Ponkan, also known as tangerine, has thin skin that is easy to peel, delicious color, orange-red flesh, juicy, tight texture, sweet and crispy, has a refreshing taste, few seeds, and has medicinal effects. Suitable for growing in southern provinces. Ponkan is divided into hard reed and plum reed. Hard reed is also called Bagua reed because there are several radial grooves on the top of the fruit, and the fruit is oblate or tall and round; there are reeds, the top of the fruit generally has no radial grooves, the fruit is oblate, and the weight and flavor of the fruit are not as good as those of hard reed. The main characteristics of orange mandarin: medium tree vigor, upright tree, small backbone branch angle; oblate and large fruit, single fruit weight 125-150 grams, large ones can reach more than 250 grams, fruit surface is orange-yellow or orange , the skin is slightly thick and easy to peel; the flesh is crisp, tender, juicy, sweet and refreshing, with a soluble solid content of about 15, a sugar content of 11 to 13 g/100 ml, and an acid content of 0.3 to 0.8 g/100 ml; the fruit is in mid-November , matures from late to December, and is more resistant to storage. Ponkan has wide adaptability, high and stable yields, and many excellent lines (excellent plants). It is currently a variety developed in my country. Basic introduction Chinese name: Ponkan Latin scientific name: Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Ponkan Alias: tangerine, white tangerine, tangerine, plum tangerine Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Angiosperms Class: Dicotyledons Subclass: Rosaia Outline: Sapindus Order: Rutaceae Subfamily: Citrus subfamily Genus: Citrus Distribution area: Originated in my country's Zhejiang, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan and other provinces Distribution, history, Guangxi, Hubei, Qingshen , ponkan characteristics, cultivation technology, planting, time, density, planting technology, soil management, fertilizer and water management fertilization principles, fertilization methods, pruning, diseases, pests and diseases anthracnose, foot rot, mites, scales, aphids, leaf miners , beetles, bud maggots, distribution. Citrus is one of the most important commercial fruits in the world. It is the most widely cultivated fruit tree in the subtropical region of my country. It includes many types, and the main cultivated ones are sweet orange and wide-skinned orange. Oranges, pomelos, kumquats, lemons, etc., and each type has many excellent varieties. Quzhou citrus promotion meeting held at Hangzhou Peace Exhibition Center History In the third century AD, the ancient book "Yu Gong" contains "The Huaihai Sea is only Yangzhou, and it includes oranges, pomeloes and tin tributes." At that time, Quzhou belonged to the Yangzhou region. According to records of the Xia Dynasty 4,000 years ago, citrus produced in Guangxi, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Hunan, Hubei and other places in my country were listed as tribute items. By the Qin and Han dynasties, citrus production had further developed. Jiangxi has well-known ponkan production bases such as Jing'an, Quannan, and Zhantian Jingyuan. Quzhou, Zhejiang, is known as the “Hometown of Ponkan in China”. The "Shui Jing Zhu" written by Li Daoyuan in the Northern Wei Dynasty says: "The Qi River flows eastward, and the water from Dingyang River flows into it. The water carries Su Laobu from Xin'an County... It goes directly to Dingyang County, and between the banks and the edge of the stream, there are all branches of bamboo and fragrant trees. Citrus aurantium, mulberry, mixed with frost chrysanthemum, golden orange, white sand and fine stones, the shape is like condensed snow." (Xin'an in the article is today's Quzhou) If we count from the records of "Shui Jing Zhu", then the history of citrus in Quzhou is at least 1,400 years. For many years. After liberation, especially since the reform and opening up, citrus production in Quzhou has developed rapidly. Quzhou is truly the “hometown of citrus”. Guangxi Gongcheng Yao Autonomous County is also a famous ponkan producing area. It adopts scientific planting methods and promotes the use of biogas liquid fertilizer, biogas residue and farmyard manure. It has large fruits with thin skin, bright color, crisp and tender meat, juicy and sweet taste. Delicious and unique flavor. The edible rate is as high as 68-75, and the soluble solid content is more than 12. According to the measurement: 100 ml of fruit juice contains 11-13 grams of sugar, 0.5-1 gram of acid, 25-35 mg of vitamin C, 100 grams of pulp contains 171.66 joules of calories, 88.6 grams of water, and is rich in protein, calcium, phosphorus, iron and other new substances in the human body. It contains necessary nutrients. Regular consumption can reduce the cholesterol content in the human body, excrete harmful substances in the body, and promote people's health. In 1996, Gongcheng won the honorary title of "Hometown of Ponkan in China". The current cultivation area is 90,000 acres, and the commercial volume is 120,000 tons.

