Author: Zheng Bingwen/Shi Hanbing. : C4 1/ social security system 1- 1543.
World economy and politics
The capital of a country
200 108
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C4 1
social security system
200 1 12
Comparison of Social Security Models for the Elderly in East Asian Countries or Regions
Zheng Bingwen/Shi Hanbing
Author: China Academy of Social Sciences.
The old-age social insurance funds in East Asian countries or regions are mainly raised by sharing system, but the responsibilities of the insured, the employer and the government are different. From the way of payment, Japan's public annuity payment has the mixed characteristics of publicity and self-help, and publicity is its main feature; There is a strong correlation between pension payment and income in South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan Province Province of China. These differences reflect the differences in the basic orientation of social policies in East Asian countries or regions.
East Asia/Pension/Social Security/Comparative Study
Among all kinds of social security projects today, the old-age security is the earliest, most valued and most widely distributed social security project in all countries or regions of the world. (Note: According to the statistics of "Social Security Plans in the World-1999" (English version) compiled by the US Social Security Bureau, among 172 countries or regions that have established different social security systems, 169 have established social security systems for the elderly. ) is also a project category that can fully reflect the social security model and its structural characteristics of a country or region. In the process of the formation and development of the social security system for the aged, due to the differences in social systems, economic development levels and social and cultural backgrounds of different countries, there are differences in the policy orientation, system design and operation mechanism of the old-age security, thus showing different forms and colorful system models. This diversity is particularly typical in East Asian countries or regions.
Structure of Social Security System for the Elderly in East Asian Countries or Regions
(A) Japan's public pension system
Japan's social security for the elderly is realized in the form of annuity insurance, which is enforced by the state. The pension, disability and death insurance system centered on pension can benefit participants for life. Japan's annuity system is composed of three pillars: public annuity system, enterprise supplementary annuity system and individual savings annuity system, which embodies the principles of public assistance, mutual assistance and self-help, among which public annuity system plays a leading role and becomes the backbone of annuity system.
196 1 year, public pension covers Japanese residents aged 20-59 in the form of economic pension, welfare pension and national pension, achieving the goal of "national pension". Since 1984, the Japanese government has reformed the public pension system, changing the original three-tier structure that is independent of each other into a two-tier annuity system composed of national basic pension and employee pension: (1) All domestic residents of a specified age must join and enjoy the national basic pension, forming a compulsory first-tier pension insurance with wide coverage; Communicating the relationship between various annuity systems is conducive to coordinating the relationship between fairness and efficiency. (2) Employees in the public sector and the private sector must also join the employee annuity consisting of * * * economic annuity and welfare annuity respectively. As an additional part of the basic annuity, the employee annuity is in direct proportion to the standard remuneration paid by employees during their employment, providing the second-level old-age security for employees in public and private enterprises. 1994, Japan took the public pension as the same basis of various pension systems, and realized the integration of the national pension system. However, there are still eight annuity groups with different scales, such as railways and coal, with different premiums, payment levels and financial conditions. The ultimate goal of Japan's public pension system reform is to establish a stable system that is not affected by changes in industrial structure and employment structure, and to realize the fairness of insurance burden and payment.
With the growth of the other two "voluntary" pillars in the annuity system, by the beginning of 2 1 century, the elderly in Japan can enjoy at most four levels of annuity protection. In addition to the annuity system, the elderly in Japan also enjoy health care subsidies, nursing subsidies and daily living assistance through welfare measures for the elderly. (Note: Please refer to Lu: Japan's social security system, Economic Management Press, 2000, chapter 3. )
Judging from the qualifications of the insured, Japan's public annuity system has a mixed mode of employment-related system and universal security system: the first-level basic annuity belongs to universal system, and the second-level occupational annuity (welfare annuity and * * * economic annuity) belongs to employment-related system. Among them, the annuity system of public and private sector employees has a dual structure of basic annuity and occupational annuity.
