In Ruzhou (now Linru, Henan), hence the name. It is one of the five famous kilns in Song Dynasty. There are two parts, one of which was selected by the government as the court porcelain in the late Northern Song Dynasty. The glaze is wet, sky blue and thin, with tiny Zhi Ding marks at the bottom. In Song Dynasty, Ru kiln was the first place to judge celadon, and in Ming and Qing Dynasties, Ru kiln was also the first place to judge the five famous kilns in Song Dynasty. This kiln burned porcelain for a short time, and it was recorded in the Southern Song Dynasty that "it was especially rare in recent times". It belongs to one of the five famous kilns of Guan Ge Ru Ding Jun Kiln.

Overview of Ru Kiln Forming Technology

In Ruzhou (now Liang Qing Temple in Baofeng, Henan), it was named Ruyao. It is one of the five famous kilns in Song Dynasty. There are two parts, one of which was selected by the government as the court porcelain in the late Northern Song Dynasty. The glaze is wet, sky blue and thin, with tiny Zhi Ding marks at the bottom. Ru kiln in Song Dynasty was the first place to evaluate celadon, and it was also the first place to evaluate the five famous kilns in Song Dynasty in Ming and Qing Dynasties. This kiln burned porcelain for a short time, which was recorded as "rare in modern times" in the Southern Song Dynasty. At the beginning of Ming Dynasty, Deyu Factory in Jingdezhen copied it. During the Yongzheng and Qianlong periods in Qing Dynasty, Xirao Nian, Tang Ying and other supervisors copied it in large quantities, but few people were puzzled. Linru, Yanhedian, Zhahuagou and Ren Xia Village burn folk green glazed porcelain. Now it is called Linru Kiln, which is a part of Ruyao. It takes a long time to burn porcelain, mainly green glaze, with printing and carving decoration, mainly printing; There are many similarities between decorative patterns and Yaozhou kiln. The history of porcelain burning is later than Yaozhou kiln and belongs to Yaozhou kiln system.

Edit this paragraph, Ru Ci.

Ru Ci is one of the five famous porcelains in Song Dynasty in China: Ru Ci, official porcelains, elder porcelains, Jun porcelains and Ding porcelains. The most famous porcelain is Ru kiln. Craftsmen in Ruyao put precious agate into glaze and burned it into Ru Ci with typical characteristics of "green as the sky, jade-like face, cicada wing pattern, rare morning star and sesame Zhi Ding glaze". Ruyao is located in Ruzhou City, Henan Province. After liberation, it was named Linru County, which was called Ruzhou in ancient times. It is the first famous celadon kiln in the north. Founded in the Northern Song Dynasty, and fire in the Northern Song Dynasty. Short time consumption and small quantity. The shape of the vessel is simple, but the glaze color is warm and soft, like sheep fat jade in a semi-dull state. The decorative techniques of Ding kiln and Yue kiln are intercepted, forming a unique artistic style. The late Linru kiln is called Linru kiln. Among them, the name "Fenghua" is the hall number of Song Gaozong Liu Fei, and some people say it was carved by later generations.

Edit this history

Ye Zhen's "Tan Zhai Bi Heng" in the Southern Song Dynasty said: "The white porcelain in Dingzhou was awned and could not be used, making Ruzhou a green kiln, so Ji, Tang, Deng and Yaozhou learned that Ruyao was the first." It shows that Ru kiln is accepting the task of the imperial court to fire Ru Guan kiln ware, so that the celadon technology in the north reaches the highest in the country. In the process of making porcelain, a fragrant gray tire was created, which surpassed all the celadon in the south before. In the firing process, the Zhi Ding imprint fired by full glaze firing method has unique fineness and regularity. Ru kiln mainly relies on a small amount of iron contained in the glaze to burn pure azure in a reducing atmosphere, which makes the split of the glaze of Ru kiln become a decoration, resulting in unconscious defects in the firing process (due to the inconsistency between the expansion coefficient of the tire and the glaze). As can be seen from the above, Ru kiln adopted the glaze color of Nanyue kiln, absorbed the printing technology of Ding kiln, and created a special style of printing celadon. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Hui Zhou's Qingbo Magazine said, "Burning in Ruyao Palace is forbidden, and agate powder is used as glaze." Ru kiln products have fine soil, hard fetal bones and moist glaze color, and the glaze contains agate powder, which produces special colors, such as egg white, azure and pink. In particular, sky blue is the most precious, pink is the best, sky blue is precious, and it has the reputation of "clouds break after rain". The glazed house is as thick as a pile of fat, as jasper, and as fragrant as a button. Glazed trachoma reveals crab claw pattern, roe pattern and sesame flower. Ru Ci was fired with a small glazed Zhi Ding.

