-Take Macao as an example.
Understand the present situation of land resources in Macao, and emphatically point out the long-standing land shortage problem in Macao and the social problems caused by land shortage. Starting with the analysis, this paper explains the urgency of solving the shortage of land resources in Macao. This paper points out the advantages and disadvantages of solving Macao's land resources planning, solves the most urgent problems with the most preferential policies, and makes Macao a sustainable city.
Keywords: Macao; land resources
Land resources in Macao.
With the changes of the times, many products and resources in Macao no longer exist, but there is one resource, that is, the land resources in Macao, which has not decreased, but has increased a lot.
For a city, it is difficult to demand that all kinds of natural resources are rich. The most important things are land resources and fresh water resources. The former provides suitable land for urban construction and is the site foundation of the city; The latter is the source of life for the city to maintain residents' lives and provide water for various industries. What Macao lacks most are these two basic natural resources, which have become an important factor limiting its development. Macao's land area is pitifully small, hills and terraces are widely distributed, and the proportion of flat land is not much. In the case of the shortage of urban land, the terraced hills and terraces at an altitude of 20 to 30 meters have opened up streets and built houses, and even the foothills of the hills have built houses. Taipa and the Sixth Ring Road have little flat land and inconvenient transportation. Until the 1960s, the development of the two places was still slow. With the increase of population and economic development, the shortage of urban land resources in Macao is more prominent. The lack of land resources has brought many problems to Macao, which have hindered its development.
2. Social problems caused by lack of land
2. 1 The population density is too high
In 2004, Macao had a total land area of 27.5 square kilometers, a permanent population of 465,333 and a population density of 1692 1 person/square kilometer, making it one of the cities with the highest population density in the world. However, Macao's high population density will put heavy pressure on the education, health, municipal and social facilities in the region. Only by expanding the land area of Macao can it be accommodated and digested.
2.2 The development of tourism and other industries is blocked.
Macao is an internationally famous characteristic tourist city, and tourism is one of the important industries in the world. In order to ensure the status of a tourist city and improve its competitiveness, it is necessary for Macao to optimize its existing tourism resources and develop new tourism software and hardware, which will also help to adjust its industrial structure. However, under the existing conditions in Macao, for gambling tourism, it is difficult to innovate and increase its attraction because of the lack of room for scenic area expansion; Tourism facilities need to be metabolically updated, but limited by land, they will be insufficient and backward; In terms of impact, related service industries are bound to be limited. Thus, it is an urgent and imperative task to systematically increase land resources so that Macao can compete with powerful foreign countries and occupy more positions in the world.
2.3 restricted the urban planning and development of Macao.
According to civil engineers in Macao, although Macao's rapid adjustment of land use change procedures meets the needs of modern urban development, its urban planning and development are still limited due to the lack of land resources. Traffic, health, education, municipal administration and urban construction involved in urban planning all need a lot of land, and the lack of land resources in Macao will limit the urban planning and development of Macao. As a tourist city, Macau needs space and beauty in urban design, which conflicts with the lack of land resources. Therefore, in the long run, it is necessary to increase the land resources in Macao.
2.4 The traffic problem is serious
With the unsustainable development of Macao's economy and population, the traffic volume is also in the stage of rapid growth. However, with more and more means of transportation and limited land area, Macao is facing many traffic problems. Among them, the most "headache" is traffic jams and parking difficulties. In the past, the proportion of road traffic land in urban construction land was relatively high, so there should be no traffic jams. However, the number of vehicles is increasing so fast that the traffic network that should be "unimpeded" cannot accommodate too much traffic. Coupled with the limited land resources and the serious shortage of public parking lots, people are forced to park illegally along the street. Many roads are full of cars on both sides, leaving only one road through which only one car can pass, making the traffic jam problem more and more serious, and the existence of traffic problems will affect the development of Macao. In view of this, in order to have long-term development, we must solve the traffic problem. To solve the problem, it is obvious that the core of the problem is to solve the problem of insufficient parking lots, which involves the problem of land resources to a great extent. Therefore, solving the problem of land shortage has become the most fundamental way to solve the problem.
