Is the culture of the Song Dynasty prosperous? 1. The culture of the Song Dynasty The Song Dynasty was an era where stars gathered, including Kou Zhun, Bao Zheng, Ouyang Xiu, Fan Zhongyan, Wang Anshi, Su Dongpo, Shen Kuo, Yue Fei, Zhu Xi, Li Qingzhao, Xin Qiji, Wen Tianxiang, etc. A large number of dazzling figures in the history of China and the world. Because the Song Dynasty attached great importance to literature and education, its academic and cultural achievements were extremely high. Chinese culture became more sophisticated and mature, so talents in more fields continued to emerge. Song Lian of the Ming Dynasty said: "Since the Qin Dynasty, no literary masters have flourished in the Song Dynasty." Among the eight great masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties, the Song Dynasty occupied six places. In addition to the "three Sus" Su Xun, Su Shi, and Su Che, there were also Wang Anshi, Zeng Gong, and Ouyang Xiu. . The four great calligraphers of the Song Dynasty: Su Dongpo, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fu and Cai Xiang. There were two Neo-Confucian scholars in the Northern Song Dynasty: Cheng Yi and Cheng Hao. The Three Southeast Sages of the Southern Song Dynasty: Zhu Xi, Zhang Shi and Lu Zuqian. The Four Great Masters of the Southern Song Dynasty: Lu You, Yang Wanli, Fan Chengda and You Kuang. What is important is that many celebrities and cultural figures in the Song Dynasty were born in poverty. Fan Zhongyan and Ouyang Xiu both came from single families and were poor since childhood. Fan Zhongyan's father died when he was one year old, and his mother, Xie, took the infant Zhongyan to remarry into a family surnamed Zhu. Fan Zhongyan lived an extremely difficult life since he was a child. He drank porridge and studied hard. When Ouyang Xiu was young, his family couldn't afford pen and paper, so his mother taught him how to read by drawing with reed stalks. In the end, both of them became cultural masters, important ministers of the court, and pillars of the country through their own efforts. Fan Zhongyan and Ouyang Xiu may have similar fates, and the two became true friends. Wang Anshi, Su Xun, Su Shi, and Zeng Gong were all cultural masters trained and supported by Ouyang Xiu. Su Shi also trained the famous four scholars of the Su family: Huang Tingjian, Qin Guan, Chao Buzhi, and Zhang Lei. Lu You was a student of Zeng Gong, and Lu You and Xin Qiji were good friends. Their gatherings together formed a cultural salon and literary club. Many literary societies emerged in the Song Dynasty. In short, the Song Dynasty was a paradise for intellectuals. The four great calligraphers of the Song Dynasty: Su Dongpo, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fu and Cai Xiang. Many famous painters emerged in the Song Dynasty, including Fan Kuan, Guo Xi, Zhao Ji, Li Tang, Ma Yuan, Xia Gui, Zhang Zeduan, etc. What best represents the highest artistic level of Chinese painting is the broadness and artistic conception of the landscape paintings of the Song Dynasty! There were many talented landscape painters in the Song Dynasty, each with their own specialties and creations. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Li Cheng painted Serin Pingyuan, Fan Kuan painted lofty mountains and snowy landscapes, Xu Daoning painted trees and wild waters, Guo Xi painted subtle changes in the four seasons of morning and dusk, wind, rain, light and darkness, Hui Chong and Zhao Lingrang The lyrical scenes, the Yunshan ink plays of Mi Fu and Mi Youren, and the highly tailored and poetic landscapes of Li Tang, Ma Yuan, and Xia Gui reflect the continuous changes and development of landscape painting art, which is the same as Liu Songnian's famous Southern Song Dynasty. Four. The Song Dynasty was a country of poetry. Song Dynasty poetry is a huge treasure house. There is a wealth of knowledge in all aspects. But we know very little about this treasure house. The poetry of the Song Dynasty is the continuation, further development and breakthrough of the poetry of the Tang Dynasty. The Song Dynasty had a wider range of poets and richer poems. The types and forms of poetry were enriched in the Song Dynasty. The number of poems created in the Song Dynasty was unprecedentedly abundant. Peking University is compiling the "Complete Poems of the Song Dynasty". According to preliminary statistics, there are no less than 9,000 authors, four times the number of "Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty". Compiled in "Complete Song Ci", there are more than 1,300 ci writers and nearly 20,000 ci chapters. Kong Fanli's "Supplementary Collection of Complete Song Ci" added hundreds of poets and composed more than 400 