In 7 AD, the Roman army occupied Jerusalem and destroyed the Jewish temple. In 135 AD, the Jews were expelled from Palestine, which began their wandering career lasting more than 18 years. From the day they were expelled from their homeland, the Jews never forgot to return to their homeland.

At the end of the 19th century, a large-scale anti-Semitism wave appeared in Europe, and the ideological trend and movement of Zionism rose accordingly. In 1881, Pinsker, a Russian Jewish doctor, published the book "Self-liberation" and put forward the idea of establishing a Jewish nation-state. This book is regarded as the origin of Zionism. In 1896, Hecl, a Hungarian Jewish lawyer, published The Jewish State, which put forward the idea of Zionism completely. In response to the slogan of "Jews get out" that could be heard everywhere in Europe at that time, he wrote: "I want to ask this question in the simplest form now: Are we going out now? Where to go? " "The sovereignty of a certain part of the earth should be granted to us, and its area is enough to meet the normal needs of a nation; The rest will be done by ourselves. " Hecl's works have aroused great repercussions among Jews, but there have also been differences among Jews as to where this national homeland was built. They imagined South Africa and Argentina, and seriously considered Uganda, and voted for it. It was not until the first World Zionist Congress held in Basel, Switzerland on August 29th, 1897 that it was finally defined as the cultural root of the Jews-Palestine.

This congress proposed that Jews should establish "a homeland (or country) recognized by the public and guaranteed by law". At the same time, the "World Zionist Organization" was established and began its activities. They organized Jews to emigrate to Palestine where Arabs have lived for centuries, and established the Jewish National Fund and the Palestinian Land Development Corporation. This congress was held in 1897, which is considered as the year when Jews began to put their homeland dreams into practice, and it is also considered as the beginning of the Palestinian-Israeli dispute.

from the Balfour Declaration to the Palestinian White Paper

The Palestinian-Israeli region is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea in the west, Lebanon in the north, Jordan in the east and Egypt in the south. Historically, this area is not a separate political-geographical area, and there is no strict border. During the Ottoman Empire, the northern part of this area belonged to Beirut province, most of the central and southern parts were within the scope of "Greater Jerusalem Area", and the southeast end extended to the western part of Hijaz (now Saudi Arabia).

in October p>196, the Ottoman sultan and the governor of Egypt signed a border treaty between eastern Egypt and Palestine, which first determined the border between this region and Egypt, namely the southern border of Palestine.

Shortly after the outbreak of World War I, Britain, France and Russia began secret negotiations on the division of Ottoman territory after the war. The special status of the Palestinian region was established in the initial stage of a series of plots. Even in the efforts to win over Arabs to join the anti-Ottoman camp, Britain denied that the Palestinian region was a "pure Arab region" and refused to include it in the Arab countries that were brewing. In the Sykes-Pico Agreement formally signed by Britain and France on March 17, 1916, the Palestinian area was agreed to be "under international control", and the border between the northern part of the Palestinian area and the future French sphere of influence was roughly divided. Since then, with the participation of Zionist leaders, Britain and France have started protracted negotiations on the northern border of Palestinian areas. In order to reserve more development space and sufficient water for "Jewish homeland", during the Paris Peace Conference in February 1919, Zionist leaders also put forward a plan of "Greater Palestine", which included a part of land in present-day southern Lebanon and the east bank of the Jordan River, but it was not accepted.

during the first world war, Palestine was occupied by the British, and became a British mandated territory after the war. On November 2, 1917, British Foreign Secretary Belfo wrote to Rothschild, vice-chairman of Zionist Union, claiming that "His Majesty's Government is in favor of establishing a Jewish national state in Palestine and will do its utmost to promote its realization". This letter was later called the Balfour Declaration. On this basis, Jews began to immigrate to Palestine in large numbers. However, this move was strongly opposed by local Arabs in Palestine, who put pressure on Britain by means of riots and strikes to restrict Jewish immigration. The unrest lasted for three years. At the same time, Jews who had no livelihood under Nazi persecution continued to emigrate to Palestine in large numbers. By 1939, the total number of Jews who had emigrated to Palestine had increased to 445,.

in December, 192, Britain and France informally drew the northern "agreement boundary" in the Palestinian area as a temporary dividing line between their spheres of influence. This dividing line divides a part of the Golan Heights north of lake tiberias into Palestinian territory, so that the Palestinian area has all the surface runoff of the Jordan River system, and lake tiberias enjoys it. This dividing line is obviously beneficial to the Palestinian area, but France is not satisfied with it. After the League of Nations officially issued the mandate in July, 192, Britain first granted the independent status to Outer Jordan (the east bank of the Jordan River), and established the "Jordan River border principle" to divide the eastern border of the Palestinian area.

