1. ▲Newton

On December 25, 1642, Newton was born in a yeoman family in Walsop, a small town in Lincolnshire, England. Newton was a premature baby, weighing only three pounds at birth, and his midwives and his relatives were worried about whether he would survive. No one expected that this seemingly insignificant little thing would become a scientific giant that shocked the past and the present.

In 1661, he entered Trinity College, Cambridge University, and worked as a work-study student.

In 1664, he won a scholarship from Trinity College and began to concentrate on research.

Graduated from university in 1665. Invented the binomial theorem.

In 1666, he discovered gravity, calculus, and studied spectroscopy and telescopes.

He returned to Cambridge University in 1667 and was elected as a special researcher. Invention of the reflecting telescope.

Received a master's degree in 1668.

In 1669 he was appointed chair professor of mathematics at Trinity College. Start teaching optics. On October 27, Barrow resigned as professor in order to support Newton. Newton, 26, was promoted to professor of mathematics and served as the Lucas Lecture Professor. Barrow opened the way for Newton's scientific career. Without the help of Newton's uncle and Barrow, Newton, the thousand-mile horse, might not be galloping on the road of science. Barrow gave way to the wise, which has always been a legend in the history of science.

In 1672, he was elected as a member of the Royal Society.

In 1675, "Newton's rings" were discovered, providing the "particle theory" of light.

In 1677, Leibniz announced the invention of calculus, and the two began to debate.

Began writing "Principles of Mathematics" in 1684.

In 1687, "Principles of Mathematics" was published, shocking the world.

●Famous events:

In the same period, that is, from 1665 to 1666, Newton performed amazing optical experiments. This may have been due to reading Boyle's works on color, which aroused interest in optics - Kepler's optical works had already aroused Newton's interest. Newton let a beam of light enter a dark room through a slit in the chimney curtain, and then pass through a prism and onto a screen. This beam of light is refracted, but its different components are refracted to different degrees. The beam of light projected onto the screen is not just a widening point of light, but a line arranged in the familiar rainbow sequence of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet. colored light strips. One might think that these colors are produced by prisms, but Newton proved that they exist in white light itself, which is simply the composite color of these colors. The way to prove this is to pass the iris, or "spectrum," through a second prism that is straightened in the opposite direction, so that these colors of light can be recombined. Sure enough, a white light spot appeared on the screen. If the second prism is placed so that only one color of light can pass through, the reflected color band may be wider or narrower depending on the direction and angle of placement, but it will always be a single color. (No one knows the exact reason why Newton did not report dark lines in the spectrum... and he must have seen several dark lines when doing some experiments. Because his eyesight was not sharp enough, some experiments were done with an assistant Maybe the assistant saw some hidden clues but thought there was no need to report it. Whatever the case, this was an extremely important discovery, but it would have to be studied by Wollaston and Fraunhofer a century and a half later. .

Newton's prism experiment made him famous in one fell swoop.

2. Beethoven

Beethoven was born in Bonn on December 16, 1770, into a musical family. He has been influenced by music since he was a child and has an inseparable relationship with music. However, his experience of learning music was painful because of his poor family background. His father wanted his son to become a child prodigy and perform everywhere like a famous music master. , so he placed all his hopes on Beethoven, his eldest son.

When Beethoven was just 4 years old, his father asked him to learn to play musical instruments such as piano and violin.

Little Beethoven, who practiced hard, made rapid progress and was able to perform in public at the age of 8. At the age of 11, he joined the band of a local theater. However, due to the lack of good teachers, his father hoped that he would become a child prodigy and become famous in Europe. The dream failed to come true. At this time, Beethoven finally met a good teacher, the band conductor Nefer. This enthusiastic composer valued Beethoven's talent and spoke highly of him.

Under Nefer's guidance, Beethoven increased his interest in national music and began to study composition.

In the summer of 1787, Beethoven went to Vienna to visit the music master Mozart. He originally wanted to learn composition from Mozart, but within a few days he received the news that his mother was seriously ill, so he had to go there in a hurry. Rush home. In his mother's last days, Beethoven stayed by her bedside every day until her mother closed her kind eyes.

My mother passed away, but Beethoven could not go to Vienna immediately to realize his dream because the family was even poorer. His father was addicted to alcohol, spendthrift and had no regard for the family. His two younger brothers were too young. The burden of taking care of the family fell on Beethoven again. While making money to support his family, he had to fight against his alcoholic and spendthrift father. In addition, his strong thirst for knowledge prompted him to explore in many aspects. He managed to attend ethical philosophy classes at the University of Bonn, study classical literature, read the works of Shakespeare, Goethe, Schiller and others, and enrich himself with various knowledge.

In November 1792, the 22-year-old Beethoven left his hometown of Bonn and went to Vienna to continue his studies, and then settled there permanently. In Vienna, he began studying composition under Haydn. With the guidance of famous teachers and his unique musical talent, he soon achieved gratifying results in music creation.

In 1796, Beethoven became deaf. But the torture of illness made him stronger.