poems. There were many prolific poets in the Song Dynasty. Lu You said that he had "thousands of poems in sixty years". Lu You has preserved more than 9,300 poems. Yang Wanli wrote more than 20,000 poems. But now only a small part remains. You Miao, one of the Four Great Masters of the Southern Song Dynasty, left even fewer poems. There are so many great poets who have written so many poems, and more of us only have the opportunity to read a few of their poems. It can be said that we have not even touched the surface, let alone experienced their essence. Song poetry reflects that the social vision has broadened compared with before, and the penetration into life has deepened. The climate and atmosphere of the Song and Tang Dynasties were different, and poets were brave enough to innovate, thus forming a "Song tune" that was different from the "Tang sound". As a new style of Hele poetry, Song lyrics can be recited on the desks of scribes and spread in the voices of musicians, which strengthens its entertainment and communication power and has many accepting groups. The Song Dynasty was the second wave of Chinese civilization. Not only does Shen Yun civilization develop toward absolute status, but it also develops civilian culture. Theater arts include farce, acrobatics, puppet show, shadow play, talking, drama, etc. Among them, there are hundreds of acrobatics. People in the Song Dynasty had serious petty bourgeoisie, and most of the emotions expressed in Song lyrics expressed the leisurely interest of pouring wine and singing in a low voice. Song poetry reflects the stable political situation and prosperous, rich and superior social life of the Song Dynasty. The prosperity of the prostitution industry originated from the high prosperity of the urban economy in the Song Dynasty. The entertainment industry in the Song Dynasty was more clearly divided, and was roughly divided into four categories: "official prostitutes", "vocal prostitutes", "geisha" and "merchant prostitutes".

The "prostitutes" in the Song Dynasty were not "prostitutes" in the modern sense. Most people can buy art but not body. Most of them are equivalent to modern literary and artistic workers. They are generally talented and beautiful. Some of them have deep knowledge of piano, chess, singing, poetry, calligraphy, painting, etc. Some of them can be called artists in that field. "Official prostitutes" are the most admired by people. Not only are they beautiful, they are also very talented. Their appearance, knowledge, intelligence and artistic taste are all outstanding. It is difficult for today's actors, stars, or women engaged in literary and artistic work to compare with them, because in the past, the women in the Red Chamber were trained and nurtured from childhood, while some of the current ladies in the entertainment industry are more beautiful after only two years of schooling. It is possible to become a star... It can be said that a famous prostitute in the Song Dynasty is much better than a modern female star. Tea culture only reached the realm of art in the Song Dynasty. Tea in the Song Dynasty was not tea in the current sense, but tea beverages. Some need to add sugar, some need to add salt, and some need to add tea with various seasonings. This is a tea beverage and tea culture with countless ways to drink it. Unfortunately, like most of the crafts and culture of the Song Dynasty, it has not been left to the present. During the Song Dynasty, various petal teas were popularly sold. In the Song Dynasty, there was also the practice of tea fighting. Cai Xiang introduced Jian'an Doucha in "Tea Records" and especially praised the semi-fermented white tea produced locally. People in the Song Dynasty used various beautiful and exquisite porcelain bowls to drink tea, among which the rabbit hair cup and the Tianmu bowl were all famous tea sets at that time. According to the subtle differences in the color of rabbit hairs, they are also called "gold rabbit hairs" and "silver rabbit hairs". There are four types of tea cups in the Song Dynasty: black glaze, sauce glaze, green glaze and green and white glaze. "Light fur horses, Chengdu flowers, ice bowls with snow, Jianxi tea." "Short paper rows slanting to make grass, playing with fine breasts to share tea." "The chicken sings three times and the sky is clear, arrange rice bowls and tea bottles" "Tao There are two or three thatched cottages nearby, and when they see guests, they will order some tea." The poetry of the Song Dynasty was often permeated with tea culture. "The seven-material tea is sweet and fragrant, and the floating flowers are green and chaotic in the clouds. After sipping, I feel that the king is kind and don't make ordinary