National debt is a kind of government bond issued by the central government to raise financial funds. It is a debt certificate issued by the central government to investors, promising to pay interest and repay the principal within a certain period of time.
National debt is the main form of national credit. The central government often issues treasury bonds to make up the national fiscal deficit, or to raise funds for some expensive construction projects, some special economic policies and even wars. Because national debt is taxed by the central government.
As a guarantee for repayment of principal and interest. So the risk is small, the liquidity is strong, and the interest rate is lower than other bonds.
From the form of bonds, bonds issued in China can be divided into voucher bonds, bearer bonds and book-entry bonds.
1997 Among the national bonds issued in China, voucher bonds accounted for 68. 13%, bearer bonds accounted for 65.438+06.39%, book-entry bonds accounted for 65.438+04.26%, and other bonds accounted for 65.438+0.22%.
It's a debt borrowed by the government. Specifically, it refers to the national debt formed by the government issuing bonds at home and abroad or borrowing from foreign governments and banks. It is an important part of the whole social debt. National debt is a special financial category. [It is first and foremost a kind of financial income. In fact, the state issues bonds or loans to raise funds, which has three functions: making up the fiscal deficit, raising construction funds and regulating the economy. The issuance of national debt should follow the credit principle of borrowing and returning. When a bond or loan matures, it is necessary not only to repay the principal, but also to pay certain interest. The national debt is subscribed voluntarily. Except for a few compulsory national debt, whether to subscribe and how much to subscribe is entirely up to people. According to different standards, national debt can be divided into different types: according to the form of state borrowing, national debt can be divided into state borrowing and bond issuance. National debt can be divided into long-term national debt, short-term national debt and medium-term national debt. The so-called long-term and short-term are comparative, and there is no absolute standard. Most countries in the world generally call short-term treasury bonds with a maturity of less than one year, long-term treasury bonds with a maturity of more than 10 years, and medium-term treasury bonds with a maturity between the two as short-term treasury bonds. According to the nature of financing and issuance, national debt can be divided into compulsory national debt and unpaid national debt. National debt can be divided into domestic debt and foreign debt according to the region where it is raised and issued. The so-called domestic debt refers to the loans and bonds issued by the state at home. The so-called foreign debt refers to the country's borrowing from other governments, banks and international financial organizations. According to the liquidity of bonds, national debt can be divided into marketable national debt and unsold national debt. State loans are non-transferable, only bonds can be sold or not.