Edit this official kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty

Ruyao was the official kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty and was used by the imperial court. It is rarely circulated in the market and among the people. In the Southern Song Dynasty, there was a document saying: "Ru kiln ... can only be sold when it returns to the palace, which is particularly difficult to achieve." Explain that its value was extraordinary at that time. Its products are, of course, the best for the royal family, and those that are unqualified are allowed to be sold in the market, so most of the products of Ruyao are used to sacrifice to the imperial court. Mr. Li Kuchan, a famous master of Chinese painting, once said, "A museum in the world can't be perfect without you." Since the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, court officials have used utensils and treasures as treasures, which are more expensive than Shang, Yi and Qing. There is also a popular saying in Ruzhou that "even if you have wealth, you are not as good as Ru Ci". The official kiln has been burned for about 20 years, and there are few handed down products, so there are few things. According to the current statistics, Ru kiln wares are distributed in the following places: Beijing Palace Museum 17, Taipei Palace Museum, Shanghai Museum, 8, British David Foundation, Tianjin Museum 1, half of Guangdong Museum, China Hong Kong collector Luo Guixiang 1, 4 in Japan, 5 in the United States and 65,500 in British private collections. There is also a very small amount hidden among the people.

Edit the mystery of Ru kiln in this paragraph.

Because the documents are unknown and the sites are rarely unearthed, where is the entrance to Ruguan Kiln? The mystery of Ruyao has been puzzling the researchers of ancient ceramics in China. The search for Ru kiln began in 1950s, and it was not discovered until 1980s in Baofeng County, Henan Province. After decades of unremitting efforts by the central and Henan local cultural relics and archaeologists, the imperial kiln mouth of Ru Ci, which was burned for the Northern Song Dynasty court, was finally found in Qingliangsi Village, Baofeng County, Henan Province. Starting from 1987, Henan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology conducted a trial excavation on the Ruins of Ruyao in Baofeng Liang Qing Temple, and found for the first time the imperial Ru porcelain kiln mouth in the Northern Song Dynasty, thus giving an answer to this important historical unsolved case. So far, the Ruyao site has been excavated five times. In addition to the same complete wares and fragments as the original wares, some new wares were unearthed, such as hollow incense burners, breast nails, glass carved goose neck bottles, etc., and a number of important physical materials were obtained, which provided feasible physical basis and new materials for the identification and appreciation of Ru kiln wares handed down from ancient times. With the deepening of archaeological work, I believe there will be more discoveries in Ruyao.

Edit the characteristics of Ru kiln here.