Then, Britain and France held many negotiations, and in March 1923, the demarcation line between the two sides was formally defined, namely the northern border of Palestine. In the new division scheme, the Golan Heights are all included in the French Mandate, while lake tiberias is all included in the British Mandate, thus the outer boundaries of the Palestinian areas are all delineated. The area of this area is about 27, square kilometers.

after the Arab National People's Congress riots in April p>1936, Britain sent a group of soldiers, Robert DangerCode; A royal delegation headed by Pierre, and drew up a partition idea called "Pierre Plan". In this plan, Palestinian areas are divided into Arab areas, Jewish areas and British mandated areas.

the Arab region includes Jaffa city in the south of Tel Aviv, most of the land in the West Bank, the Gaza Strip and all the land in the Negev Desert, covering an area of about 17, square kilometers, accounting for about 6% of all Palestinian land, which is 1.5-1.6 times the area of the Arab state stipulated in the 1947 United Nations partition resolution and 2.7-2.8 times the Arab territory controlled by Jordan and Egypt after the 1948 war.

The Jewish quarter is located in the northern part of Palestine, which borders Lebanon and Syria in the future. It is currently the most fertile Galilee area in Palestine and the northern coastal zone, with an area of about 8, square kilometers, which does not exceed 1/3 of the total area of the Palestinian area and is equivalent to about 4% of the current territory of Israel.

The area that continues to be under British Mandate is the most sensitive area in Palestine with Jerusalem as the center, with an area of no more than 1% of the total area of Palestine. Almost all the holy places of various religions are concentrated in this area, and Nazareth (the place where the Virgin Mary conceived, the Christian holy place) located in the Jewish quarter is classified as an enclave of Mandate. However, both Arab and Jewish parties failed to accept this plan.

in may p>1939, the British government was afraid of further arousing the resistance of Arab countries, so it took the initiative to show goodwill to Arab countries and put forward the so-called Palestinian white paper. The white paper puts forward that in the next five years, only 15 thousand Jews will be moved in each year; Restrict Jews from buying Arab land, and prepare to gradually hand over Palestine to a local government with a majority of Arabs, under which Jews can exercise a high degree of autonomy. The Arab unrest has subsided, but it is obviously not an easy task to build trust between Jews and Arabs with strong opposition.

The publication of the White Paper on Palestine coincided with the day when European Jews were struggling to find an oasis to settle down in order to escape the Nazi Holocaust. In the Nazi Holocaust, one third of the Jews in the world were killed, and the total number of victims reached 6 million, leaving few Jews in Europe. Before the British declared war on Germany, the local Jews and the trusteeship authorities were on the brink of war because they insisted on the position of the White Paper and refused to let persecuted German and Austrian Jews enter Palestine. It is only based on the hatred of German fascism that the violence is limited. However, in wartime, Jewish commandos never stopped destroying British facilities that intercepted illegal immigrants.

UN Resolution 181 and the establishment of Israel

After the end of World War II, hundreds of thousands of Polish Jewish prisoners liberated from Nazi concentration camps became homeless. They can't return to their hometown, because at this time, there have been incidents of killing returning Jews in various parts of Poland; Except for a few Nordic countries, war-torn western European countries are unable to accommodate them; Even the United States, known as an immigrant country, is reluctant to open its doors. At this time, the only one who welcomes them with open arms is the Jewish community in Palestine. As Britain continued to adhere to the policy of the White Paper, the conflict between Jewish commandos and British trusteeship authorities escalated. Jews bombed roads and bridges, attacked camps where illegal immigrants were detained and assassinated British officials.

For Britain, this will be an unpopular war. At this time, Hitler's crime of killing 6 million Jews is being gradually exposed, and international public opinion is sympathetic to the Jews. It is really unreasonable to let those liberated Polish Jews continue to live in concentration camps. With the exposure of the secret documents of the Axis, Britain's decision to reject Italy's proposal and disapprove of the transfer of German and Austrian Jews to Palestine through Italy was also made public, and public opinion regarded Britain as an accomplice in the massacre of Jews. Under the pressure of international public opinion, Britain decided to get away from Palestine. On February 15, 1947, Britain announced that it would hand over the hot potato of Palestine to the United Nations.