(B) South Korea's annuity insurance system
Similar to Japan, South Korea's old-age social security is also implemented through the annuity insurance system, which constitutes the core of South Korea's income security; Functionally, it is also a comprehensive annuity system centered on old-age insurance and supplemented by disability and death insurance. South Korea's annuity system was first implemented among civil servants, soldiers and teachers in the 1960s and 1970s, and it was not until 1988 that other nationals were covered. South Korea's annuity system is divided into occupational annuity and national annuity. The former is aimed at civil servants, military personnel and staff of public and private schools, while the latter is aimed at ordinary citizens aged 65,438+08 ~ 60, including private enterprise employees, urban self-employed individuals and farmers and fishermen. The non-income spouses of these people can join voluntarily. Different from Japanese public annuity, South Korea's annuity system is a parallel structure of two types of annuities, which do not cross each other. Judging from the identity constraints of the insured, South Korea's annuity system basically belongs to the employment-related income guarantee type.
As a supplement to the annuity system, South Korea promulgated the Law on Welfare for the Elderly in 198 1 (revised three times in 1984, 1989 and 1993), and formulated measures on old-age allowance, health care and welfare for the elderly.
(C) the diversified structure of endowment insurance in Taiwan Province Province, China.
Taiwan Province Province, China has not yet implemented a unified social security system for the elderly, and the legislation on social security for the elderly is not perfect. The ways and treatment of social security for the aged are also different, but the pension system has been implemented in three groups: public officials, soldiers and laborers. From the perspective of legislative form, Taiwan Province Province has not yet formulated special endowment insurance regulations, and the retirement benefits of public teachers are implemented according to many regulations, while the labor retirement insurance is stipulated in the comprehensive labor insurance regulations. As far as the payment level of endowment insurance is concerned, there is a big gap between different social classes. Soldiers and public officials enjoy better security treatment, while the working class has lower or no security treatment. According to a statistic of 1997, only about 14% of the total number of enterprises draw labor retirement reserve according to regulations, and the number of beneficiaries only accounts for 49% of the total number of employees. (Note: Business Times (Taiwan Province Province),1997 May 15. Please refer to Zheng Bingwen, Fang Dingyou, Social Security System of Contemporary East Asian Countries and Regions, which will be published by Law Press soon, chapter 5, section 5. ) From the perspective of coverage, Taiwan Province's retirement insurance does not cover farmers, fishermen and self-employed people as widely as Japan and South Korea, and the old-age security of these social groups is arranged through social welfare subsidies. In addition to the above-mentioned employment-related security measures, the authorities of Taiwan Province Province have also passed the Law on the Welfare of the Elderly (promulgated in 1980 and revised in 1997) to provide economic security for the elderly over 65 years old from low-and middle-income families.
Since 1990s, the authorities of Taiwan Province Province have been planning to reform the social security system for the elderly, with the ultimate goal of establishing a three-level social security system for the elderly based on "national pension", including personal savings account system and commercial annuity insurance.
The Old Age Provident Fund System in Singapore and China.
The old-age security of Singapore residents has been incorporated into the central provident fund system based on individual accumulation. In the personal provident fund deposit account, the special account deposit is the accumulation of retirement pension. The central provident fund is open to all employees in the public and private sectors, and employers and self-employed people can participate voluntarily. The Singapore government stipulates that after employees reach the age of 55, the personal account structure will be changed from ordinary account, medical savings account and special account to retirement account and medical savings account. Employees who have reached the age of 60 must keep a statutory minimum deposit in their individual retirement accounts (Note: Please refer to International Comparison of Social Security Systems, edited by Chun Lei, Law Press, 200 1 Edition, Chapter 4, Tables 4 ~ 7. ), you can receive a monthly pension. If the minimum deposit does not reach the required amount, they can choose to postpone retirement to continue to increase the accumulation of provident fund accounts, or fill the difference with cash, or their spouses and children can transfer from their respective provident fund accounts according to a minimum filling savings plan. Judging from the accumulation of retirement accounts and the nature of the minimum deposit filling system, Singapore's retirement pension system emphasizes the responsibility of individuals and families, which is also the concrete embodiment of the Singapore government's family-centered policy to deal with social problems.
