(1) The economic basis for the state to regulate the micro-economy,
First, it is based on public ownership as the main body, state-owned economy as the leading factor and the coexistence of various forms of ownership;
The second is based on the distribution system in which distribution according to work is the main body and distribution according to the contribution of production factors coexist.
(2) The state's regulation of microeconomics is not only to manage microeconomics, but also as the dominant owner of state-owned property rights, which has the functions of the owner, has a wide range of economic regulation activities and undertakes more functions than developed capitalist countries.
(3) It has the characteristics of economic adjustment in underdeveloped countries. When adjusting, status:
First, pay more attention to cultivating and perfecting the market and create a good economic environment conducive to the development of enterprises;
Second, pay more attention to actively introducing advanced technology;
Third, we should pay more attention to infrastructure construction to improve social welfare;
Fourth, pay more attention to improving the quality of the population;
Fifth, pay more attention to preventing pollution and protecting ecological balance. 1996 On the eve of the American election, some fund managers on Wall Street were particularly nervous because they thought Clinton or Dole would win, which would affect the rise and fall of stocks in many industries. Such as Clinton's anti-smoking stance, tobacco stocks are bound to be hit; If Dole's voice for victory grows day by day, tobacco stocks will gradually get better. Another example is that Clinton tends to reach an agreement with China on trade, so textile stocks will be frustrated; Even if Clinton is re-elected, it will help Apple come back to life, because he has the idea of promoting American children to learn computers, and Apple's greatest advantage is the market share of middle, small and universities. In short, if Clinton is re-elected, Apple's computer and education stocks will love Hui, while pharmaceutical stocks, textile stocks and cigarette stocks will be frustrated. If Dole wins, defense stocks, retail stocks and security stocks will benefit, while financial stocks, government construction stocks and bonds will be affected.
This is of course related to the macro-policy preferences of the two presidential candidates. However, according to the analysis of Lin Xingzhi, a financial writer in Hong Kong, although * * * and the Party and the Democratic Party boast about their platforms and have different interests, they all have traces of "supply economics" in their economic policies. As we all know, "supply economics" once flourished in the Reagan era, and its theoretical basis was the Laffer curve, that is, when the tax rate exceeded a certain level, tax revenue began to decline. Because the tax rate is too high, individuals and enterprises have lost the motivation to make money. They don't work or invest, and even fewer people pay taxes. A high tax rate will have a low tax effect. Therefore, some supply-side scholars attribute the decline of Britain and the rise of Japan after World War II to the different orientations of tax policies of Downing Street and the Ministry of International Trade and Industry.
Although the correctness of Laffer curve is controversial, the essence of supply school is to encourage the creativity of entrepreneurs (especially small and medium-sized entrepreneurs) and improve the development environment of private economy. Therefore, although the Democratic Party is not as obvious as the party's "supply side" (the latter's tax reduction plan is straightforward, mainly the income tax is reduced to 15% across the board), it has put forward many very practical suggestions, such as giving paid workers a special holiday to leave their jobs every year; On the premise of encouraging human investment, tuition and miscellaneous fees in colleges and universities and the cost of training employees in enterprises can be reduced or exempted, and so on. All these seemingly understated schemes are essentially consistent with the spirit of the above-mentioned supply school to stimulate the development of private economy. Whether it is a means to win votes or an ambition to make a difference, these economic policy orientations undoubtedly cater to the reality of the United States. At the end of 1980s, American economy finally won the first place in the world from Japan. What is the secret? One of the main reasons is that the innovative spirit of entrepreneurs has been carried forward again, creating their own market demand through the supply of new products. For example, the best product in the contemporary world, personal computer, is the product developed by Jobs and Gates when there is no market, and then create a market for it.
In the 1970s and early 1980s, perhaps the most legendary story of creating market standards was the Sony pocket radio. Sony's president "whimsically" wants to create a pocket radio small enough to fit into a shirt pocket. However, after many twists and turns, the radio that has been reduced to the limit still cannot be put into the normal pocket.
Finally, it was not Sony that retreated, but the shirt market: because Sony created new business opportunities and began to produce shirts with oversized pockets.
