The State of Israel
Independence Day: May 14th (1948). Israel declared its independence on May 14th, 1948. Although the Gregorian calendar is adopted in daily life in Israel, the Jewish calendar is adopted in national festivals. Therefore, the annual independence day is not necessarily May 14th of the Gregorian calendar.
National Day: May 14th (1948)
The national flag is rectangular, and the ratio of length to width is about 3: 2. The flag is white, with a blue broadband above and below. Blue and white come from the color of the shawl used by Jews in prayer. In the middle of the white flag is a blue six-pointed star, which is the star of King David of ancient Israel and symbolizes the power of the country.
national emblem: it is a rectangular coat of arms. There is a seven-branched candlestick on the blue shield. According to records, this candlestick was used to light the altar in the Jerusalem Temple. The candlestick is decorated with olive branches on both sides, symbolizing the Jewish desire for peace. Under the candlestick is written "State of Israel" in Hebrew.
National anthem: Song of Hope
National dignitaries: President Moshe Katsav, who took office in 2; Ariel Sharon, Prime Minister, took office in March 21 and served as Prime Minister again in February 23; Acting Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance, temporarily assumed the post of Prime Minister after Sharon was seriously ill in hospital in January 26; Tzipi Livni, Foreign Minister, took office in January 26; Shaul mofaz, Minister of Defense; Simon Peres, the interim speaker; Chief of Staff Moshe Ya 'alon; Benjamin Netanyahu, Chairman of Likud Group.
Rabin, the former Israeli Prime Minister who devoted himself to peace in the Middle East
The Old City of Jerusalem in the moonlight
Physical geography: According to the provisions of the 1947 United Nations resolution on the partition of Palestine, the area of the State of Israel is 14,9 square kilometers. Located in the west of Asia, bordering Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan in the east, the Mediterranean Sea in the west and the Gulf of Aqaba in the south, it is the junction of Asia, Africa and Europe. The coastal area is a long and narrow plain, and there are mountains and plateaus in the east. It has a Mediterranean climate.
population: 6.259 million (counted in 2, including Jewish residents in the West Bank, Gaza and East Jerusalem), of which Jews account for 76.7%, Arabs, Druze and others account for 23.3%. Hebrew is the national language, and Arabic is the official language, and English is commonly used. Judaism is the state religion. About 85% of the residents believe in Judaism and 13% believe in Islam.
Jewish New Year wailing wall Prayer
Capital: Tel Aviv when the People's Republic of China was founded, and moved to Jerusalem in 195, which is not universally recognized. On July 3th, 198, the Knesset passed a bill declaring Jerusalem as the "eternal and indivisible capital" of Israel, but its seat of government is still in Tel Aviv. "[For the status and ownership of Jerusalem, Arab countries have always been controversial with Israel. Arab countries demand that" Israel withdraw from all Arab territories it has occupied since 1967, including Arab Jerusalem (referring to East Jerusalem) ". Most countries that have diplomatic relations with Israel still have their embassies in Tel Aviv]. The population of Jerusalem is about 634, (2). A brief history of the landmark building
"Ship Building" in Haifa, the port city of wailing wall
: Israel has a long history and is the birthplace of Judaism, Islam and Christianity, the world's major religions. The distant ancestor of the Jews was the Hebrew, a branch of the ancient Semitic people. At the end of 13th century BC, he moved from Egypt to Palestine, and successively established the Kingdom of Hebrew and the Kingdom of Israel. In 722 BC and 586 BC, these two kingdoms were conquered by Assyrians and destroyed by Babylonians. In 63 BC, when the Romans invaded, most Jews were driven out of Palestine and exiled to European and American countries. In the 7th century, Palestine was occupied by the Arab Empire, and Arabs became the vast majority of the residents there. Palestine was annexed by the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century. At the end of 19th century, the European Jewish bourgeoisie launched the "Zionist Movement" and established the "Zionist Organization of the Century" in 1897. Britain occupied Palestine in 1917 and issued the Balfour Declaration on November 2.
With the first world cultural heritage, the ancient city
Ake has a history of more than 5, years, and it is one of the oldest cities in the world.
It stands for "building a Jewish home for the Jewish nation in Palestine guaranteed by public laws". In 1922, the League of Nations adopted the British "Mandate" to Palestine, which stipulated the establishment of a "Jewish National House" in Palestine. Later, Jews from all over the world moved to Palestine in large numbers. On November 29th, 1947, the United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution to establish an Arab state and a Jewish state in Palestine. On May 14th, 1948, the State of Israel was formally established. In September 25, the IDF held a farewell ceremony and lowered the national flag at the headquarters of the Israeli army near the former Gaza settlement, thus announcing the end of Israel's 38-year occupation of Gaza.