Ru Ci is one of the five famous porcelains in Song Dynasty in China. They are Ru Ci, Jun, Guan, Ge and Ding porcelain. It is named after being produced in Ruzhou, and is known as "the best in Ruyao" in the history of China ceramics. Ru Ci's basic identification method, from the handed down products, mainly has five characteristics. 1. Tire color: Ru Ci tires are fine in quality, and the tire soil contains trace copper. Looking at it under the light, it is slightly red, and the tire color is slightly yellow, commonly known as "fragrant gray tire". More common in Ruzhou Yanhedian, Dayu Donggou, Confucian Temple, Liang Qing Temple and other kiln sites; Rukiln ware in Zhanggong Lane, Ruzhou has a kind of gray tire, which is slightly whiter than other kiln mouths, which is the main feature of the official kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty. 2. Glaze color: Ru Ci is monopolized by the imperial court, and its wares are all made of agate regardless of cost. Glaze colors include sky blue, pink and sky blue, as well as bean green, turquoise, moonlight and orange peel. The glaze is moist and soft, pure as jade, with obvious ghee feeling, slightly transparent, mostly opaque or crystalline. Observing with a magnifying glass, we can see the sparse bubbles under the glaze. The glaze color is silky, warm and simple, bright and shiny. The glaze color is like fat accumulation, simple and elegant, moist and pure, and the grain is crystal clear and changeable. See its green as jade peak, its beauty as jade. There are many blushes in the glaze, some like going out to sea in the morning, some like sunset glow, some like rain, and some like Changhong hanging in the air. The world says that "sky blue is precious, pink is precious, and sky blue is precious." Ru Ci, Zhanggong Lane, Ruzhou, has azure glaze and is as smooth as jade. It has the typical characteristics of blue sky, jade face and few morning stars. Third, Zhi Ding: The utensils used in Ru kilns in Song Dynasty were generally glazed and fired. In order to avoid the pollution of impurities in the kiln, it should be packed with saggers, and the utensils should be padded with washers and Zhi Ding to prevent sticking to the saggers. Gao Lian's "Eight Notes on Respect for Life" said that Ru kiln "has a little sesame seed at the bottom to earn a needle". There are three, five or seven Zhi Ding marks as thin as sesame seeds on the bottom of the artifacts, and six Zhi Ding marks are rare, shallow and the size of rice grains. Everything in Zhanggong Lane is round, Zhi Ding. Most of the Ruyao porcelain in Yanhedian, Tanchuan and Donggou, Dayu, etc. have no Zhi Ding imprint. Some bowls, boxes, concave bowls, laundry, lids, etc. It's all baked with the cake-padding technology. 4. utensils: ru kiln utensils include daily utensils, such as bottles, statues, lamp holders, bowls, plates, washing pots, narcissus pots, etc. A few of them are decorated with flowers and prints, and there are blue and white year numbers at the bottom, mostly for knife and pencil carving, printing and die printing. Such as: Azure Goose Neck Bottle, Pink Lotus Lamp Holder, Azure Petals Deep Belly Bowl, Azure Peony Flower Dragon Bowl, Lotus Flower Bowl, Radiant Lotus Leaf Organ Seat, Radiant Convergent Flower Bowl (Henan), Dark Flower Pisces Bowl (UK). In addition, there are words on individual handed down artifacts. For example, the word "elegance" is more common in gods, bottles and dishes. Cai Bing and Ning were both found in small dishes and washing dishes. Although the writing is not decorative, it still enhances the appreciation of the objects, among which "Fenghua" should be the special object of Song Fenghua Palace. There are three types of vessels: foot binding, flat bottom, tripod, concave foot, sunflower mouth, narrow plate edge and wide plate edge. There are several kinds of plates, such as foot binding, concave foot, flat bottom, straight mouth and lotus mouth. There are also three-legged washing, stringing, boxes, statues, square pots, round pots and so on. And some porcelain and plastic handicrafts, such as lotus seats, lotus leaf seats, cave carvings, birds and dragons. It is also decorated with flowers, birds, insects and fish to satisfy the royal family's leisure interests. Open mode: Ru Ci's opening is a must. The formation of opening is a kind of glaze defect that begins to appear when the ware is fired at high temperature, which is called "glaze collapse" in jargon. Through manual operation, the artists of Ruyao transformed this uncontrollable and ever-changing glaze disease into natural and wonderful decoration, and the control was just right, which can be described as a must. Glaze pieces are fine, mostly oblique, and the depth is intertwined, like silver scales or cicadas, giving people a layered feeling. Fine trachoma in glaze is caviar pattern, sesame flower and crab claw pattern. There are typical orange peel glaze, borneol glaze and tea foam. When the hand pulley rotates, some willow-shaped pieces are formed due to the certain orientation of the molecular arrangement structure of the mud.

Porcelain existed in the Tang Dynasty.

Since the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Linru, Baofeng and Lushan under the jurisdiction of Ruzhou, from Yanhe store on the slope of Mangchuan to the green glazed bowl of Dongru kiln, are all rich in clay and dense in trees.

From luoquan, Taogou and Liang Qing Temple in the south to Lushan Duandian, a hundred miles away from Fiona Fang, there are a large number of main raw materials such as calcite, potash feldspar, feldspathic sandstone, pyrophyllite, fluorite, hard kaolin, soft kaolin and timely, which provide convenient conditions for ceramic production here (a broken Ru Ci azure glaze bowl was unearthed from a Tang tomb in the north of Ruzhou. 1September, 988, broken glass ru porcelain jar was also found at Duandian ancient kiln site in Lushan County, which was an early product of the Tang Dynasty). When the industrious and intelligent Ruzhou people made pottery utensils out of clay, they made different pottery products because of high burning. The surface is smooth and delicate, and the color is charming, which is rare in the world. It has stimulated the intelligent skills of Ruzhou ceramic people, and through continuous exploration and improvement, this discovery has become more and more mature. Ruzhou, which is rich in products, is originally a place where merchants gather and has a long history of cultural accumulation. The prosperity of Zhenguan has made Ruzhou's economy unprecedentedly prosperous. The development of Ruzhou pottery promoted the prosperity of ceramic industry. The prosperity of Ruzhou porcelain industry shows that as early as ancient times, Ruzhou porcelain technology has been advanced.