Hubei Hubei Qingjiang ponkan: Mainly produced in Changyang, Hubei; Qingjiang Gallery; national 5A tourist attractions, Fattou Village, Ziqiu Town, Changyang Tujia Autonomous County, and Yansongping Village, Yuxiakou Town. Because the Qingjiang River Valley has abundant rainfall, sufficient sunlight, an average temperature of 17.5°C, a minimum temperature of -3°C, and an annual effective accumulated temperature of 5500°C, the Qingjiang ponkans grown in this unique climate have a correct shape, bright color, sweet taste, crisp and tender fruit. Slag, single fruit weighs more than 130 grams, and the soluble solid content reaches more than 13.5. It is the best among Changyang citrus. It won the title of Hubei Province Quality Fruit three times in 1985, 1987, and 2000. Changyang Qingjiang Ponkan is bred locally. "Huagan No. 2", which has been approved by the Hubei Provincial Crop Variety Approval Committee, is the main variety and is produced in strict accordance with green food standards. Its fruit shape is beautiful, sweet and delicious, crisp and tender, and is favored by experts, scholars and consumers. It has been awarded the title of Yichang Famous Fruit, Hubei Province High-Quality Fruit for many times, and obtained the National Class A Green Food Certificate in 2002. , famous in Jingchu, sold well in Jiuzhou, and can be called the best among fruits. Qingshen Qingshen ponkans began to be planted in the early 1970s and have been developed for more than 30 years. The county's ponkan area reaches 107,000 acres, with an annual output of more than 80,000 tons and a total output value of more than 100 million yuan. The per capita income of farmers planting ponkans in the county is 560 yuan. , accounting for about a quarter of the per capita income of farmers in the county, is the leader in the county's planting industry structure layout of "eastern fruits, western tea, southern bamboo and northern vegetables", and is a pillar industry that increases the income of farmers in Qiu District. In October 1999, it was named "China's Ponkan Hometown" by the China Specialty Products Hometown Recommendation and Publicity Activities Organizing Committee. Qingshen Ponkan won the title of IPM product in 2001. In the first half of 2002, it was named the Ponkan pollution-free product production base county by the Sichuan Provincial Department of Agriculture. In March 2003, the green food label application was successful. Luxi, Hunan is one of the most famous ponkan towns in the country, producing high-quality, pollution-free ponkans. For thousands of years, Luxi citrus has been a tribute to the imperial courts of all dynasties. After liberation, it was exported in large quantities and enjoyed a high reputation. It was once sold for 6 yuan/jin when exported to Russia. In the 1980s, two excellent ponkan strains, "8304" and "8306", were bred under the leadership of senior agronomist Yang Shengtao. In 1990, they won the second prize of the Hunan Provincial Agricultural Science and Technology Progress Award. Luxi Ponkan won the "Gold Medal" in Hunan Province's high-quality fruit (Ponkan) competition for three consecutive years in 1998, 1999 and 2000; in 2002, it was rated as a famous brand agricultural product in Hunan; in 2003, it was rated as a recognized best-selling brand in the Chinese consumer market; In 2004, it was rated as a food safety and reassurance brand in the Chinese consumer market, and won the best-selling product award at the China Green Food '2004 Shanghai Expo, a trustworthy brand for consumers in Hunan Province and a famous brand in China. In 1999, it passed the "green food" certification of the China Green Food Development Center and was the first product in Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture to obtain a green food certificate. Luxi ponkan has the characteristics of early fruiting and high yield. It also contains a variety of trace elements needed by the human body. It is of high quality and resistant to storage, and is deeply favored by consumers. On January 6, 2008, the Trademark Office of the State Administration for Industry and Commerce officially announced the "Luxi Ponkan" geographical indication trademark. On December 12, 2009, the opening ceremony of the Fifth China·Luxi Ponkan Festival and the large-scale theatrical performance of CCTV's "Happy China Tour - Charming Luxi" were grandly held