state-owned enterprise groups, joint-stock enterprises, private enterprises and foreign-funded enterprises, forming a variety of investment entities. This kind of investment should be normal and inevitable under the market economy system, and it is one of the forms of industrial activities.
2. Geological work output
The output of geological work is the result of geological work. The task of geological work is to use geological science theory and various technical methods and means to investigate and study objective geological bodies, find out geological conditions economically and effectively, and find out mineral resources. After the geological work, the geological reports and materials provided to the society are the results of geological work. The results of geological work in a certain stage are called stage results, and the results obtained at the end of exploration are called final results. The manifestation of geological achievements is geological report. Geological report is a written summary of the investigation and study of mineral resources and geological conditions. It is geological data in the form of words, drawings and tables based on geological projects. The submission of the geological report marks the phased or final completion of the exploration work of the geological project.
Geological achievements can be divided into mineral reserve achievements, solid mineral achievements, oil and gas geological survey achievements, regional geological survey achievements, hydrological, engineering and environmental geological achievements, geophysical and geochemical exploration achievements and other special achievements.
(1) Mineral reserves. Refers to the valuable mineral reserves calculated by a certain method after the geological work has reached a certain degree of engineering control and geological research. It is an important basis for compiling mine development plan, determining mine construction scale and mine plan, or further developing mineral exploration and making national economic construction plan. The state has special regulations on its classification and grading.
(2) Achievements of solid minerals. Including ore occurrences, mineral deposits, metallogenic belts, metallogenic prediction areas, newly discovered mineral deposits, exploration mining areas and water sources that have made significant new progress, general survey bases, detailed investigation bases, etc. Each of the above geological achievements has a specific explanation statistically.
(3) Oil and gas geological survey results. Including structures, traps, source rocks, reservoirs, oil and gas display, oil and gas display wells, industrial oil and gas flowing wells, oil and gas discovery wells, other industrial value wells, etc. Each project has a specific unit of measurement and qualitative or quantitative requirements.
(4) regional geological survey results. Including officially published maps and informally published maps, including known ore occurrences, newly discovered ore occurrences in regional investigation, delineation of abnormal areas, heavy sand anomalies, and discovery of industrial value deposits.
(5) Hydrological, engineering and environmental geological achievements. Including regional hydrogeological map, water spring point, hidden sand, underground hot water point, underground spring point, centralized water supply source, allowable exploitation of groundwater, allowable exploitation of mineral water, number of exploration-production wells, water yield of exploration-production wells, completion benefit of exploration-production wells, investigation of groundwater pollution status and fluoride prevention, etc.
(6) The results of geophysical and geochemical exploration. Including geophysical anomalies, magnetic anomalies, gravity anomalies, electrical anomalies, radioactive anomalies, geochemical anomalies and so on. Among all kinds of anomalies, it should also be divided into finding anomalies, checking anomalies, seeing anomalies and regional geophysical and geochemical exploration results maps.
(7) Other special achievements. It is a geological achievement completed and submitted according to the needs of users, such as multi-objective mapping geological achievement mainly serving agriculture.
The above grade division was basically stipulated under the planned economy system and is still in use now. It reflects the geological conditions of a physical form, and there is no currency conversion, so it is impossible to compare input and output. However, with the advancement of socialist market economy, commercial geological work has become the main body of geological work. Commercial geological exploration, whether investors or contractors, is a kind of production and operation activities, which inevitably requires the comparison of input and output, and then requires the currency conversion and comparison of output. In mineral exploration, the output results are expressed as mining rights in different geological exploration stages. It is a kind of property right, and it is a mineral reserve that can be further explored or exploited by people and reflected by geological information. After evaluation, it has a specific value. Other commercial geological work also has different value pursuits for investors and contractors. The investor hopes to complete the scheduled task with as little investment as possible, and the contractor hopes to strive for the price as much as possible and invest as little as possible on the premise of completing the scheduled task.
As a whole, there should be three kinds of products that can serve the outside world independently: ① mineral geological exploration report reflecting the proven situation of mineral resources; (2) professional geological reports reflecting special geological information; (3) The workload of professional engineering and technical means serving geological survey, and at the same time providing services outside the industry.