Famous in the Northern Song Dynasty

Ru Ci ranks first among the five famous kilns in Song Dynasty in China, including Ru kiln, Jun kiln, Guan kiln, Ge kiln and Ding kiln. In the early years of Yang Di's great cause (AD 605), he was born in Linru, Henan Province. Linru was named Ruzhou, hence the name "Ru Ci". Ru Ci was first burned in the mid-Tang Dynasty and became famous in the Northern Song Dynasty. It occupies an important position in the history of China ceramics. In the late Northern Song Dynasty, the Song and Jin Dynasties were constantly in war, and the prosperity lasted only for more than twenty years, so it was precious. Ru Ci is rare, with only 65 pieces left in the world, including 17 pieces in Beijing Palace Museum, 23 pieces in Taipei Palace Museum, 8 pieces in Shanghai Museum, 7 pieces in Sir David Foundation of Britain, and about 10 pieces in famous museums and private collections such as Victoria Abbott Museum, Toyo ceramics museum in Osaka, Japan, Clifford, St. Louis in the United States.

Ruzhou city business card

From 65438 to 0952, Premier Zhou Enlai instructed to "develop the cultural heritage of the motherland and restore the production of Ru kilns". After hundreds of experiments and studies, 1958 fired the first batch of bean green glaze crafts, and 1983 in August, the azure glaze of Ruyao passed the expert appraisal, all reaching and exceeding the level of Ruyao in Song Dynasty. Since then, Ru Ci has become a business card of Ruzhou people.

"Even if you have a lot of money, you are not as good as Ru Ci."

Ru Ci takes precious agate as glaze, which has a unique color and is known as "Agate is the glaze handed down from generation to generation". With the change of light, the glaze color is as beautiful, moist and simple as "after the rain clears, the clouds open and the fog clears" The surface is small and has cicada wings, which are called "pear skin, crab claw and sesame flower". In the Northern Song Dynasty, the word "Fenghua" was often engraved on your porcelain table, and Cai Jing, the minister of both capital city, also engraved the surname "Cai Zi" as a souvenir. Since the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, court officials have used utensils and treasures as treasures, which are more expensive than Shang, Yi and Qing. It is called "Ru Ci is rich, but it is not as good as it". According to Chen Wanli, an expert on ancient ceramics, "From the fifth year of Chongning in Song Huizong to the first year of Yuanyou in Zhezong, it was the heyday of Ru Ci's development. At that time, the royal family in the Northern Song Dynasty spared no expense in making celadon in Ruzhou. Because the white porcelain in Dingzhou was too bright, the rulers thought it was useless, so they ordered Ruzhou to make celadon. Ru Ci has since been chosen as a royal treasure, also known as the official porcelain.

Fired celadon center

During the Northern Song Dynasty, the center of firing celadon in the north was in Ruzhou (then Zhili, now Ruzhou). At that time (A.D.1102 ~1127), Ruzhou had jurisdiction over Jiaxian County, Longxing County (now Baofeng County), Lushan County, Ruyang County (Yiyang) and Ruyang County. There are many ancient kiln sites burning celadon in the four directions of Ruzhou, forming a prosperous scene of "hundreds of miles of mountains and rivers on both sides of Ruhe River are full of fire everywhere". North and South porcelain areas; The north area extends from Zhanggong Lane and Confucian Temple in Ruzhou City on the north bank of Ruhe River, Donggou and Chenjiazhuang in Dayu Township to Huangyao in Linru Town. Second, it extends from Yanhedian on the south bank of the North Ruhe River to luoquan, Taomugou, Liang Qing Temple and Liangwa in the southeast direction, and reaches Duandian and Fiona Fang, covering more than 300 square kilometers and thousands of kiln sites. At its peak, there were more than 300 kilns all over Neixiang, Yiyang, Xin 'an and the north of the Yellow River. This is a prosperous period in the history of Ru kiln production. Celadon with decorative patterns was fired in the northeast of Ruzhou, and its glaze color was extremely moist and green, which was an early product. Fired in the south, mostly decorated with prints or carvings, looming under the transparent wormwood glaze, but the production time may be later than the Southern Song Dynasty; Most of the new kiln furniture unearthed in urban areas are Ru kilns, and most of them are azure Ru Ci. Ru Ci also produces Tianmu porcelain, white porcelain, flower porcelain and tea glaze porcelain.

