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How did ancient people fight against counterfeiting?

The history of fighting counterfeiting has a long history. The ancients have long thought of various methods to fight counterfeiting and protect consumer rights.

The first is to legislate to protect rights, and we will never tolerate the production and sale of counterfeit goods and the behavior of deceiving consumers. The "Guan Shi Jin" promulgated by the Tang Dynasty stipulates that all merchants' measuring instruments must be inspected by dedicated personnel every year, and unqualified merchants will be severely fined. At the same time, it is stipulated that if food spoils, it must be destroyed on the spot, and those who sell it illegally will be imprisoned for three years, and those who cause death will be sentenced to death to serve as a warning to others.

The second is anti-counterfeiting verification, similar to current trademarks and anti-counterfeiting codes. During the Song Dynasty, the shoes made by Ren Yilang were famous far and wide, so many fakes appeared on the market. In order to combat fakes, Ren Yilang hid a note on the inside of the shoe, which stated the production time and number of the shoe. By the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the more famous products basically had their own anti-counterfeiting verification, and gradually formed trademarks.

The third is guild supervision. The Song Dynasty court ordered various merchants to form various guilds. Merchants must register to join the guild and accept the supervision of the guild. The guild is mainly responsible for spot-checking the quality of goods. If consumers buy fake and shoddy products, they can complain to the guild.

The fourth is the return system. "Tang Lu Shu Yi" stipulates that if there is a problem with the product within three days after it is sold, consumers can go to the merchant to return the product unconditionally, and a notary must inspect it. If the merchant does not return the goods, the consumer can report it to the government, which will mediate and impose certain penalties on the merchant.