Before the end of 2000, there was no unified pension system for enterprise employees in China Mainland and Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Although the government stipulates the mandatory responsibility of business owners to pay "long-term service payment" to retired employees, it only exists as a kind of occupational welfare, and it adopts a one-time payment method, and the payment level varies from enterprise to enterprise. Only some large-scale enterprises have established their own provident fund or pension system, but the payment methods and levels are different and the coverage is very limited. Since 197 1, the Hong Kong Government has provided limited welfare allowances to the elderly through the Public Welfare Scheme (replaced by the Comprehensive Social Security Assistance Scheme in 1993). In addition, the government also provides preferential social services for the elderly, and indirectly provides welfare protection by reducing their living expenses. From June 5 to February 38, 2000, the government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region implemented the compulsory pension scheme, which became the first basic pension system in the history of Hong Kong. The scheme covers all employees and self-employed. Personal account funds come from the contributions and operating income shared equally by employers and employees, and the treatment of retirees depends entirely on the accumulation of basic funds and the level of operating income during work.
Table 1 Pension Fund Structure in Japan, South Korea and Singapore
National contribution rate, insurance contribution rate, employer contribution rate, financial subsidy ratio
Family system type (percentage of monthly salary) (percentage of monthly salary) (percentage of total monthly salary)
1. Fixed contribution 1. Employee annuity 1. Basic insurance 1. Basic insurance.
(1 998 April1,1/3 basic annuity.
From the beginning, unified standards). Employee annuity payment. Extra insurance premium.
The next day. Deduct from the basic insurance premium, and take-1/4.
The public basic annuity is 13300 yen. Join the basic annuity. 3. All management fees.
*** 3. Pay the insurance premium. Self-employed and others.
400 yen a year. The applicant shall bear all expenses.
golden
The employee pension is 17.35%, 8.675% and 8.675%.
Membership * * * Annuity 17.44% 8.72% 8.72% All administrative expenses.
Agriculture, forestry and fisheries
Gold * * * Economic Annuity 12.8% 6.4% 6.4%
All administrative expenses of civil servant annuity 1 1% 5.5% 5.5% (borne by the state treasury).
Domestic military annuity 1 1% 5.5% 5.5% (paid by the state treasury)
Annual private school 65438+ 0.2% of monthly salary.
Golden employee annuity 1 1% 5.5% 3.5% 2. All administrative expenses.
surname
Annual unit participants 9% 4.5% 4.5% None.
9% of the self-employed people in Jinguo are responsible for themselves-none of them.
State protection and folk agriculture and fisheries
I will bear 9% of the forest land in the dangerous year-1/3
Jin Jin qu Jia
New worker
20% are under 55 years old (including the public sector).
40% 20%
Middle-aged employees are borne by the government)
7.5% of new central employment (including public departments)
≥55,〈60 20% 12.5%
The increase in public officials is borne by the government) to fill the provident fund plan.
Slope member ≥ 60, < 65 15% 7.5% 7.5%
Gold ≥65 10% 5% 5%
The proportion of self-employed households is the same as above.
Source: This table is compiled according to the following documents: social security plans around the world (1999), compiled by the American Social Security Bureau; Lu: Japanese social security system, Economic Management Press, 2000; Zhang Yunling, editor-in-chief: Korean Market Economy Model, Economic Management Press, 1997, pp. 365-368; Investigation report of the Ministry of Finance: Singapore's social security system, 1996 February.
The provident fund system in Singapore and China SAR is an employment-related system, in which employers and employees are forced to save by legislation. Compared with other countries or regions, this system lacks social mutual assistance and risk dispersion mechanism, and the government's financial support for the provident fund is also very limited, which belongs to the self-service social insurance model.
Ways and characteristics of raising endowment insurance funds
Endowment insurance is a kind of income guarantee project, and the actual operation of insurance money includes two links: raising and paying.
