Under the promotion and advocacy of Ming Enpu and others, Roosevelt submitted a consultation document to Congress, pointing out: "China should help China run education with its strength, so that this huge population can gradually get along with modern times. The aid method should attract students to the United States, enter universities and other institutions of higher learning in China, and make William. It worked. I believe that the education sector in China will be able to reflect this good will and work together to sponsor the country's success. "
1908 On May 25th, the US Congress passed Roosevelt's consultation document. On July 1 1 of the same year, William W. Rockhill, the American ambassador to China, officially declared to the China government that he would return half of the boxer indemnity obtained by the United States to China as a subsidy for students studying in the United States. The rest of the "actual compensation" includes the compensation for American military expenses in China and the compensation for the losses of American Chinese businessmen and missionaries.
Why did Americans use G-sum refund to run schools at that time? James, the president of the University of Illinois in the United States, declared in the memorandum to Roosevelt 1906: "Which country can educate the young people of China generation well, which country can get the greatest harvest from the spiritual and commercial influence because of its own efforts." "For business, it is more reliable to follow the spiritual rule than to follow the military flag." Therefore, he urged the US government to take measures to train a group of new leaders for the United States to dominate China intellectually and spiritually by attracting overseas students from China.
1908, 10 year128 October, the two governments drafted the rules for sending students to study in the United States: from the first year of refund, the Qing government should send at least 100 students to study in the United States every year for the first four years. If 400 people are sent in the fourth year, at least 50 people will be sent to the United States every year from the fifth year until the refund is used up. The dispatched students must be "physically strong, pure in temperament, complete in appearance, clean in family background and appropriate in age", have knowledge of Chinese writing and literature and history, and be able to attend lectures in American universities and specialized schools directly in English. It is stipulated that 80% of them should study agriculture, mechanical engineering, mining, physics, chemistry, railway engineering, banking and so on. The remaining 20% should study law and politics.
The well-intentioned education plan in the United States has achieved remarkable results. China students who passed through boxer indemnity (Hu Shi was the second batch) and stayed in the United States became the brightest stars in China academic circles in the following decades, and their words and deeds deeply influenced the latecomers.
By 1930s, the United States had surpassed Japanese to become the country with the largest number of international students in China. At the same time, Americans established 12 missionary universities in China, including the famous yenching university. Concord Hospital appeared in Christian Hospital, and Rockefeller Foundation funded the rural investigation and archaeological action of China scholars. The total refund balance of Fageng Fund is 39 1.58 million francs, equivalent to 75,550 yuan. According to the agreement, the total amount of this balance starts from 1924 12 1 and ends at 1947. Continue to borrow money from China-France Industrial Bank year by year as a guarantee for the bank to issue 5% US dollars. China-France Industrial Bank spent four expenses with this US dollar debt: 1. In exchange for unprofitable bonds held by creditors in the Far East; 2. Dealing with education and charity between China and France; 3. Remittance of the balance of capital stock issued by the China government; 4. Repay the loan owed by China Government to China-France Industrial Bank.
1920 At the beginning of this year, Li Shizeng, Cai Yuanpei and Wu Jingheng used boxer indemnity to establish the Sino-French University in Beijing. Mr. Wang is the chairman and Cai Yuanpei is the principal. In the winter of the same year, Cai Yuanpei and his wife went to France again, cooperated with Helio, Mayor of Lyon, France, and Lei Bin, Dean of the Medical College of Lyon University, and established the China-France University Association in Lyon, and decided to establish the China-France University in Lyon. After the outbreak of World War I, Britain, France, Russia and other allied countries persuaded China to join the allied countries in the war against Germany, in order to attack Germany's interests in the Far East. Therefore, China proposed to postpone payment to boxer indemnity, hoping to postpone payment for 10 years, and Japan, Italy, Russia and other countries all agreed.
1917 In August, China participated in the First World War and stopped paying German reparations that year. 19 19 Versailles stipulated that Germany would give up its reparations after 19 17 March 14, and German reparations would be terminated. After the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Austria and Hungary gave up their claims in 19 19 and 1920, respectively, and ended. Boxer indemnity of Russia, after postponing and suspending payment, finally gave up. 19 17 After the October Revolution in Russia, China began to consider stopping the development of Russian Geng. 1920, the Soviet government ordered the cancellation of domestic and foreign national debt and the freezing of deposits. 1924, China and Russia signed an outline agreement to solve outstanding cases, and the Soviet Russian government said it would give up the Russian part of boxer indemnity, and announced that all the preferential debts guaranteed by this paragraph would be used to promote education funds in China after being paid off. At this point, Russian reparations also came to an end. Belgium signed the China-Belgium agreement to return Geng in 1925. Italy signed a Sino-Italian agreement on 1933 to return Geng's money. 1926, the Netherlands returned all the Geng funds to China, but the special funds were used for water conservancy 65% and cultural undertakings 35%.