Review of Palestinian-Israeli relations in p>25 Gaza Strip and Jewish settlement Israel's nuclear situation
Politics: Israel is a parliamentary country, and the parliament is the highest authority with legislative power, which is responsible for formulating and amending national laws, voting on political issues, approving the appointment of cabinet members and supervising government work, and electing the president and speaker. Candidates for parliament run for office by political parties. Israel has no constitution, only basic laws such as the Knesset Law, the President Law and the Cabinet Law. The president is a symbolic head of state, and his functions are basically ceremonial. Parliament has the power to dismiss the president. The Cabinet is accountable to Parliament.
kadima party wins general election in Israel. Israeli parliamentary election system. Likud group, the three major political parties in Israel.
Old City of Jerusalem.
Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
Economy: For more than 5 years, Israel, which is barren in land and short of resources, has adhered to the road of becoming a powerful country through science and technology, attached importance to education and personnel training, and enabled its economy to develop rapidly, with a per capita GNP of 16, US dollars in 1999. The development of Israel's high-tech industry has attracted worldwide attention, especially in electronics, communications, computer software, medical equipment, biotechnology engineering, agriculture and aviation. Israel is located on the edge of the desert zone and is short of water resources. Severe water shortage has made Israel form a unique drip irrigation water-saving technology in agriculture, making full use of existing water resources and turning a large desert into an oasis. Farmers who account for less than 5% of the total population not only feed the people, but also export a large number of high-quality fruits, vegetables, flowers and cotton.
The park with the lowest elevation on the earth in Jaffa Old Town
Traveling is better than dying in the sea
Diplomacy: conducting all-round diplomacy. Maintain traditional friendly relations with western countries; Maintain the status of strategic ally with the United States; Actively develop relations with CIS countries and eastern European countries; Promote the Middle East peace process and strive to achieve reconciliation with Arab countries; Expand relations with African and Asian countries.
relations with China: on January 9, 195, Israel announced its recognition of the People's Republic of China. On January 24th, 1992, Israel established diplomatic relations with China at the ambassadorial level. In December 23, Israeli President katsav paid a state visit to China. In November 25, the Israeli government officially recognized China's full market economy status. From January to September 25, the total bilateral trade reached US$ 2.26 billion, up 22.7% year-on-year.
Jews (Jew) originally refer to the people of the Jewish tribe (one of the 12 tribes of Israel) or the kingdom of Judah (the kingdom of Israel was opposed to the kingdom of Israel established by the 1 northern tribes after the split of Israel). All Jews were originally called Hebrews, and they were also called Israelis from the time they occupied Palestine to the time when Juzu was taken into exile in Babylon. After living in exile, only those who originally belonged to the Kingdom of Judah still maintained their national characteristics, and the other 1 tribes were scattered and assimilated into other ethnic groups after Assyria perished in the Northern Kingdom in 721 BC. Therefore, the word Jew only refers to people who originally belonged to the Kingdom of Judah.
Jews of all factions recognize that those born to Jewish women are Jews, while reformers believe that those whose parents are Jewish are Jews. Generally speaking, from a purely religious point of view, a community that has lived in a non-Jewish environment for generations and retained many basic teachings of Judaism is regarded as a real Jew as a whole, but as an individual, such people cannot marry Jews at will.
Historical origin of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict:
Palestine is located on the Mediterranean coast in western Asia, which was called Canaan in ancient times, including Israel, Gaza, the West Bank and Jordan. Historically, Jews and Arabs have lived here. Around the 2th century BC, the Sumerian Canaanites settled in the coastal and plain areas of Palestine and became the earliest inhabitants of Palestine. At the end of 13th century BC, Hebrew tribes moved to Palestine, and successively established the Kingdom of Hebrew and the Kingdom of Israel. Since then, Palestine has been occupied and ruled by Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians and Romans. In the 7th century A.D., Arabs moved in after conquering the Roman Empire and taking over Palestine, and were assimilated by local aborigines, gradually forming modern Palestinian Arabs. At the end of the 19th century, the Zionist movement rose all over the world, and Jews from all over the world moved into Palestine in large numbers.
during the first world war, Palestine became a "mandated territory" of Britain. Britain divided Palestine into two parts: East and West, with the Jordan River as the boundary. The east is called Outer Jordan (now the Kingdom of Jordan), and the west is still called Palestine (now Israel, the West Bank and Gaza). Since then, Jews from all over the world have begun to move to Palestinian areas. In the process of Jews flooding into Palestine, there have been many bloody conflicts between Jews and local Palestinian Arabs. In November 1947, the United Nations adopted Resolution 181 on the Partition of Palestine. The resolution stipulates that a Jewish state and an Arab state will be established on the Palestinian territory of 27, square kilometers, and Jerusalem will be internationalized. On May 14th, 1948, the State of Israel was proclaimed. Because this resolution was strongly opposed by Palestinians and Arabs, the Palestinian state was not born.