(A) financing methods
Generally speaking, the endowment insurance funds in East Asian countries or regions are mainly raised by sharing system, but the responsibilities of the insured, the employer and the government are different, which reflects the differences in the basic orientation of social policies in various countries or regions.
As can be seen from the table 1, Japan basically follows the principle of "equal burden among the insured, the employer and the state" in improving social pension. Among them, the basic annuity is paid according to a fixed amount, and all kinds of insured persons are executed according to the same standard regardless of their identity and income; All kinds of employee annuities are shared equally by employees and employers at a fixed rate, and the contribution rates of all kinds of employee annuities are not much different; The subsidy rate of the state finance to the basic annuity is 33.0% (the Japanese government subsidizes the basic insurance premium and additional insurance premium in the basic annuity in a weighted average), and bears the management and operation costs of various insurance funds. Japan's financial support rate for social endowment insurance funds is the highest among East Asian countries or regions. Therefore, Japan's public pension system has the characteristics of "mixing" of public and savings.
South Korea's occupational annuity and national annuity show great differences in payment level and financial subsidies. Occupational pensions are set up for civil servants, military personnel and staff of public and private schools. Participants pay 50% of the membership fee, and the state treasury allocates about 20% ~ 50%. In addition, the national treasury also bears the management expenses of occupational annuities. In contrast, most participants in the national pension (mainly employees in the private sector and self-employed) not only have a heavy contribution rate (6% for the national pension and 5.5% for the occupational pension), but also do not enjoy financial support from the government. From the perspective of payment obligation, among the participants of the national annuity, the premiums of employees of private enterprises (unit participants) are shared by employees and employers at the ratio of 1: 1, and the self-employed (regional participants) are all borne by themselves, among which only the self-employed farmers and fishermen receive a small amount of subsidies from the government every month. Therefore, for most Koreans, annuity insurance belongs to the category of self-protection, and the elderly's later life depends more on family security. In addition, under the influence of the social tradition of "respecting teachers and attaching importance to education", the pension insurance benefits for teachers and staff in various schools in South Korea are higher.
Singapore's central provident fund system is a self-insurance model, with employees and employers sharing the cost equally, and the government hardly bears the responsibility of subsidies. It should be noted that in Singapore, when provident fund members enter the age group of 55-60, special accounts and ordinary accounts are merged into retirement accounts, and the total contribution rate is reduced from 40% to 20%, and the contribution ratio of employees and employers is adjusted from 1: 1 to 1. When an employee reaches the age of 60 but the personal account deposit does not reach the prescribed minimum amount, he can choose to continue working to make up the difference; At the same time, if you continue to engage in gainful employment after retirement, you still have to fulfill your obligation to pay the provident fund. At this time, the payment amount will be reduced to less than 15%, and the proportion of employees and employers will be restored to 1: 1.
In Taiwan Province Province, China, the old-age insurance is mainly composed of public officials, soldiers and labor insurance, and the security benefits of different groups are quite different. The authorities in Taiwan Province Province pay more attention to the old-age security of military and public teachers, and the government bears a high proportion of retirement funds for this group, including 65% of civil servants, 1 000% of public school teachers, 32.5% of private school teachers and 50% ~ 70% of military officers, with little financial support for the labor group. At present, employers are mainly responsible for the retirement insurance premiums of labor groups in Taiwan Province Province, and employers are required to set aside employees' retirement reserves every month and put them into special fund accounts. However, there are many problems in the implementation, mainly as follows: 1 Employers failed to fulfill their responsibilities according to regulations, and about 86% of enterprises did not accrue retirement reserve, so about 5 1% of employees actually failed to enjoy retirement insurance; 2. The complete employer responsibility system makes the burden on enterprises heavier, which makes the rights and interests of employees in some enterprises with operational difficulties not guaranteed; 3. The existing laws and regulations stipulate the restrictions on employees' eligibility for pension, and employees often can't get pension when they are fired, resigned or closed down. (Note: Please refer to Social Security System of Contemporary East Asian Countries and Regions edited by Zheng Bingwen, etc. , to be published by Law Press, Chapter 5, Section 5. )
(2) Features
The characteristics of endowment social insurance financing in East Asian countries or regions are:
First, the insurance fund is formed by the insured, the employer and the government finance, or by the insured and the employer. Among them, the contribution of the employer is only the transformation form of the value creation of the workers, and it is the "indirect salary" that the workers get from the employer through government coercion. Therefore, if the contributions of employees and employers are taken as a whole and compared with the subsidy rate of government finance for endowment insurance, we can clearly observe the basic position of the government in social security and the strength of the fair mechanism in income distribution in this country or region. As far as the employee social insurance system is concerned, in the Japanese public annuity system, the government subsidizes the fund at a high rate, so it has a strong redistribution function and fairness. The pension funds in South Korea, Singapore, China, Hongkong and Taiwan Province Province are almost all funded by both employees and employers, which are self-guaranteed. Among them, the system types of South Korea and Taiwan Province Province of China can be attributed to the self-protection mode of social insurance, while the system types of Singapore and Hong Kong SAR of China can be attributed to the self-protection mode of savings funds.