3. Solve the advantages and disadvantages of the shortage of land resources.
Therefore, solving the shortage of land resources in Macao is the only way for Macao to take the road of sustainable development. However, there are three ways to solve the shortage of land resources in Macao: one is to reclaim land from the sea; The second is the transformation and reconstruction of old areas; The third is to borrow land from neighboring areas or jointly develop.
3. 1 recovery
Macao is a coastal city, and there are many silted shoals along the coast of Macao, some of which can be exposed to the water at low tide, so land reclamation has always been the primary way to solve the shortage of land resources. In the past century, the total area of Macao has not been expanded due to reclamation. Since 1866, Macao * * * has carried out four large-scale land reclamation projects: from 1866 to 19 10, Beidu and Repulse Bay were reclaimed; Inland port reclamation 19 19 to1924; Newport and Nanwan Reclamation Area from 1923 to1938; Reclamation in Xingang and Heishahuan after 1980s. The land added by reclamation in Macao is larger than that of the peninsula before reclamation (see figure 1). The total area of Macao has expanded from the self-recorded 19 1 1.6 square kilometers in 2002 to the present 27.5 square kilometers, all of which were reclaimed from the sea. In the towns caused by the new reclamation, the height of the original buildings can be ignored, and the newly designed roads are wider, and the building height can reach more than 60 meters. Such a residential area will effectively solve the high-density living environment, thus effectively solving people's housing, education, health, municipal and social facilities and other problems.
However, there are not many sea areas that can be reclaimed at present, and reclamation is limited by time and expensive. In addition, all parts of the world are now committed to protecting the ecological environment, and land reclamation will have an adverse impact on the regional ecological environment, and ultimately it is human beings themselves who are most affected. Therefore, in the long run, reclamation is not the best way to solve the land shortage.
3.2 Transformation and Reconstruction of Old Districts
Macao used to be just a small fishing village, and the buildings were all short and short. In order to adapt to the growing population and the demand for land in the rapidly developing economy and society, in addition to land reclamation, the transformation and reconstruction of old areas is also one of the solutions to solve the land shortage. The transformation planning of the old district is mainly based on high-altitude development, that is, transforming the originally short residential area into a high-rise building with more floors, which is the public facilities needed for the construction of the old district; Secondly, make full use of underground space. In order to solve the problems of traffic jams and insufficient parking lots, the Macao government has devoted itself to building underground parking lots in recent years, which will solve many traffic problems after the project is completed.
Although the development of high-rise buildings can effectively solve the shortage of land, with the increasing number of high-rise buildings, cities will face many problems. According to qianjiang evening news, with the increasing height of buildings, people are discussing climate and environment more and more. Too many high-rise buildings have a decisive impact on climate and environment, and cities are facing a serious problem: the "urban heat island" effect. The research shows that the heat transfer speed of urban buildings and pavements is three times faster than that of soil, and the higher the building, the larger the radiation area, the more heat absorbed and transferred, and it is difficult to reduce the night temperature in the city. Behind the rising temperature is the tension of electricity, water, coal and transportation. Every rise of one degree Celsius affects the sensitive and fragile nerves of this city. The frequency and intensity of some extreme weather events, such as rainstorm and drought, may also increase with the increase of environmental temperature. In addition, the success of Macao's application for World Heritage will undoubtedly promote Macao's future economic development, but it will limit the reconstruction of old areas. In the past, the transformation of old areas should only meet the needs of economic development, ecological environment and people's livelihood. Now we must consider whether the transformation will have an impact on historical and cultural urban areas. For the demolition and construction of some buildings that are not included in the "historical city" in the future; Make full use of the land resources of "historic cities" and other issues. All these problems make the old district reconstruction plan worry. Moreover, the renovation of old districts is sometimes limited by the height and location of the original buildings. Therefore, the reconstruction of old districts is not an effective way to solve the problem of land shortage in Macao in the long run.