Beethoven composed the "Third Symphony" in 1803, which was a sign of his ideological and artistic maturity. Because of his hatred for the rulers and his respect for the people, Beethoven renamed this piece of music "Eroica Symphony" in 1804. This piece of music had a major impact on the history of European music and was hailed as a new milestone. From then on, Beethoven entered a glorious period of artistic creation and became a great musician famous all over the world.

Profile: Beethoven (1770~1827) was a German composer and pianist. He pursued the ideals of "liberty, equality, and fraternity" throughout his life. His major works reflected the revolutionary enthusiasm of the bourgeoisie at that time to oppose feudalism and strive for democracy, and showed the heroic spirit of mankind.

He showed his musical talent very early and started performing on stage at the age of eight

●The glorious period of fame: the "Third Symphony" after the age of 30, namely the "Eroica Symphony" ” and “Symphony No. 9”

3. ▲Napoleon

●Famous event

Napoleon’s famous battle - the Battle of Toulon

< p>The Battle of Toulon was Napoleon's first successful attempt in his military career. This battle enabled Napoleon to show his talents and stand out, becoming a successful starting point for entering the military and political arenas.

Winning appreciation for offering good ideas

In the late eighteenth century, the French Bourgeois Revolution aroused the hatred of domestic royalist forces and foreign feudal autocratic forces. In August 1793, the royalist forces entrenched in the city of Toulon in southern France occupied the port of Toulon and other cities of great military and political value, and formed an anti-French military force with Austria, Prussia, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Spain, the Kingdom of Sardinia and other countries. The alliance colluded and handed over the Fortress of Toulon and the French Mediterranean Fleet with more than 30 ships to the British and Spanish, making this port city a fortress of feudal autocratic forces at home and abroad.

Toulon only has a few square kilometers of city walls and more than 100,000 residents. The entire harbor is divided into an inner harbor and an outer harbor by the Ricard Peninsula, forming a "gourd-shaped" terrain. The Ricard Peninsula is at the waist of a wasp. Status is important.

The French Revolutionary Government mobilized revolutionary troops to besiege Toulon, but several attacks suffered setbacks. At this time, Napoleon, who was actively involved in the revolution, passed by and proposed a good strategy to attack Toulon and expel the British and Spanish navies from the harbor. Saricetti, the revolutionary government commissioner who had supreme power in the army, admired this young officer with good military qualities and immediately appointed him as the artillery commander of the revolutionary army that besieged Toulon.

Excellent planning, showcasing his skills and good command, winning in one fell swoop and earning praises.

Napoleon’s courage and talent displayed in the Battle of Toulon, especially his keen tactical vision and organizational commanding ability, won him unanimous praise. of praise. A report submitted to the Revolutionary Government stated: "Words cannot describe Napoleon's achievements.

He has great knowledge and equally great wisdom and courage, and these words are just an empty description of this rare general." Commissioner Saricetti loved Napoleon very much. With his recommendation On the third day after the Battle of Toulon, the 24-year-old Napoleon was promoted from major to brigadier general.

A successful attempt made an epoch-making military strategist stand out. Nabar entered the stage of world history

4. ▲Van Gogh

He was very depressed during his lifetime

Van Gogh was the most famous painter in the Netherlands, but he His real fame and glory from the world came after his death. His dramatic life is just like his paintings, full of the artist's unique style.

Van Gogh's masterpiece "Sunflowers" has always been famous for his work. Now, this "Sunflower" has won another honor - attracting bees to stop at the stamens. According to the British "Times" report on the 15th, Queen Mary University of London recently conducted an interesting study. Research: Let a group of bees who have never seen real flowers "appreciate" four colorful reproductions of famous paintings to see how the bees react. It was found that Van Gogh's oil painting "Sunflowers" was particularly favored by bees. On the "Sunflower", I want to taste the "nectar" in it. Among the four reproductions of famous paintings, there are two "flower" oil paintings - Van Gogh's "Sunflower" and Paul Gauguin's "Vase of Flowers"; Two oil paintings that are not flowers but are very colorful - "Pottery" by Patrick Caulfield and "Quiet Life and Beer Glass" by Fernand Léger. The study found that at the same time, bees were flying. It flew to "Sunflower" 146 times and landed on it 15 times; it flew to "Vase of Flowers" 81 times and landed on it 11 times, but rarely stopped on the other two paintings.

When he was not famous, he once lived and created with Gauguin, another impressionist master. However, due to Van Gogh's withdrawn character, the two had constant conflicts. Van Gogh once cut off his own ear and gave it to the woman he liked, but he was rejected.

At that time, Van Gogh was about to leave his residence and gave all his paintings to the landlord. The landlord later put them in the attic. The landlord did not like the paintings and gave them to the neighbors casually. Because the paintings took up too much space, the ones that could not be given away were returned. Burnt.

My favorite paintings by Van Gogh are "Starry Night", "Open-air Cafe" and "Irises"

I hope that many of the above summaries are made by myself.