On November 29th, 1947, the second session of the United Nations General Assembly voted for the partition of Palestine with 33 votes in favor, 13 votes against (including 1 Islamic countries) and 1 abstentions, namely, UN Resolution 181. The resolution stipulates that Britain will end its mandated rule in Palestine and withdraw its troops before August 1, 1948; Two months later, two countries were established on the land of Palestine, namely, the Arab State and the Jewish State. The resolution also stipulates that an international special regime for the city of Jerusalem shall be established and administered by the United Nations. The Soviet Union, for the sake of the Labor Party in power for Israel, changed the anti-Semitic attitude inherent in the period of imperial Russia, made great efforts for the founding of Israel, and gave diplomatic and military support to the establishment and consolidation of the State of Israel. Gromyko, Permanent Representative of the Soviet Union to the United Nations, gave a touching speech at the UN General Assembly, which played an important role in the smooth passage of Resolution 181. However, Britain, which had vowed to support the Jewish restoration in the Balfour Declaration, abstained from voting at this time.

The partition resolution adopted by the United Nations in November p>1947 provided both Jews and Palestinian Arabs with the opportunity to establish their own country. However, under the influence of various factors, the territory allocated to Arabs is less than their proportional share of population and their actual share of land.

1. Actual land owned by Arab and Jewish parties at the end of 1947:

Of the 27, square kilometers of Palestinian land, about 12, square kilometers are arable land, with an actual development area of about 9, square kilometers. As in other countries or regions, land occupation is divided into main land, ownerless land and public land. Following the land laws of the Ottoman Empire, the British mandated authorities have always been very strict in the land management of Palestine, and since 192, they have re-registered the land and stipulated the rules for land sale. There is no doubt that before the Jews returned to Palestine, except for a small amount of real estate owned by Christian churches, the owners of Palestinian "owned land" were basically Arabs.

since p>1855, Jews began to purchase agricultural land in Palestine. By the end of the Mandate (May 1948), Zionist organizations, companies and individuals had purchased 1,63 square kilometers of land, and the British Mandate authorities had "chartered" 188 square kilometers of wasteland to Jews for development, making the land area owned by Jews reach 1,82 square kilometers, accounting for about 7% of the total land area of Palestine and 2% of the actual development area.

It is difficult to retrieve the exact data of Arab land ownership in the literature during the same period. According to the accounting of indirect data, the land area owned by Arabs at the end of the mandate was about 7,2 square kilometers, accounting for nearly 27% of the total Palestinian area and 8% of the actual development area.

In terms of population proportion, according to the report submitted by the United Nations Special Committee in November 1947, the total population of Palestine at the end of 1946 was 1.972 million, of which 68, were Jews, accounting for 31% of the total population; 1.364 million are Arabs (including Muslims, Arab Christians and a small number of non-Arab Christians, the total number of Christians is about 1,), accounting for 69% of the total population.

2. Basic situation of the territory of the Arab State stipulated in the partition resolution:

The blueprint for the partition plan of Palestine was actually put forward by the United States, and there are several different versions. Approved by the United Nations Special Committee for Palestine and put to the vote of the United Nations General Assembly, it is called the final blueprint, that is, Figure 1 of Resolution 181 (II) adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on November 29, 1947 (Resolution on Partition of Palestine). This 25,-scale map shows the respective territories of the Jewish State and the Arab State, as well as the border of the Jerusalem Special Administrative Region. The text of the resolution also gives a written description of the general direction of the border, but it does not indicate the territorial area of each party. Because of the subsequent war, the demarcation on the spot could not be carried out, and all the data about the territorial area that people have seen so far are estimated afterwards.

Resolution p>181 (II) allocated Palestinian land as follows:

Territory area (square kilometers) Territory ratio

Arab State 11, 4.7% was transferred from Iron Blood /

Jewish State 15, 85 58.7%

Jerusalem Special Zone 158 .6%

A total of 27,8 1%

The division of the territories of "Arab State" and "Jewish State" is not strictly based on the population distribution, and the problem of population intersection is very serious. Within the territory of the "Arab State", there were nearly 1, Jews living at that time; There are more than 43, Arab residents in the territory of the "Jewish State".

The population composition and ethnic proportion of each district are:

The proportion of Arabs in the total population of the district and the proportion of Jews

Arab countries.