Secondly, the situation in East Asia is very different from that in developed countries in Europe and America: in Europe and America, the burden of employers is generally higher than that of the insured (employees), while the responsibility of state finance is greater than that of employers; In Japan, South Korea, Singapore, China, Hongkong and Taiwan Province Province, the liability of employees and employers is basically equal.
Third, the insurance benefits of civil servants are usually better than those of other insured groups. In East Asian countries or regions, a special old-age social insurance system is generally designed for public officials, and the insurance premium rate is shared equally by employees and the government. In addition, in these countries or regions, the pension insurance for civil servants is the first project type with relatively perfect system and high security benefits. This feature reflects the tendency of bureaucrats to seek special interests in social welfare legislation under the state-centered system.
Fourth, the interests of professional organizations engaged in education are generally respected. The employee annuity system of Japanese public and private schools and civil servants belong to the same sequence (* * * pension); In South Korea and Taiwan Province Province of China, except for public school staff, financial subsidies for insurance premiums of private school staff account for 18.2% and 32.5% respectively. (Note: Please refer to Social Security System of Contemporary East Asian Countries and Regions edited by Zheng Bingwen, etc. , to be published by law publishing house, chapter 3, section 2, chapter 5, section 5. )
Fifth, in East Asian countries or regions, the payment of social insurance for the elderly is subject to a unified standard or payment rate. Under the unified standard, the payment amount is fixed and has nothing to do with the actual income level of the insured; Under the unified rate, the burden level of high-income earners and low-income earners is equal, but the absolute value of actual payment varies according to the income level. Therefore, this system has a strong income-related nature. When the level of insurance payment is related to the actual income level of the insured reflected by the total payment, the living standard of the insured in old age depends on the income during the whole working period. This system has played a role in encouraging the insured to work hard to obtain a higher security for the elderly, but its incentive effect is limited under the condition of unequal opportunities. In addition, due to the different consumption tendencies of high-income earners and low-income earners, under the unified rate system, the actual impact of the same burden ratio on the current living standards (consumption capacity) of high-income earners and low-income earners is very different, and low-income earners often bear higher current living pressures, which is particularly prominent in countries or regions with large income gaps (Gini coefficient); For high-income earners, when the absolute value of their contributions reaches a certain amount, there will be a tendency to evade payment. In order to make up for the defects of the flat rate in fair burden, some countries or regions in East Asia have set the minimum or maximum payment amount: in Japan, the part with a monthly income of less than 92,000 yen and more than 590,000 yen is not included in the payment scope; In Singapore, those whose monthly income is less than S $200 are exempt from the provident fund; In Taiwan Province Province, China, the monthly income of more than NT$ 42,000 is not used as the payment base. (Note: US Social Security Bureau: Global Social Security Plan-1999. )
Payment mode of endowment insurance
The payment of endowment insurance generally involves enjoyment conditions (including age, length of service, payment period, resident status, loss of rights, whether to carry out retirement inspection, etc.). ), payment method (one-time compensation or long-term payment), standard, nature and level of payment treatment. In order to ensure that the actual living standard of retirees will not drop absolutely because of rising prices, or decrease relatively because of the improvement of social income level, some countries follow the principle of "appropriately sharing the fruits of social and economic development" (Note: this principle is a summary of the proposal put forward by 1982 World Assembly on Ageing and International Labor Organization 1994 to review and adjust the welfare level of the insured, which has existed since the 1980s. See Social Security Law edited by Tan Youtu and Fan Qirong, Law Press, 1997, p. 196. ) established an adjustment mechanism for pension payment.