first-class praise." Mei Yaochen, a famous realist poet in the Northern Song Dynasty, also wrote such a leisurely and bourgeois plot A tasteful tea poem. Twenty articles in Song Huizong's "Daguan Tea Theory" introduce tea culture. The tea culture of the Song Dynasty was a comprehensive expression of elite culture and popular culture, and was the only culture of elegance and vulgarity. Jade culture began to flow to the people in the Song Dynasty. Because of Song Huizong's excessive love for jade. This led to the unprecedented development of jade in the Song Dynasty, and the unprecedented development of secular jade carvings. The jade wares of the Song Dynasty were much more playful and less polite. During the Song Dynasty, jade carving markets and shops specializing in jade articles appeared. Citizens became appreciators and owners of jade. Wearing jade articles is popular among the broad masses of citizens and literati. In addition to jade carvings, the Song Dynasty also had extremely high attainments in wood carvings, bamboo carvings, lacquerware, bronze wares, gold and silver wares, tooth horn wares, inscriptions, seals, pens, inks, paper and inkstones. All these show the profoundness of Song culture and art. During the Song Dynasty, driven by technological improvements and the tenancy system, agricultural production developed significantly; the handicraft industry had a detailed division of labor, advanced technology, and its products were famous throughout history; the level of the commodity economy surpassed that of the past, cities and towns prospered, and currency circulation expanded, giving birth to The earliest paper money. The culture of the Song Dynasty made unprecedented progress, with fruitful achievements in the fields of Neo-Confucianism, literature, history, art, and science and technology. Outstanding figures such as Er Cheng, Zhu Xi, Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi, Sima Guang, and Shen Kuo have enjoyed eternal reputations; and the invention and application of movable type printing, the compass, and gunpowder , and made outstanding contributions to mankind.

The Song Dynasty was the most economically developed dynasty in the history of China, with the most prosperous national culture, the largest scientific and technological innovations, the largest population base growth, the healthiest crop yield per unit area, the highest people's living standards, and a prosperous and prosperous dynasty. If you don't believe it, I will introduce you to one. The dreamlike Song Dynasty, let us dream back to the Song Dynasty together: 1 It has long been a historical conclusion that the Song Dynasty was economically developed and the Song Dynasty was rich. Other dynasties "suppressed business", but the Song Dynasty was the only exception. In the early Song Dynasty, Zhao Jianyin, the Taizu of the Song Dynasty, said, "If you accumulate gold, you will be able to sell your land and houses." The surviving children, grandchildren, singers, and dancers will enjoy the rest of their lives." In order to enrich the people, Emperor Taizong of the Song Dynasty also praised him as "making the two systems rich in the art of discussing politics." When Shenzong was in power, he "especially managed finances first" and ordered the public to "manage finances first before political affairs." This idea of ??attaching importance to the economy has been throughout the Song Dynasty. This is a very important prerequisite for ensuring economic development. At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, officials studied how to manage finances and seek wealth. The Song Dynasty adjusted the traditional practice of emphasizing criminal law and neglecting civil law in the legislation of the past dynasties, and specially studied and implemented the monopoly law. Such as the Salt Law, Liquor Law, Tea Law and other laws, the Song Dynasty became one of the most active periods of economic legislation in ancient China. The economic laws of the Song Dynasty unified the distribution of interests between the state and economic actors and complied with the laws of the commodity economy. It was a very scientific law. The correct policy guidance of laws and regulations made the commerce boom and the handicraft industry develop rapidly. The Song Dynasty created the world's earliest paper currency (Jiaozi) bank. This is unique! Even banks can provide loans and make payments in other places. Even in modern times, this is very unusual. In terms of region, the development of the advanced economic management system in the Song Dynasty was not limited to old areas such as Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Sichuan. Even the social economy and culture in