after Israel declared its founding, five large-scale wars broke out between Arab and Israel. Israel has occupied a large number of Palestinian territories, including Jerusalem, through war, and millions of Palestinian Arabs have been expelled from their homes and become refugees. For a long time, Israel has implemented the Jewish immigration policy in the occupied Arab territories, built a large number of Jewish immigrant settlements, and strived to establish a big Israeli state by changing the population structure in the occupied territories.
In order to restore national rights and return to their homeland, the Palestinians started an armed struggle. In May 1964, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was established, with the goal of "eliminating Zionism in Palestinian territory". Since then, Palestine has started an armed struggle against Israeli invasion. Years of war have made both sides realize that no one can destroy anyone and that war cannot solve the problem. With the mediation of the international community, the Palestinians and Israelis began to seek a political solution.
In October p>1991, the Middle East Peace Conference was held in Madrid, and difficult peace talks between Arab and Israeli countries began. Among the Arab-Israeli peace talks, the Palestinian-Israeli peace talks are the key to the Middle East peace process. Since the signing of the first peace agreement-the Declaration of Principles on Palestinian Self-government in September 1993, the two sides have also signed a series of agreements. However, these agreements have not been fully implemented due to the intentional delay of successive governments. Although Palestine began to govern itself in May 1994 according to the relevant agreements, the final stage of negotiations on Palestine has not yet reached a permanent peace agreement because of the great differences between the two sides on thorny issues such as the ownership of Jerusalem, Jewish settlements, the return of Palestinian refugees and the demarcation of the Palestinian-Israeli border.
In September p>2, Sharon, a hardline leader, forcibly entered the Al-Aqsa Mosque, the Islamic holy place, which triggered a long-lasting bloody conflict between Palestine and Israel. Especially after Sharon's government came to power in March 21, some radical Palestinian organizations created a series of "terrorist activities" against Israelis, which led Israel to take strong retaliation, and both sides of Palestine and Israel fell into a vicious circle of retaliation and counter-retaliation.
Middle East Peace Process
In order to restore national rights and return to their homeland, the Palestinians started an armed struggle. In May 1964, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was proclaimed and began an armed struggle against Israeli invasion. Since then, the PLO has changed the way of struggle for the founding of the country and started the long process of realizing the founding of the country through peaceful negotiations.
On November 15th, 1988, the 19th special meeting of the PLO National Committee adopted the Declaration of Independence, announcing the establishment of a Palestinian state with Jerusalem as its capital. Since then, more than 13 countries have successively recognized the Palestinian state. Because it has no territory of its own, the Palestinian state is not a real country.
In October p>1991, the Middle East Peace Conference was held in Madrid, and difficult peace talks between Arab and Israeli countries began. This is the first time that Arab countries and Israel have sat together to try to solve the conflict that lasted for more than 4 years. The meeting established the basic framework of the Middle East peace talks, which were divided into bilateral talks and multilateral talks, and established the basic principle of "land for peace". On September 13, 1993, the first peace agreement between Palestine and Israel, the Declaration of Principles on Palestinian Self-government, was signed in Washington. According to the agreement, the Palestinians will first exercise autonomy in the Gaza-Jericho area, with a temporary transition period of five years.
According to the final agreement on the implementation of the Gaza-Jericho Declaration of Principles signed by Palestine and Israel in May 1994, Palestine began to govern itself on May 4. In September 1995, the Palestinians and Israelis signed the Taba Agreement, and Israeli troops successively withdrew from seven major cities in the West Bank, and were autonomous by the Palestinians. On May 4, 1996, Palestine and Israel began the first round of talks on the final stage of Palestinian negotiations.
However, after Netanyahu came to power in June 1996, Israel abandoned the principle of "land for peace" and emphasized the principle of "security for peace" instead, which made the Middle East peace process stagnate. Although Palestine and Israel signed the Hebron Agreement and the Wye Agreement successively, they failed to implement them completely because of the delay of the Israeli government. In May 1999, Barak was elected Prime Minister of Israel. In order to implement the Wye Agreement, Palestine and Israel signed the Sharm el-Sheikh Memorandum. The two sides agreed to start the final status negotiations on September 13, 1999, reach a framework agreement on the status of Jerusalem and other issues before February 15, 2, and reach a final agreement before September 13. Due to the deliberate delay by Israel, the terms of the agreement have not been well implemented. In July 2, Palestine, Israel and the United States