3. Geological work input-output characteristics
Geological work is the work of investigating and studying objective geological bodies. From the input-output process, it has many characteristics different from other industries. These characteristics are mainly the characteristics of geological prospecting and have important reference value for designing the system and mechanism of geological work.
(1) The production cycle of mineral exploration is relatively long. Generally, it takes several years to more than ten years to find a mine, complete the general survey, detailed investigation and exploration, and then submit the final geological results. Moreover, the production process is full of huge risks, first of all, natural risks, and then market risks. These risks have a great impact on financing. Under the planned economy system, the state finances geological prospecting fees and bears all risks. After the withdrawal of state-invested geological prospecting fees, it was thought that market regulation could make up for the funding gap. However, due to the high risk, capital was unwilling to enter and banks were unwilling to lend, which made the whole geological prospecting work in trouble. In this case, governments at all levels have to give support through various channels. In the process of support, it coincides with the price increase of mineral products, which leads to the appreciation of mining rights, and the government also feels profitable, which leads to the government controlling mining rights. This process shows that this feature has not been grasped.
(2) The input and output of mineral exploration are extremely unbalanced. In terms of investment, there was not much money at first, but it was full of natural risks; With the increase of funds, the risk is getting smaller and smaller; Entering the stage of detailed exploration, the capital investment is large and the operation is relatively stable. In terms of output, due to the long cycle, the annual distribution of output is extremely uneven. Fortunately, the results of exploration rights can be realized at any time, which can alleviate the problem of uneven output. Even so, it often happens that there is no output or once the output is huge and uncertain, which brings many difficulties to the financial and fund management of enterprises. There is also a lack of countermeasures against this feature.
(3) Various technical means used in mineral exploration have great randomness in time and place, even if the geological design has been determined, it may change at any time in the implementation process. This is obviously different from other engineering and architectural design. This randomness has brought many difficulties to the application of technical means needed for mineral exploration. If the construction of these technical means is undertaken by the mining right enterprise itself, even if the enterprise carries out multiple geological exploration projects at the same time, it is difficult to avoid the coexistence of redundancy and deficiency of each single production capacity. This situation often happens in geological teams during the planned economy period, so that sometimes in order to complete the task of technical means, we have to put the cart before the horse and give the green light to the completion of technical means in geological design. I don't fully understand this feature.
(4) Geological technology plays a core role in mineral geological exploration. Geological prospecting is based on geological facts, with field geological survey as the main method, geological maps, tables and characters as the main forms, and geological science and technology research as the core. In the whole geological survey process, the level of geological technology plays a special role. At the same time, geological prospecting is a step-by-step process from the surface to the inside, from shallow to deep, from near to far, from known to unknown, and its working procedure has special significance. The control of this procedure must be based on geological technology business.
4. Geological work configuration
(1) Planning and management of public geological work.
First, the determination of the plan. First of all, the geological survey plan is made according to the demand investigation of economic construction and social development for public welfare geological work, while the annual geological survey plan is made according to the geological survey plan of the Ministry of Land and Resources and the main points of the annual plan. After the scheme is determined, the Ministry of Land and Resources will issue it to the undertaker in a planned way, and some can also invite public bidding to introduce the market mechanism; This plan is organized and implemented by China Geological Survey.
Second, the supervision and control of the plan. The specific implementation of the plan is the responsibility of the undertaking unit, and the China Geological Survey and its dispatched offices are responsible for supervision, inspection and control. The main content of monitoring is the change and adjustment of construction progress, project quality, budget implementation and tasks.
Third, the acceptance and delivery of the planned results. The geological project implementation unit is the geological survey data collection unit, and the regional geological survey center and development research center of China Geological Survey are the geological survey data management departments of China Geological Survey, which manage the geological survey data on behalf of the state. Geological survey data include the original geological survey data in the form of words, charts, audio-visual and electronic media, the results geological survey data and the physical geological survey data such as cores, various specimens, optical slices and samples.