The period when Ruyao appeared.

During the Northern Song Dynasty, the government set up a kiln in Ruzhou, and its products were called "Ruyao". After the decline of Yue Kiln in the period when "Ru Kiln" appeared, the products were mainly used by the court, and only part of them were allowed to be returned for sale, which was particularly rare recently. Ru kiln tire is fine and moist, as much as burning incense ash. It is slightly pink through the glaze bottom, which is different from other celadon in the same period. Unique style, showing a faint sky blue, some slightly deep, some slightly shallow, but can not be separated from the basic tone of sky blue. Your glaze juice is bright and moist, full of bean green, pink green, moonlight white, green and so on. The whole thin slice, with sesame seeds and tiny Zhi Ding at the bottom, is the trace of burning. The existing "Ruyao Striation" and "Wash" in the Palace Museum are rare treasures in ancient ceramics.

Lost skills

Song Zhouhui's Qingbo Magazine, Lu You's Notes on the Old Learning Temple, His Past in Wulin, His Shipu, Ouyang Xiu's Collection of Returning to the Field, Zhao's A Brief Introduction to Gegu, and Ruzhou Records all record Ru Ci's first feelings. "Burning is forbidden in Ruyao Palace, and there is agate powder as oil (glaze), which can only be sold if it is retrieved by the imperial court. It is particularly rare recently. " In Tan Zhai, the poet of the Song Dynasty clearly pointed out that "Dingzhou white porcelain is useless, so that Ruzhou can be used as a green kiln, which is well known to Ji, Tang, Deng and Yaozhou, and Ruyao is the first." Great. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, Jin Bing invaded and the Song Dynasty moved south. Due to the long-term war disaster, your kiln was destroyed and your skills were lost. Although the kiln continued to be fired in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, it failed for various reasons. From 27 to 30 years of the Republic of China (1938 to 194 1 year), Li Shaochu, a capitalist, tried to imitate Ru Ci and built a kiln in the former site of Ruyao in Yanhedian, Mangchuan, Ruzhou, but he failed. Feng Xianming, former president of China Ancient Ceramics Research Association, said: "The glaze color of Ru kiln is the most difficult to imitate, much more difficult than that of Ding kiln, Jun kiln and Yao kiln, and it is not easy to imitate, so there is no authentic product handed down from generation to generation." As Sun Hao, the governor of the Qing Dynasty, said in a poem, "There is no carving on celadon, and it was not Yuan's first cultivation. The famous gentleman paid tribute to Shaoxing that year, and the bottles and lanterns moved. Brother Guan deserves you, the price of the voice at that time. The vegetable worm is a moth of tragedy, and it is difficult for people to stay long. The golden plate and jade bowl can be called a treasure of the world, refined in the soil. The kiln is cold and the wild coal is Changchun. " The poet spoke highly of Ru Ci, but also expressed his feelings about the loss of Ru Ci.

Ruyao site

Ruins of Ruguanyao are a big mystery. Since the founding of New China, archaeologists have found many kiln sites in Ruzhou, Jia Lian, Lushan, Baofeng, Yiyang and Xin 'an 10 counties and cities, all of which belong to the folk kiln system. 1987, according to the physical specimens provided by Baofeng County, the Ruins of Ruguanyao were finally found on the terraced fields beside the south river of Liangsi Village, Xidaying Town, Baofeng County, with an area of about 250,000 square meters and rich connotations. Kiln furniture and porcelain fragments piled up like mountains, 2 ~ 3 meters thick. The thickest is over 6 meters. Agate stone is abundant near the kiln site, which is the unique color glaze of Ru kiln. The celadon is bright in color and beautiful in opening. During the Yuanhu period in Song Zhezong, a patrol inspection department was set up in Qingling Town to take charge of the pit management. During the trial excavation, more than 20 pieces of Royal Ru Ci were unearthed, including goose neck bottles, shoulder-folded pots, narrow neck and small mouth bottles, bowls, plates, washing utensils, pots, tea tray racks and lids. This new archaeological discovery solved a big unsolved case in the history of China ceramics, and discovered the ruins of five famous kilns in the Northern Song Dynasty.