There have been many twists and turns and disputes on the issue of refund in Japan. Japan has always insisted on engaging in so-called "cultural undertakings" in China by misappropriating boxer indemnity, and some undertakings from 1923 to 1936 are slightly well-intentioned. This shows the contradiction between the United States and Japan on the issue of aggression against China. Japanese Refund There is no group applying for subsidy in China. The second is the subsidy for students studying in Japan. Third, it is used for academic research institutions established by Japan in China and cultural exchanges between China and Japan. 1936 was used in the war of aggression against China. 1909 After the establishment of Geng Scholarship, a large number of China students came to study in the United States. Originally, the US Congress passed a bill in 1908, and decided to return the balance of China's compensation to Eight-Nation Alliance in 190 1 (Boxer Rebellion)-in other words, the additional compensation from the United States after deducting the actual loss of life and property suffered in the Boxer Rebellion and the interest due over the years.
After the United States decided to refund the compensation, the China government automatically offered to use the refunded money as tuition and miscellaneous fees for sending students to the United States. With the consent of the U.S. government, it was the first batch of refunds from G-sum. 1924, the us congress passed the same bill for the second time, which was the second refund to Geng. Only in this way did the "China Education and Culture Foundation"-"China Foundation" was established. Of course, this is another matter.
Due to the first refund of G-money, the first batch of so-called G-money international students went to study in the United States after the Chinese and American governments exchanged jobs. The first session consisted of 47 people, including Mei Yiqi, president of Tsinghua University, and many other experts who made great achievements in China's scientific and technological fields. Seventy students from the second session were selected in Beijing on 19 10, and then sent to the United States for further study. In addition, 70 students were enrolled in Tsinghua University, which was established between 19 10 and 19 1 1 as a preparatory class for studying in the United States.
Song Xuxuan once briefly described the history of studying abroad with Geng Kuan. According to Wen Song, the actual refund amounts of US 1909 to 19 17 are as follows:
1909 ——1910: USD 843,094.90 per year.
1911-1914: USD 54 1 198.78 per year.
1915: 724,993.42 USD.
1916—1917: USD 790 196 per year.
1909— 19 17: the total is 6 156370.34 USD.
According to Hu Shi's dictation, it was "automatically proposed" by the China government to use "Geng Kuan" as the expense for China students to study in the United States, which is also inconsistent with Corneliu's statement. Wen Song quoted Barton. In fact, long before the US government agreed to use boxer indemnity to establish the "Preparatory School for Studying in the United States", boxer indemnity had been used for higher education in China. 190 1 In September, the Qing government and the representatives of the eight countries signed the "Xin Chou Treaty" which humiliated the country. As stipulated in the "Xin Chou Treaty", the Qing government compensated the six "injured countries" of Russia, Germany, France, Britain, the United States, Japan, Italy, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain, Portugal, Sweden and Norway for their military expenses and losses of 450 million taels of silver, namely "boxer indemnity". Timothy richard, an English missionary in Shanxi, actively planned and used some boxer indemnity to establish Shanxi University Hall.
1840, the west opened the door of China, which had been closed since the Qing army entered the customs. Western cultural concepts, lifestyles and modes of production were rapidly introduced into China. Among them, missionaries, as the media carriers and representatives of the West in China, played an important role. Because of the combination of their religious ideals and the political background at that time, their identity became extremely special. The Boxer Rebellion that shocked the world broke out at the end of 19. Shanxi religious plan to kill missionaries and parishioners also took place in Shanxi.