mountainous areas and minority areas had greater development than in the Tang Dynasty. This is also very surprising. Look at the handicraft industry. Mines, tea, salt, shipbuilding, paper, sugar, textiles and porcelain are all more advanced than those of the Tang Dynasty. In addition to the expansion of production areas and the increase in output, the handicraft industry of the Song Dynasty also has very obvious technological improvements. For example, the production technology of "Tangbing" (rock sugar) "single well" The sophistication of Song porcelain all reflected the maturity and innovation of technology. The rise of commerce and handicrafts liberated a large number of farmers who were captives of the land and invested them in commercial handicrafts. During the Northern Song Dynasty, gold, silver, copper, iron, coal, etc. had been mined in large quantities. Mineral deposits, and the earliest manufacturing factories and processing factories in the world's history appeared all over the country, such as shipyards, paper mills, printing factories, weaving factories, firearms factories, and official kilns in various places, etc. It can be seen that the prosperity of the handicraft industry at that time was unprecedented! As early as the Northern Song Dynasty, China had learned to use coal to make steel. The large-scale handicraft industry employed hundreds of full-time industrial workers, while the two government military industries employed 8,000 workers - this is already a heavy industry scale! The steel industry in North China had an annual output of 1.25 million tons in 1078, while the United Kingdom had an annual output of only 76,000 tons in 1788, the beginning of the industrial revolution. In addition, the mining, metallurgy, paper making, and porcelain silk making industries The weaving and seaweaving industry was also highly developed. The Song Dynasty was worthy of being a "high-tech" home before modern times, and was the overlord of the world's handicraft industry at that time! From a commercial perspective, cities in the Tang Dynasty tended to be administrative centers, while towns in the Song Dynasty tended to be industrial and commercial. In the Tang Dynasty, the trading areas in the city were strictly controlled by officials. In the Song Dynasty, there was more freedom. Due to the further development of the commodity economy and the breakthrough of the "fang system" in the city, the rise of market towns, the boundaries between residential areas and commercial areas gradually disappeared. In the Song Dynasty, this type of " Some of the new "cities" have developed to a very large scale. For example, Kaifeng and Hangzhou have reached a population of one million. The latter is the "unprecedented" city that "Marco Polo" saw in the early Yuan Dynasty. Even by the late Yuan Dynasty, it was the largest city outside China. It is "Baghdad" with a population of only between 300 and 500,000. Hundreds of years later, the Arab traveler Ibn. Beituta also calls Hangzhou "the largest city in the world"! The number of people engaged in industry and commerce has gradually increased, output has increased, and investment capital has expanded significantly. Therefore, it is not just agriculture that constitutes the main body of national fiscal revenue. The proportion of industry and commerce has exceeded that of agriculture. Copperplate-printed advertisements also appeared in its commercial operations, which were more than three hundred years earlier than Western capitalist advertisements. For example, Su Dongpo, a bachelor, once wrote an advertising poem for an old woman who made oil and food. What is more interesting about Xinglong is that the Song Dynasty also saw the emergence of "tabloids" that were similar to modern newspapers and the earliest trademark in history. The trademark was Xiaoke, which was of great significance. This marked the gradual improvement of the commercialization system of the Song Dynasty. In addition, the work of the famous scholar Shen Kuo also reached the level of modern monetary theory. The powerful commercial wave of the Song Dynasty was also the mother of the world's earliest capitalism. The rapid economic development of the Song Dynasty created unprecedented wealth and prosperity. 2. The spiritual pursuit of cultural splendor, material life, and abundance became more and more urgent. Therefore, while the economy developed in the Song Dynasty, Strong cultural needs, national leisure life, aesthetic taste, and life interests all contributed to the high cultural prosperity of the Song Dynasty. Poems, lyrics, songs, acrobatics, drama, folk music, novels, calligraphy, architecture and other arts developed rapidly in the Song Dynasty.