(1) public and self-service mixed payment: Japan
Japan's annuity payment method embodies the mixed characteristics of public pension system and self-help, in which public pension is the most important feature. In the public annuity system, the basic annuity is paid according to a unified standard (corresponding to the payment obligation), and its function is to ensure that all members of society who have no income for a long time can enjoy equal annuity income. The legal retirement age in Japan is 65. Japanese residents can receive the basic old-age pension at the age of 60 after paying 480 months. However, the amount of pension for people aged 60-65 will be reduced as appropriate, and those who start receiving it after 66 will be more. This is to control the upfront payment. The payment of basic annuity has nothing to do with whether to continue employment after retirement.
The payment of employee annuity (welfare annuity or * * * economic annuity) is directly proportional to the monthly salary and payment period during the working period, so it is called "reward proportional annuity". Employees who participate in the employee annuity can get pension benefits if they meet the payment age conditions and payment years (the years of participating in the basic annuity project are calculated together). Take welfare annuity (private sector employee annuity) as an example, its payment structure consists of three parts: fixed part, salary proportion part and increased annuity, in which "fixed part" is the product of the amount calculated according to the basic living standard of all residents (adjusted every five years) and the payment period of the insured; The "wage proportion part" is determined by the product of the insured's indexed monthly salary ("reassessed salary"), the decreasing coefficient 1% ~ 0.75% determined according to the length of the payment period, and the insured's payment period; "Increasing the annuity part" is a subsidy for the relatives supported by the insured. (Note: Lu: Japanese Social Security System, Economic Management Press, 2000, pp. 40 ~ 4 1. The calculation formula of) is:
Payment amount of welfare annuity = (quota+indexed salary × adjustment coefficient) × payment period+increased annuity.
Among them, the increased annuity is fixed payment, and the payment standard of 1999 is: spouse 19283 yen per month; The first 1 and second children are 19283 yen per month, and the remaining children are 6425 yen per month (by the end of this fiscal year, children are 18 years old and disabled children are 20 years old). In addition, for the insured aged 60-64, the pension will be increased by 1 625 yen every month. (Note: The data in this group are quoted from the global social security plan of the US Social Security Administration-1999. )
Different from the payment of basic annuity, the payment of employee annuity is limited by the retirement inspection system, and the payment of pension must be based on the condition that the insured is completely or basically divorced from the occupation he was engaged in when he retired. Japan does not prohibit retirees from continuing to work, but the law stipulates that people aged 60-64 who continue to work should reduce their pensions. Specifically, if the total monthly income of those who continue to work and 80% of the pension they deserve exceeds 220,000 yen, the pension will be reduced by 20%; If the monthly income is between 220,000 and 340,000 yen, every 2 yen will be deducted from the pension 1 yen; When the monthly income exceeds 340,000 yen, his actual monthly pension should be the difference between the full pension and the monthly income at this time. (Note: The data in this group are quoted from the global social security plan of the US Social Security Administration-1999. )
Japan's public pension payment has a flexible adjustment mechanism. On the one hand, the annual amount automatically floats with the rise of the price index; On the other hand, with the increase of wage index, retirees can enjoy the fruits of social and economic development. In order to ensure the long-term stability of annuity finance, the Japanese government conducts accounting at least once every five years, and accordingly revises the insurance premium collection plan, and makes corresponding adjustments to annuity payment through revision and accumulation.
