Original innovation refers to major scientific discoveries, technological inventions, principled leading technologies and other original innovation activities. The original innovation usually has three characteristics. First, it is pioneering, and the research and development achievements are unprecedented. The second is a breakthrough, achieving major changes in one or more aspects such as principles, technologies and methods. Third, it is driving, which has a great traction on the development of science and technology itself, and at the same time, it has brought great changes to the economic structure and industrial form.

there is a close relationship between original innovation and basic research, and the emphasis and investment in basic research is the guarantee of major original innovation. As far as the experience of the United States is concerned, the long-term and stable support of the American government for basic research is fundamental to maintaining the competitiveness of the American science and technology economy. From the perspective of the main body of the basic research system, American basic research institutions are composed of universities, federal laboratories, industrial and non-profit organizations. Among them, universities and federal laboratories are the most important components of basic research in the United States, and they are also the institutions that receive the most federal funding.

from r&; D In terms of funds input, from 1953 to 23, the investment in basic research in China rose from 46 million dollars to 54.13 billion dollars, an increase of 117 times, with the highest relative increase among the three categories of R&D activities. After entering the 21st century, although the investment in technology development declined and the growth rate of applied research slowed down obviously, from 2 to 23, the investment in basic research still increased rapidly from $42.367 billion to $54.13 billion, with an average annual growth rate of 6.9%. Judging from the proportion of basic research investment in the total R&D investment, it was only 8.9% in 1953, and then it expanded year by year, reaching 19.1% in 23. The expansion of this proportion reflects the improvement of the status of basic research in R&D activities. For a long time, American industry has been R&; D the main spender of funds is closely related to the fact that American enterprises are the main body of innovation. However, in terms of basic research and development expenditure, the federal government is the main supporter, accounting for more than half of the total expenditure.

although American universities and federal laboratories play a very important role in basic research, the strength of American industries engaged in basic research can not be ignored, with about 4% industries r&: D funds for basic research. Basic research in industry has a great influence on industrial technological development and original innovation in some fields.

the origin of original innovation lies in basic research, and the most prominent performance of basic research lies in the output of papers. The United States is the country with the largest investment in basic research and the largest output of papers, and the influence of American papers also ranks first.

The number of Nobel Prize winners in a country can reflect a country's original innovation ability to some extent. According to the statistics of Nobel Prize winners over the years, in the 2 years from 1985 to 25, among the 52 Nobel Prize winners in physics, 34 were Americans or lived in the United States, accounting for 64%; Among the 47 chemistry prize winners, 28 are Americans or engaged in research work in the United States, accounting for 59.6%; Among the 46 winners of the Physiology or Medicine Prize, 28 are Americans, accounting for 46%; Among the 33 winners in economics, 23.5 Americans (one of whom is dual Israeli and American), accounting for 71.2%. From the above data analysis, it can be seen that the original innovation ability of the United States undoubtedly ranks first in the world. The economic and social development of the United States benefits from the rapid development of science and technology, but the role of basic research can not be ignored. From the role of basic research in the United States, the investment in basic research has a multiplier effect; From an economic point of view, the economic achievements of the United States in the past 3 years depend on the intellectual capital and knowledge growth cultivated by basic research institutes. 7% of the references cited by American corporate patents come from basic research funded by public funds.

American basic research has improved its original innovation ability, and the great achievements in basic research are mainly due to the good basic research policy system in the United States. To sum up, the relevant policies and measures to improve the original innovation ability and promote basic research in the United States mainly include the following aspects:

(1) Ensuring the investment in basic research. The U.S. government believes that basic research is an investment in the future, the source of technological innovation achievements in the United States, and the foundation of America's leading position in science and technology. Although the funding for basic research in the United States is diversified, the federal government has always been the main body to support basic research, providing long-term and stable support for basic research. At the same time, it also drives the society to invest in basic research through policy adjustment such as taxation.

(2) Pay attention to the cultivation and introduction of innovative talents. Various government departments have set up various special programs to train high-level talents, such as the "Young Researcher Program" established by the US Navy and the "Presidential Youth Research Award" established by the National Science Foundation. The biggest feature of these programs is that their funds are not included in the annual budget of the National Science Foundation, but are directly allocated by Congress. The government has also made efforts to strengthen the continuing education of talents and established the National University of Technology, so that scientific and technological personnel can receive re-education in turn. In terms of introducing and retaining talents, the United States mainly attracts millions of outstanding talents from all over the world to the United States through three methods: first, it implements an effective immigration policy for a long time, and reserves at least 14, naturalization places every year to absorb all kinds of talents from abroad; Second, the flexible H-1B visa program; Third, try to create a more liberal academic environment than other countries, provide rich information resources, and create an attractive environment with the gathering of various academic masters.

(3) Promote cooperation between federal laboratories, universities and industry. Since 198s, the American government has taken a series of measures through the National Science Foundation to strengthen the cooperation between federal laboratories, universities and industry, and set up the "Industrial-University Cooperative Research Center Program" in universities. The National Science Foundation has built 25 engineering research centers in universities; The Ministry of National Defense, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Ministry of Energy, the Ministry of Agriculture and the National Institutes of Health build interdisciplinary science and technology centers in universities that are suitable for their own tasks.

(4) form a good mechanism for selecting basic research plans and projects. The allocation of funds for basic research adheres to the "excellent performance evaluation" by peers, and realizes the organic combination of talents, ideas and tools (facilities, instruments and equipment, etc.) through effective organization and management; Whether it is conducive to the accumulation of intellectual capital and whether it is conducive to the establishment of various partnerships is the main criterion for selecting basic research projects.