At the same time, a large number of literati and poets appeared in the Song Dynasty who were famous in history. The well-known ones are Su Shi, Ouyang Xiu, Zhun Kou, Fan Zhongyan, Wang An, Shi, Yue Fei, Wen Tianxiang, Shen Kuo, Xin Qiji, Zhu Xi, Li Qingzhao and other scholars. Even now, their elegance and luster are still undiminished. They were the most famous at all times and in all over the world. Among the eight great masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties, the Song Dynasty accounted for six, which shows how dazzling its cultural brilliance is! There are countless calligraphers. The four most famous calligraphers include Su Dongpo, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fu, and Cai Xiang. Their works are enough to make calligraphy famous. Writers are astonished that even the "big traitor" Qin Hui can learn to write well and dance well. If he is an upright person, he must also be a calligrapher and writer, not to mention Yue Fei and other heroes who are proficient in literature and martial arts! Because of the flourishing of culture, everyone in the two Song Dynasties It is also divided into north and south: there are four great sages in the Southern Song Dynasty, Lu You, Yang Wanli, Fan Chengda, You Miao, Cheng Yi and Cheng Hao (Confucianists) in the Northern Song Dynasty. There are three sages in the southeast of the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi, Zhang Shi and Lu Zuqian. It was precisely because of the vigorous development of Song culture that the Song Dynasty was completed. The "Renaissance of Confucianism" gave birth to New Confucianism (Neo-Confucianism), which brought the traditional "Confucian classics" into a new stage of "Song learning" and promoted the in-depth development of the intersection of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. "Ci" rose from the late Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties to the Song Dynasty It has reached its heyday, so there are Tang poems, Song lyrics, Yuan music, etc., which are collectively known as Ci. It is one of the representatives of Song Dynasty culture and one of the pioneers. To study the culture of Song Dynasty, we must first understand its Ci. The most representative one is Su Shi's "When will the moon shine?" Almost no one knows this word, no one knows it. Even ordinary children can sing two sentences of the whole word. It is elegant and makes people feel like they are in a fairyland and alone in the world. It is lonely and full of sadness. It can be said to be the pinnacle of the song "Tune the Water to the Top". The advantage of the word brand name form has been brought into full play! "Jiangchengzi? Hunting in Mizhou" is also written by him, and other poets have also achieved great results. Even female poets such as Li Qingzhao are not uncommon. Women are good at writing and have reached such a level. Li Qingzhao is the only one in the Song Dynasty throughout the ages. I will not be able to list all the poets of the Song Dynasty one by one in the next day. If I continue to list them, I will only count the "ci" culture of the Song Dynasty. Let's take the "Complete Song Ci" as an example. The book contains more than 1,300 poets. There are nearly 20,000 poems and chapters. Kong Fanli's "Complementary Collection of Song Ci" has more than 400 poems written by hundreds of poets on the original basis. This is enough to reflect the status of Ci culture in the Song Dynasty. It also reflects that Ci is worthy of the Song Dynasty. The representative of culture is enough to show the joy and vitality of Song culture! "Poetry" is the essence of ancient Chinese literature. In the Song Dynasty, the interpretation of "poetry" was raised to a new level, a more popular level, and a freer metrical level. Although the Song Dynasty was the heyday of "ci", it was also a period of "poetry". "This is a country where we have had the most exposure to the poetry of the Tang and Song Dynasties, whether in elementary school, middle school, university or even graduate school. The poetry of the Song Dynasty is the continuation, redevelopment and breakthrough of the poetry of the Tang Dynasty. The poets of the Song Dynasty have a wider range of poems and richer types and forms of poetry. In the Song Dynasty, the poetry reached a rich level. The number of poems created is unprecedented. I know that Peking University is compiling the "Complete Poems of the Song Dynasty". According to preliminary statistics, the number of authors included is no less than 9,000, four times that of "The Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty"! In terms of the number of individual poems, the individual with the most poetic works was born in the Song Dynasty. Let us always remember the name of this man who cared about the country and the people. He is ----- Lu You. Do you still remember this great poet's contribution to the rejuvenation of the country? A death wish? Do you remember his last words? If you have forgotten then just listen! "Wang Shibei set the Central Plains in the Japanese family sacrifices and never forgets to tell Nai Weng." What simple words! The last words of a patriotic martyr. I didn't see the restoration of the country during my lifetime. I will hear this news after my death... My children, big Song Fuguozhi, you must not forget to tell your father this news when you are worshiping... It makes me sleep in peace... As I write this, I close my eyes and I don't know why I can't stop crying. Yes, I really shed tears. I cried and cried heartily, not only for the sorrow hidden in the "poetry", but also for the millions of patriots like Lu You, and especially for the ultimate fate of the Song Dynasty!