(2) Characteristics of income-related payment: South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan Province Province of China.
In South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan Province Province of China, pension payment is obviously linked to income, and the amount paid to retired employees is the sum of the contributions made by the insured himself and his employer during the working period, as well as the interest income of insurance premiums during the payment period; The pension benefits of self-employed people all come from their pre-retirement payment accumulation and related interest income. The amount of pension is related to the income level before the income interruption. In essence, the income-related pension is only a "statutory" reserve drawn and accumulated by workers to protect their old age.
South Korea's pension payment, according to the sum of the average monthly income of all insured persons in the previous year and the average monthly income of retirees during the whole payment period, can choose long-term payment or one-time payment; For those who have been insured for more than 20 years, the monthly subsidy will increase by 5% for each full 1 year; Non-income relatives (children, parents or spouses) supported by retirees can enjoy the fixed payment of additional annuities. In terms of annuity payment adjustment, South Korea has not established an automatic adjustment mechanism of price index like Japan, but it also adjusts subsidies according to price changes. Annuity insurance premiums are adjusted once every five years in principle. Members of the Singapore Central Provident Fund can pay all the insurance premiums paid by employees and employers in one lump sum, plus compound interest of at least 2.5% (the real interest rate is linked to the interest rates of general commercial savings and time deposits, and is adjusted twice a year, namely, June 65438+ 10/day and July 1 day). In Taiwan Province Province, China, men are over 60 years old, women are over 55 years old, and the insured time is over 1 year, or the insured time is over 25 years, regardless of age; Male over 55 years old, insured for 15 years or more; Miners who have reached the age of 55 and have been insured for five years or more can receive pensions. Payment method: for every insurance 1 year, one-time payment is equivalent to the average income of the person 1 month (based on the income in the last 36 months) until 15 years; Pay the insurance premium 15 years or more, and increase the average income for 2 months for each year exceeding 1 year; However, the maximum amount of pension shall not exceed the average income of 45 months. (Note: The data in this group are quoted from American Social Security Plan-1999. The insured can choose to pay the above amount in one lump sum or in short-term installments. Comparatively speaking, Singapore and Taiwan Province Province of China have the strongest income correlation; South Korea's income correlation shows some flexibility, with a certain color of social mutual assistance.
One-time pension payment is an obvious feature of income-related system, which is prominent in the payment methods of old-age insurance in South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan Province Province of China. Although this short-term centralized payment method is helpful for retirees to reinvest in their old age to supplement their income, its disadvantages are very obvious: first, centralized payment is not conducive to the balanced arrangement of retirees' old age life, especially when price fluctuations or inflation occur, the actual pension will be reduced due to the loss of value, leading to an increase in life risks; Secondly, the pension for personal investment faces the risks of external economic environment and personal operation. Once the investment fails, the pension accumulated by retirees for life will be wiped out. In addition, under the one-time payment method, retirees cannot share the wealth of social and economic development in their later years, resulting in a relative decline in the living standards of the elderly.
In terms of retirement inspection, South Korea and Taiwan Province Province of China have not made a rigid prohibition, but restricted it by reducing the issuance of pensions or additional payment obligations. In Korea, people aged 60-64 who have been insured for 10 years or more and are still engaged in paid work will have their pensions reduced. In Taiwan Province Province of China, the occupational retirement of the insured is the constraint condition for the insured to enjoy the payment treatment; Those who continue to work after retirement and pay the insurance premium for one year can receive an extra 1 month old age allowance, but the maximum amount of the extra allowance is 5 months' income. There is no retirement inspection system in Singapore, but it is stipulated that those who continue to work after retirement must continue to fulfill their obligation to pay provident fund. The contribution rate of 60-65 years old is 65,438+05% of the monthly income, and the contribution rate of over 65 years old is 65,438+00% of the monthly income. The insurance premium is shared equally by the insured and the employer.
In addition, there are group-buying products on the stationmaster group, which are cheap and guaranteed.