Fourth, the use of geological survey results. This is the starting point and destination of public welfare geological work, and it is also the key link in the virtuous circle of public welfare geological work. Public welfare geological work pursues social benefits, and the results can only be transformed into social benefits through utilization. At the same time, it is also a test of whether the results meet the needs of society. The better the utilization rate of results, the greater the social benefits; The greater the social benefits, the more willing the finance is to invest. This is the virtuous circle mechanism of public welfare geological work.
(2) Market allocation of commercial geological work.
The market allocation of commercial geological work mainly refers to what commercial geological work needs to do, what it doesn't need to do, and how much it needs to do, which is not determined by government plans, but by market demand. Among them, commercial mineral exploration is determined by the social demand for mineral resources, and other commercial geological work is determined by their respective dependent objects.
The market allocation of mineral resources is mainly carried out through two types of markets, namely mineral products market and mining rights market. The former is a commodity market, while the latter is a factor market. They are interdependent. Mineral products market is the basis of the development of mining rights market, and the development level of mining rights market restricts the development of mineral products market.
First of all, the market price signal of mineral products guides the allocation of mining rights resources. The social demand for mineral products directly comes from the demand of end consumers (including productive consumption), which drives production, and the production of these mineral products forms a direct demand for mining rights. The imbalance between supply and demand in mineral products market will cause price changes, and these price signals will be transmitted from the production process to the factor (mining right) market, which will guide the redistribution of factor resources and ultimately promote the balance between supply and demand in mineral products market. This is the process of optimal allocation of mineral resources.
Secondly, the mining rights market also has a negative impact on the mineral products market. Mining right market affects the quantity of mineral products, the relationship between supply and demand and the price formation of mineral products market through the allocation of mining rights. If there are obstacles in the process of mining rights reconfiguration, including unreasonable price formation mechanism and insufficient liquidity of mining rights, the market allocation function of mining rights will be imperfect, the production quantity of mineral products will be difficult to adjust flexibly according to price signals, and the supply and demand of mineral products market will not be balanced, thus affecting the development of mining economy.
At present, the market allocation of mineral resources is positive and positive, which must be affirmed. On the one hand, we should not emphasize the need to deepen the reform of geological work and give full play to the basic role of the market in the allocation of mineral resources. On the other hand, we should panic about the results of market regulation and say that the whole mineral exploration is in crisis. This confirmation should make a concrete analysis of the existing problems and take corresponding countermeasures to solve them.
(3) the government's macro-control of geological work.
It is completely correct to give full play to the role of market allocation in geological work. At present, the role of the market is not excessive, but still insufficient. But the market is not everything. On the one hand, the market itself has certain blindness and short-term behavior, on the other hand, there are also places where market regulation does not work. Therefore, while giving full play to the role of the market in the allocation of geological work, we should also strengthen the macro-control of the government. Only by combining them reasonably can geological work produce the best economic and social benefits.
Macro-control should clarify the control objectives, control means and control mechanism. Macro-control objectives include the utilization efficiency of mineral resources, the guarantee degree of domestic mineral resources to economic construction and social development, the social benefits of domestic mineral resources development and utilization, the carrying capacity of geological and ecological environment, the development intensity of mineral resources, and the requirements of national economic security. These goals must be clear.
Macro-control means are mainly the comprehensive application of economic means, administrative means and legal means. Economic means include tax incentives and financial subsidies; Administrative means include specific policies and regulations, as well as plans and planning; Legal means mainly include People's Republic of China (PRC) Mineral Resources Law and other relevant laws, regulations and detailed rules.
Macro-control mechanism. The application of economic means needs to be matched with a reasonable mechanism to produce the expected effect. At present, the government has given a lot of financial support to mineral exploration, including the part of mineral resources compensation fees used for geological exploration, central and local financial projects, and resource evaluation in geological survey. However, some of its operating mechanisms are not effective. For example, in mineral exploration, the establishment of a separate project with financial subsidy funds is directly operated by the local competent department of land and resources, which constitutes unequal competition with social funds, which not only hinders the entry of social funds, but also guides the mine management department to pursue its own rights and interests. The effect is very poor and needs to be improved urgently. The mining right formed by geological prospecting also has a problem of how to allocate rights and how to guide the mechanism.