Panasonic can best explain Sony's valuable spirit in turn. Panasonic is outstanding in design, manufacturing and global sales, with sales five times that of Sony, and Bisogni has more than 27 years of experience. However, people don't think that it typically embodies the entrepreneurial spirit that brought growth miracle to Japan, because Panasonic only has the wisdom of imitation. For example, Sony produced the world's first popular video recorder "Beta Max", and Panasonic realized that customers actually wanted an 8-hour video recorder, not a 3-hour video recorder, so it made a video recorder that could play continuously for 8 hours, and took advantage of the trend to dominate the video recorder market.
Only in this way, George Gilder, an American writer and economist, believes that the fundamental reason for the success and popularity of Japanese export products lies in Sony's spirit of creating markets. If Japan only adopted Panasonic's management policy and only exported low-priced products designed in other parts of the world that relied on the depreciation of the yen and government subsidies, people's grievances around the world would have burned like fire. Only when Sony, Casio, Yamaha and other creative Japanese companies come up with all kinds of dazzling novelty products, almost no one feels threatened; Most Americans admire and appreciate it. Pocket radios, micro-TVs, calculators that can be used to calculate taxes and imitate flutes and guitars, digital cameras, workers' stereo headphones, small photocopiers that can be reduced and enlarged, radios and video recorders that can record time and time, these products did not exist before, and they have created new markets, new wealth and new fun. The supply of these products can almost be said to be a gift. They arouse people's unexpected goodwill, bring enjoyment far greater than their price, satisfy buyers' wishes that they have never felt before, and amaze them. "When the' Japanese miracle' appeared, many people attributed it to the Ministry of International Trade and Industry and the Nikkei Federation and the Nikkei Federation headed by big consortia. However, people gradually found that no matter how well these planned power bureaucracies predicted the development trend of technology, they should wisely avoid the "cock fallacy"-"that is, Japan's" sunrise "industry rose from the horizon mainly because the Ministry of International Trade and Industry was crying".
What's more, there have been many incidents in which the Ministry of Trade and Industry was wise after the event. Sony was the first company to buy transistor technology from the United States, but it was delayed by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry for one year. The reason is: "If transistors have such broad prospects, why didn't Hitachi, Panasonic and other major Japanese electric companies apply for this patent?" Why does the Ministry of International Trade and Industry allocate foreign exchange and various rights related to the introduction of this technology to a small factory that produces tape recorders? "The Ministry of International Trade and Industry has also made the same mistake in the development of Japan's automobile industry. In the 1950s, several leading officials of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry opposed investing in the automobile industry, because it meant importing a lot of steel and oil, the two most scarce resources in Japan. In the 1960s, when Japan began to tentatively open its economic door to the world, the Ministry of International Trade and Industry was particularly worried that Japan's imitative and scattered automobile industry-protected by the policies formulated by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry for a long time and free from the pressure of foreign competition-would be crushed by foreign companies such as General Motors and Ford. They suggested merging Japanese 10 automobile companies into two companies-Nissan and Toyota, and suggested that any new company should not produce wagons.
Fortunately, Japanese entrepreneurs refused to accept this view. After the Ministry of International Trade and Industry cancelled the protection and subsidies for the automobile manufacturing industry, Mitsubishi first reached an agreement with Chrysler to become the third largest automobile company in Japan. GM also bought a 37% stake in Isuzu, which was requested by the former Ministry of International Trade and Industry to be merged into Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. However, Honda, a Japanese company that originally produced "two wheels" (motorcycles), turned to produce four-wheeled vehicles and soon became famous in the world. The Asian economy, which prides itself on high growth, seems to be faltering. 1996 in the first half of the year, Thailand's exports only increased by 7%, much lower than the 27% in the same period; South Korea's current account deficit hit a new high of $9.3 billion, and the finance minister was forced to step down; Singapore was affected by the shrinking demand for semiconductors in the United States, and its export growth declined. The current account deficits of Malaysia and Thailand may account for 10% and 8% of GNP, respectively, which are comparable to the deficit levels that subverted Mexico's economy in that year, so pessimists found symptoms similar to the financial crisis. ...