here. Characteristics of Ponkan: Ponkan Huagan No. 2 has a more open tree shape and medium vigor. The east-west crown diameter of the 10-year-old tree is 3.5m, the north-south crown diameter is 3.8m, and the tree height is 3.3m. The leaves are oblong, with blunt tips and notches. The germination rate is medium, the buds at the top of the branches are easy to sprout in clusters, and the branching ability is weak. It germinates in early March in Yichang, buds appear in early or mid-April, and peaks in late April. It usually has single flowers, mainly terminal flowers and leaves, and the fruit setting rate is more than 13%. The fruiting mother branches are mainly 12-36cm long, and the fruiting branches are mainly 7-15cm long. The fruit setting conditions of the inner and outer fruiting branches of the tree are good under the ventilation and light transmission conditions of the tree. The main fruit-bearing mother branches are spring shoots and early autumn shoots, with spring shoots bearing better fruit.

The fruit is oblate, with short neck and flat peduncle, mainly flat peduncle. The peel is orange and shiny, with fine oil cells and pits. The average fruit longitudinal diameter is 6.13cm, the transverse diameter is 7.42cm, and the skin thickness is 0.30cm. The weight of a single fruit is 149.6g, the size is relatively uniform, the edible rate exceeds 78, the central column is medium-full, the soluble solids are generally higher than 13 after full maturity in the suitable planting area, the acid content is 0.7, the flavor is rich, refreshing and slag-free, and the vitamin The C content is 33.2mg/100g juice, there are about 6 fruit seeds, and the maturity period is from late November to early December. It has good grafting compatibility with Citrus aurantium, Wenzhou mandarin, sweet orange and other citrus. Cultivation technology Ponkan Huagan No. 2 is suitable for cultivation in citrus producing areas with accumulated temperatures between 5300 and 6500°C. The most suitable planting area is the area in the Qingjiang River Basin with an altitude below 550m. The plant-to-row spacing is 3×4m. When high grafting, attention should be paid to the selection of base anvils and intermediate anvils. For acidic soil base anvils, the type containing Citrus aurantium is better. For alkaline soil base anvils, red tangerines are more suitable. For intermediate anvils, this anvil, Wenzhou satsuma mandarin orange and ordinary sweet orange are the best. Due to the high fruit setting rate, attention should be paid to proper flower and fruit thinning. Since ponkans have the habit of bearing fruit at the top, attention should be paid to cultivating the inner and lower fruiting branches, and controlling the summer shoots to avoid conflicts between the shoots and fruits and the outward movement of the fruiting parts. It is best to apply fruit-strengthening fertilizer in mid-June. The citrus complex came into being. Quzhou, Zhejiang Province is known as the "hometown of ponkans in China" and is the largest ponkan producing area in my country. The rural economy is based on growing and selling citrus. "China Citrus Network", "Quzhou Citrus Association" and "Quzhou Citrus Cooperative" are located in the Piaootang Citrus Park, Gaojia Town, Qujiang District, Quzhou City, Zhejiang Province. They were founded on December 1, 2006. On that day, Wu Gentu, the backbone of a large citrus sales company, led the organization and creation of related personnel. It used network information as the market window guide and made positive contributions to the market circulation of Chinese citrus in the country and the economic development of local rural areas! Planting requires deep soil (60 cm) and fertile soil; soil pH value is 5.5-7.0; orchard terrain slope is less than 25 degrees. When planning the garden, there should be necessary roads, drainage and irrigation, water storage and ancillary building facilities. In the specific planning, try to concentrate as much as possible and build gardens in places with good transportation and water resources. Time: Planting is generally done after the autumn shoots mature from September to November or before the spring shoots germinate from February to March. Density: Plant at a density of 3m between plants and 4m between rows, with 55-60 plants per mu. Planting technology: dig planting holes with soil: pull wires at fixed