190 1 year, in the boxer movement, Shanxi killed more than 30 Catholic bishops and priests1year, and the religious plan was particularly serious. On the issue of dealing with religious plans, timothy richard, an English Jesuit Baptist missionary who preached in Shanxi, proposed to Li Hongzhang and Yi Kuang, the ministers of the Qing court, in March 190 1, that a modern Chinese and western university hall be set up in Taiyuan with part of the money from the "boxer indemnity", and excellent students from the whole province should be selected to study modern studies for ten years, and a school should be set up to teach useful knowledge. Timothy Richard proposed to the British side that 502,000 yuan from boxer indemnity should be returned to Shanxi to establish a Western-style university, so as to "overcome people's ignorance and superstition-this ignorance and superstition is the main reason for killing foreigners. There is a statue of Timothy Richard in Shanxi University today. The Origin of Tsinghua Fund
China and the United States agreed that the foreign affairs department of the Qing government was responsible for establishing an American training school in Beijing. Thus, in June of 1909, the office of tourism aesthetics was established in Beijing, which was the embryonic form of Tsinghua University. 1In August, 909, the Ministry of Interior gave the royal garden of Tsinghua Campus to the Academic Affairs Office, which took the first batch of students from Shi Jia Hutong, recruited 47 students from 630 candidates, and went to the United States in June, 5438+00. This is the origin of students studying in the United States later. In August, 19 10, the second recruitment. More than 400 people took the exam, and finally 70 people were admitted. Among the second batch of students studying in the United States, a famous Hu Shi came out later. He won the 55th place that year. In the same list, there are later linguist Zhao Yuanren and meteorologist Zhu Kezhen.
19 1 1 At the beginning of the year, Tsinghua Preparatory School for Studying in the United States was formally established, which was specially used to train international students studying in the United States. In the following ten years, according to statistics, Tsinghua sent more than 1 000 students to study in the United States. 1928 17 In August, Tsinghua University was renamed Tsinghua University, and Luo Jialun became the principal. In that year, students studying in the United States at public expense began to be openly recruited, and 1933 began to openly recruit the first batch of Geng Fund students studying in the UK.
The refund in the United States has had a great influence in the world. After the outbreak of World War I, the Beijing government declared war on Germany and Austria in August 19 17, and stopped paying the G-sum. After the war subsided, China also set foot as a victorious country. All countries expressed their willingness to be "friendly" with China and safeguard and expand their interests in China by peaceful means, so they followed the footsteps of the United States and gave up or returned the balance of boxer indemnity. Refund is widely used in education, culture, industry and other fields in China. Only Japan didn't return a penny. It used this money to develop armaments and establish education, and quickly became a powerful empire in the 20th century.
1924, the U.S congress passed a resolution to use the remaining boxer indemnity for China, and set up the "China Cultural and Educational Promotion Foundation" (or "China Foundation"), with the management amount of12,545,000 dollars. Beiyang government appointed a board of directors composed of 10 China people and 5 Americans. A considerable part of this money is provided to Tsinghua University in the form of scholarships. Because of such a special source of funds and operation mode, Tsinghua has its own special advantages and conditions in many aspects since its establishment, which makes it different from other universities in China. Such an environment objectively laid a certain material foundation and provided necessary conditions for Mei Yiqi to run a school. Foreign historians commented: "One of the secrets of Tsinghua's success is that Tsinghua's annual budget was guaranteed when other universities turned to charities with unstable warlord regimes." Although this view implicitly exaggerates the role played by the United States, it is basically fair.
Because Tsinghua is rich in funds, it also has considerable autonomy in running schools. These conditions naturally have a certain impact on running a school, which promotes Tsinghua to gradually form a set of independent things with Tsinghua's own characteristics in the school management system and operation mechanism, and thus produces some special systems and styles, and even the gradual formation of school spirit and study style in Tsinghua is inextricably linked with this. An obvious example of this feature is several large-scale school agitation in Tsinghua University in the early 1920s and 1930s. Among them, President Tsinghua changed owners many times, and as many as a dozen were appointed. Even there was an embarrassing situation that Tsinghua had no principal for several years and relied on school affairs meetings to maintain it.
Today's operation
65438-0949, Mei Yiqi, President of Tsinghua University, went to the United States to handle the custody and use of Tsinghua Fund. 1956, Tsinghua founded a school in Taiwan, and Mei Yiqi borrowed interest from Tsinghua Fund to subsidize professors' salaries and build dormitories. Tsinghua Fund is funded by the boxer indemnity Prize sponsored by China Education and Culture Foundation. Chen Lijun, president of Tsinghua University in Hsinchu, said that even now, he receives a check from boxer indemnity every year. He said that it is generally believed that the Tsinghua Fund is allocated to Tsinghua on both sides of the Taiwan Strait, but according to his confirmation with Gu, president of Jinghua Tsinghua, it is confirmed that this fund is only allocated to Hsinchu and Tsinghua.