In this regard, economist Krugman believes that Asian emerging economies have lost their capital and labor-intensive competitive advantages, but they can't improve their technical level and productivity for a while, so the pace of economic development is chaotic. In fact, Asian countries and regions are sparing no effort to seek technological and industrial upgrading and actively develop industries such as petrochemicals, automobiles, consumer electronics and semiconductors. But experts pointed out that it is the export-oriented economic model in Asia that bears great responsibility for the economic situation. Take the semiconductor industry as an example, Taiwan Province Province and South Korea are bent on catching up with Japan, while Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia are eager to become the next South Korea and Taiwan Province Province, so they are competing to launch. As a result, I didn't expect the sharp drop in semiconductor demand, which led to a 60% drop in prices, seriously affecting exports and economic growth.
So some people blame Asian technocrats for overestimating the demand in the global market, or wishful thinking that the United States and Japan will give up semiconductor and other industries and seek other development. However, as we mentioned above, the innovative spirit of private entrepreneurs may be the most lacking in these countries and regions. In China, the discussion on microeconomic issues has been going on for a long time, and the situation of listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets has indeed been verified. The overall performance of A-share company 1996 in the first half of the year was lower than that in the same period last year. Among them, the average after-tax profit per share in Shanghai stock market decreased by 14. 15%, and that in Shenzhen stock market decreased by 19.25%. There were 27 companies with intermediate losses in Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets 1996, accounting for 7% of the total number of listed companies, with a total loss of 550 million yuan and a loss of 650 million yuan in the same period. Jintai Company, a Shanghai B-share company, earned only 0.02 yuan per share in the medium term, and its P/E ratio reached more than 570 times, breaking the B-share market record. Moreover, as a newly listed company (less than a year), it is close to a loss, which is also very rare in the stock market. More subtly, there are 95 A-share companies with after-tax profits below 0. 10 yuan in Shanghai and 62 in Shenzhen, accounting for 38.93% and 36.42% of the total listed companies respectively. If the landslide is not stopped,
Yes, we have taken some measures and actions in choosing certain industries as a new round of growth points, increasing loans to key enterprises, developing high-tech industries and property rights reform, and achieved some results. But how to encourage entrepreneurship, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises, is lacking. For example, how to raise venture capital for small and medium-sized enterprises? In terms of indirect financing, state-owned banks have been plagued by a large number of bad debts, and loans really need to be very cautious. In this way, how to solve the problem of folk credit is worth studying. Dr. Wang Dingding, who teaches in university of duisburg-essen, believes that folk credit, China is not only very sensitive to the appropriate interest rate, but also depends on the unique family relationship of China people, so it will encounter the problem that the "credit market radius" is too small. Sun Di, a professor at the Business School of the University of California, once talked to me about this issue after inspecting the folk credit transaction in Wenzhou. He made a detailed study of private banks in Taiwan Province Province and thought that an objective analysis should be made. Sun Di surveyed many big entrepreneurs in Taiwan Province Province, and almost all of them admitted that it would be difficult to have today's situation without the help of banks. Because when they start a business, they are also faced with the trouble of not being able to get loans from state-owned banks. Zhang Jun, a doctor from Fudan University, was also entrusted by Beijing Tianze Research Institute to conduct a case study of folk credit transaction in Wenzhou. We hope that these research results can correct our previous common sense and broaden our thinking.
Similarly, in the direct financing capital market, there is also a counter transaction problem that is quite helpful to small and medium-sized enterprises. 1994 finally, when we were interviewing in Japan, we met the president of a securities newspaper. He gave us two books on counter trading published in newspapers, and thought that vigorously developing counter trading was a magic weapon for Japan's securities market to get out of the downturn. What he said may be very serious, but it is an indisputable fact that counter trading is of great help to small and medium-sized enterprises. There is a simple reason. It is difficult for small and medium-sized enterprises to meet the listing standards of centralized transactions, while the standards of counter transactions are relatively low, which can save the urgent needs of small and medium-sized enterprises' venture capital. By the end of May 1996, there were 5,500 stocks listed on the OTC market in the United States, far exceeding the 2,000 listed on centralized trading. Of course, over-the-counter trading needs sound supervision, and Taiwan Province Province has had a similar lesson. However, in June 1994, 165438+ 10, after the reorganization and transformation of the OTC market in Taiwan Province province, the situation changed greatly. By the end of August 1996, the number of OTC companies had increased from 1 1 to 66, and the total OTC funds had increased from tens of billions of yuan to 238 billion yuan, with the number of accounts opened. It is estimated that by the end of 1997, the number of listed companies will reach 180.