distances, dig planting holes, 80cm deep and 80cm wide, then press green manure 50cm deep, backfill soil 40cm high for planting; field ridge planting: 8 meters with a trench (the trench width is 60-80cm , 40-60cm deep), open the compartments, and build 2 ridges per compartment (ridge width 1.5m, ridge center distance 4m, ridge height 20-30cm). When planting, moderately trim the roots of the seedlings and place them in the center of the planting hole. Stretch the roots and straighten them. While filling with soil, gently lift the seedlings up and firmly, so that the roots are closely connected with the soil. Pour enough water to set the roots, make a 1m tree tray around the saplings, and cover it with chaff. Soil management should do a good job in deep plowing, expanding holes, and maturing the soil. It is forbidden to plant tall plants such as corn and wheat in the garden. Reasonable intercropping, cultivating and weeding in orchards should be done well. The principles of fertilizer and water management and fertilization should fully meet the needs of blood oranges for various nutritional elements. It is recommended to apply more organic fertilizers and rationally use inorganic fertilizers and formula fertilizers. Fertilization is guided based on leaf analysis results, orchard soil analysis results, blood orange phenological stages, etc. Fertilization method: Mainly soil fertilization, combined with foliar fertilization. Methods such as circular furrow application, strip furrow application, hole application and soil surface spreading of fertilizers are used. (3) Fertilizer for young trees: Apply frequently and lightly, mainly nitrogen fertilizer, combined with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, fertilize 5-6 times in spring, summer and autumn during the shoot growth period, (3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12 Monthly, apply 0.4 catties of ammonium bicarbonate or 0.2 catties of urea per plant each time. Apply 100-400g of pure nitrogen to a single plant of 1-3 year old trees. The ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 1.0: (0.4-0.5): 1.0. . Apply fertilizer four times to adult trees, namely sprout fertilizer, fruit-preserving fertilizer, fruit-strengthening fertilizer, and fruit-picking fertilizer. The amount of fertilizer is generally 2-3 pounds of chemical fertilizer for germination and 1 pound of manure; 1-2 pounds of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer for fruit-preserving fertilizer. 5 catties of chemical fertilizer; 1-2 catties of chemical fertilizer for fruit strengthening and 1-2 catties of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer; 50-100 catties of organic fertilizer and 1-2 catties of chemical fertilizer for fruit picking (basic fertilizer) are mainly applied to the plants.

(4) Moisture: Irrigate when the soil is dry and drain when there is water accumulation. 1. Principle of plastic surgery and pruning. According to local conditions, tree pruning, proper promotion and suppression, ventilation and light transmission, and three-dimensional results. 2. Plastic surgery (natural heart shape). The stem height is 20-40cm. The main branches (3-4 branches) are scattered and scattered on the main trunk. The branch angle of the main stem is 30°-50°. There are 2-3 sub-main branches on each main branch. Generally, after the third main branch is formed, the central trunk of the branch is cut off and twisted to one side to form a fruiting branch group. Pruning (1) Young trees: Mainly light pruning. After selecting the extended branches in the center of the cluster and the extended branches of each main branch and sub-main branch, cut them moderately or even severely, and adjust the growth balance between the main branches based on the degree of shortcut and the direction of the cut buds. In addition to appropriate thinning and deletion of overly dense branch groups, the inner branches and weak branch tips in the middle and lower parts of the crown should generally be retained. (2) Early fruiting period: Continue to select short-cut extension branches at all levels to wipe out summer shoots and promote strong autumn shoots. In autumn, flower-promoting measures such as girdling, root cutting, and water control are adopted for vigorous trees. (3) During the fruiting period: timely retract the fruiting branch group, the flowering and fruiting