3.3 Purchase, lease or jointly develop land from neighboring areas.
In view of the fact that land reclamation, reconstruction and reconstruction of old areas in Macao can not meet the future land demand in a long-term and relatively large amount, there is not much land left in Macao at present, and people from all walks of life in Macao have pointed out that land resources in Macao should be expanded through purchase, lease or joint development with surrounding areas. Among them, the hot topic of discussion is the scheme of "borrowing Qinheng Island from Zhuhai Port".
From the perspective of creating conditions for Macao's long-term sustainable development, hengqin island is of far-reaching significance to Macao: from the geographical location of Macao and Zhuhai (see Figure 2), Macao and Qinheng Island are separated by a river, which is an important area in the south of Zhuhai, providing a broad space for Macao's sustainable development and creating better conditions for Macao to serve southwestern Guangdong and even southwestern provinces; The area of Qinheng Island is 86 square kilometers, which is three times the total area of Australia, and the land area available for development is 53 square kilometers. Furthermore, from the perspective of protecting the environment and making good use of resources, the damage to the natural environment is reduced and the development cost is greatly reduced.
The plan to jointly develop Qinheng Island with Zhuhai and Macao can effectively solve the shortage of land resources in Macao and is related to the sustainable development of Macao. In addition, this cooperation will also help promote the faster development of the western part of Zhuhai and improve the existing project facilities. This plan can further deepen the cooperation between Guangdong and Macao.
Of course, if the Zhuhai-Macao cooperation is used to develop Qinheng Island, many technical problems need to be solved: for example, Macao, as the management party, can be handled by the concept of "enclave"; Furthermore, when Yang Yunzhong, a representative of Macao's National People's Congress, attended the National People's Congress in March this year, he also suggested to the central authorities that Macao should build a border inspection building behind closed doors. This means that the Macao Special Administrative Region pays rent to Zhuhai to lease Qinheng Island. At the same time, it is stipulated in the "lease" that the Macao SAR has administrative and judicial jurisdiction. These problems must be solved accordingly, and the scheme of Zhuhai-Macao cooperative development of Qinheng Island can effectively solve the problem of land shortage in Macao. If the incidental problem is not handled properly, it will solve one problem, but it will create another.
4. Conclusion
Population, resources, environment and development have become major issues of general concern to the contemporary international community, among which resources, especially land resources, are in a fundamental position. The unreasonable development and utilization of land resources will bring a series of environmental problems. Therefore, taking the road of "sustainable development" is a new development model. First of all, the consumption rate of land resources must be reasonable, not only to meet the needs of contemporary people, so that modern people's lives are getting better and better, but also to leave enough space for the survival and development of future generations. Secondly, we should give full consideration to the distribution of land resources among industrial sectors, not only to meet the market demand of various social products, but also to give due consideration to industries or sectors with high output rate of land resources, so as to make the allocation of land resources more reasonable. On the basis of rational allocation of land resources and rational spatial distribution of land resources utilization, the optimization of comprehensive economic, social and ecological benefits of land resources utilization will be realized with the most appropriate technology, the best combination of utilization objectives and the most effective management means. Third, we should do a good job in protecting land resources, and "open source" and "cut expenditure" should be carried out simultaneously.
We often say that we should be far-sighted, which means that we should be far-sighted and thoughtful in everything, never patronize the immediate effect, but also consider tomorrow and the future. Because society is developing and history is advancing, if we don't have a far-sighted mind and boldness of vision, we can do things well, but we can never do anything great, let alone start any career. Just like the solutions to the problem of land shortage in Macao, each solution seems to have solved the existing problems, but there are many "sequelae" in long-term consideration and analysis. If Macao is to embark on the road of sustainable development, it is necessary to conduct in-depth research on each scheme, not only to point out its advantages, but also to analyze the social and environmental problems it may cause, so as to solve the most urgent problems in the most favorable way and make Macao make substantive decisions conducive to Macao's long-term development.
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