First, the division of the age stage of infants and young children

UNICEF defines childhood as 0- 18 years old. It is generally divided into six stages: neonatal period, infancy, preschool period, school age, adolescence and adolescence.

Infantile period (0-3 years old) is subdivided into neonatal period (0- 1 month), lactation period (0- 1 year old) and infant period (1-3 years old).

Second, the basic laws of infant growth and development

1 The growth and development of a baby is a continuous process, but there are also stages.

2. The development of each system is unbalanced.

3 the general law of growth and development

There are individual differences in the growth and development of babies.

Third, the main characteristics of infant growth and development

1 The younger, the faster the growth.

The growth and development of infants have a certain order and direction, and will not develop by leaps and bounds.

Infants and young children should complete the transformation from a natural person to a social person, from a natural person who has no self-care ability to a social person who can initially adapt to social life.

Iv. Anatomical and physiological development characteristics of infants

1 respiratory system gas exchange station

(1) Anatomical features of infant respiratory system;

Nose, lacrimal duct and eustachian tube, larynx, trachea, bronchus, lung, chest.

(2) Physiological characteristics of infant respiratory system:

1) The upper respiratory tract can adjust the temperature.

2) Removal of mucocilia

3) Characteristics of pulmonary contractility

2 cardiovascular system human transport pipeline

(1) Anatomical features of cardiovascular system in infants: heart and great vessels.

(2) Physiological characteristics of cardiovascular system in infants: respiratory type: infants have abdominal breathing and chest breathing after 3 years old.

Digestive system human food processing factory

Anatomical and physiological characteristics of infant digestive system: mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestine, pancreas, liver and spleen.

4 Urinary system human excreta treatment field

Anatomical characteristics of infant urinary system: kidney, ureter, bladder and urethra.

Physiological characteristics of infant urinary system;

5 endocrine system human chemical messenger

6 motion system manpower device

Anatomical characteristics of motor system

Physiological characteristics of motor system

Bones grow rapidly.

Bones are soft and elastic.

The bones of the head are underdeveloped.

Physiological curvature of spine

Infants and young children have weak hands and can't carry heavy objects.

Due to joint hypoplasia, joint dislocation is easy to occur.

When infants stand and walk, they begin to have arches.

Infants and young children have slender muscle fibers, less muscle strength and energy reserves, and poor muscle contraction, which are prone to fatigue and cannot bear the load.

7 nervous system human body command center

The brain develops rapidly, the brain function is underdeveloped, myelination, brain excitability, fatigue, cerebellum develops late, and autonomic nerve is underdeveloped.

Sensory system: the way the human body communicates with the outside world.

(1) Skin features: poor protective function, active metabolism, poor thermoregulation and strong skin permeability.

(2) eye development characteristics: poor eye development, strong eye adjustment ability and easy myopia.

(3) The developmental characteristics of the ear: the eustachian tube is short and flat, and it is sensitive to sound.

The above is about the related content sharing of the four-level kindergarten teacher test center, hoping to help everyone. If you want to know more about the test skills and test contents of baby nurses, please check with the global Ivy League online school in time!