branch group and the declining branch group, and prune off light-blocking branches, dead branches, and diseased and insect-infested branches. Diseases and Pests: Anthracnose Strengthen cultivation and management to prevent biased application of nitrogen fertilizers; Mancozeb, copper coniferate, mancozeb, chlorothalonil, etc. can be sprayed on the canopy for 15 days during the spring and summer shoot development periods and before the fruit matures. Spray once from left to right, 3-4 times in a row. Drain foot rot in a timely manner, improve light and ventilation conditions in the garden, and strengthen the prevention and control of beetles and other tree trunk pests; use disease-resistant rootstocks such as tangerine, tangerine, and orange. Susceptible plants can be replaced with disease-resistant rootstocks anvil. Pharmaceutical prevention: Apply medicine after scraping off the lesions. Commonly used medicines include carbendazim, thiophanate-methyl, etc. Mites (citrus spider mite, four-spotted yellow spider mite, rust tick). Around flowering (March-May) and autumn (September-November) are the key periods for preventing and controlling spider mites: before flowering, insect population density reaches 1-2 heads/leaf, and after flowering and autumn when the population density reaches 5-6 heads/leaf, it is necessary to control spider mites. Prevention and treatment. The spring shoot sprouting stage, young fruit stage and fruit enlargement stage are the main periods for the prevention and control of rust lice: rust color appears on the back of the spring shoot leaves of the current year; control immediately when the insect population density on the leaves or fruits reaches 2-3 heads per leaf. Commonly used pesticides include fenacetate, fenacetate, acetifenate, bromofenacet, pyridoxime, etc. Pay attention to protecting natural enemies such as long-bearded mites, blunt mites, mite-eating ladybirds, Japanese square-headed beetles, and lacewings. Scales (yatchi scales, red wax scales, cotton-blowing scales, etc.). Key periods for drug control: the sagittal scale is the first-generation nymph stage, the red wax scale is the larval stage when a large number of upper shoots cause damage (generally from early to mid-May to mid-June), and the cotton-blowing scale is the larval bloom stage. Commonly used pharmaceuticals include fenthiazinone, fenfos, matrine, nicotine, Lesben, and engine oil emulsion. Pay attention to improving the ventilation and light transmission conditions in the garden; protect and utilize natural enemies such as Japanese square-headed beetles, red-spotted ladybugs, lacewings, golden aphid wasps, Australian ladybugs, and scarlet ladybugs. The damage rate of aphids on new shoots reaches 25%, so spraying should be carried out immediately. Commonly used pharmaceuticals include dimethoate, dimethoate, butethiocarb, etc. Attention should be paid to protecting ladybugs, lacewings, hoverflies, aphid wasps, etc., and cutting off overwintering eggs to reduce the base of pests. The key periods for leafminer control are the shoot-out period in summer and autumn (early to mid-July). Timely eradicate sporadic summer and autumn shoots, combined with fertilizer and water management, to promote strong and neat new shoots of the plant. Chemical control: Spray the new shoots when they grow to 1-2cm, once every 7-10 days, 2-3 times in a row. Commonly used drugs include abamectin, feniticide, cyhalothrin, etc. For beetles, from May to August, artificially kill star beetle and green beetle adults at noon on sunny days, and kill brown beetle adults in the evening; remove eggs, newly hatched larvae, and cut off damaged branches in time; soak cotton or cotton gauze with water. Use the original pesticide such as fruit to block the wormholes, and then seal the wormholes with soil to poison the larvae. When the flower bud maggots are budding, use methamphetamine powder, diazinon granules, etc., add fine soil, mix well, and then spread it on the soil surface of the tree tray, once every 7 days, 2-3 times in a row; when the diameter of the flower buds is 2-3mm (now During the white season), spray the crown of the tree with phosphorus, trichlorfon, etc.; remove the affected flower buds as early as possible and bury them deeply or boil them; deep plowing of the garden soil in winter can eliminate some of the pupae of overwintering pests.