People usually call enterprises that develop coal resources coal mines, and the mined coal products are called coal. In ancient my country, coal was called stone nirvana, or coal. It is a solid combustible mineral that is transformed from plant remains buried underground through long and complex biochemical, geochemical and physical chemical processes. It is not only an indispensable main fuel for industry, agriculture and people's lives, but also an important raw material for metallurgy, chemical industry, medicine and other sectors. According to statistics, coal has always been in a dominant position in the composition of my country's energy production and consumption. In 1995, production accounted for 75.5% and consumption accounted for 75.0%. In the national economy, the development of industry, agriculture, and transportation is inseparable from coal. With the development of modern science and technology and the application of new processes and methods, the use and comprehensive utilization value of coal will become increasingly greater. It can be expected that coal will occupy a very important position in my country's national economy for a long time to come.
1. Characteristics of mineral raw materials
(1) Physical properties of coal
The physical properties of coal are the external manifestations of the certain chemical composition and molecular structure of coal. It is determined by factors such as the original materials that form coal and their accumulation conditions, transformation process, degree of coalification, degree of wind and oxidation. Including color, gloss, pink color, specific gravity and bulk density, hardness, brittleness, fracture surface and conductivity, etc. Among them, except for specific gravity and conductivity, which need to be measured in the laboratory, the others can be determined based on visual observation. The physical properties of coal can be used as the basis for preliminary evaluation of coal quality, and used to study the origin of coal, metamorphic mechanism and solve geological problems such as coal seam comparison.
1. Color
Refers to the natural color of the surface of fresh coal, which is the result of coal's absorption of light waves of different wavelengths. It is brown to black in color and generally becomes darker as the degree of coalification increases.
2. Gloss
Refers to the reflective ability of the surface of coal under ordinary light. Generally, it has the luster of asphalt, glass and diamond. The higher the degree of coalification, the stronger the luster; the greater the mineral content, the darker the luster; the deeper the degree of wind and oxidation, the darker the luster until it disappears completely.
3. Pink
Refers to the color of coal ground into powder or the traces left when coal is scratched on a glazed porcelain plate, so it is also called streak color. . Light brown to black. Generally, the higher the degree of coalification, the darker the pink color.
4. Specific gravity and bulk density
The specific gravity of coal is also called the density of coal. It is the weight of a certain volume of coal excluding pores and the same temperature and volume of water. weight ratio. The bulk density of coal is also called the weight or false specific gravity of coal. It is the ratio of the weight of a certain volume of coal, including pores, to the weight of water at the same temperature and volume. The bulk density of coal is an important indicator for calculating coal seam reserves. The bulk density of lignite is generally 1.05 to 1.2, that of bituminous coal is 1.2 to 1.4, and that of anthracite has a larger range, ranging from 1.35 to 1.8. The composition of coal and rock, the degree of coalification, and the composition and content of minerals in coal are the main factors that affect the specific gravity and bulk density. Under the same mineral content, the specific gravity of coal increases with the degree of coalification.
5. Hardness
Refers to the ability of coal to resist external mechanical effects. According to the different ways of external mechanical force, the hardness of coal can be further divided into three categories: scoring hardness, indentation hardness and anti-wear hardness. The hardness of coal is related to the degree of coalification. Lignite and coking coal have the lowest hardness, about 2 to 2.5; anthracite has the highest hardness, close to 4.
6. Brittleness
It is the degree to which coal is broken by external forces. The original materials that form coal, the composition of coal rock, and the degree of coalification all have an impact on the brittleness of coal. Among coals with different degrees of metamorphism, long-flame coal and gas coal have smaller brittleness, fat coal, coking coal and lean coal have the largest brittleness, and anthracite coal has the smallest brittleness.
7. Fracture
refers to the shape of the cross section formed after coal is struck by external force. Common fractures in coal include shell-shaped fractures, jagged fractures, etc. The original material composition and degree of coalification of coal are different, and the fracture shapes are different.
8. Electrical conductivity
Refers to the ability of coal to conduct electric current, usually expressed by resistivity. Lignite has low resistivity. When lignite transitions to bituminous coal, the resistivity increases sharply. Bituminous coal is a poor conductor. As the degree of coalification increases, the resistivity decreases, and drops sharply when reaching anthracite coal, which has good conductivity.
(2) Chemical composition of coal
The chemical composition of coal is very complex, but it can be summarized into two categories: organic matter and inorganic matter, with organic matter as the main body.
The organic matter in coal is mainly composed of five elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and organic sulfur. Among them, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen account for more than 95% of organic matter. In addition, there are very small amounts of phosphorus and other elements. The elemental composition of organic matter in coal changes regularly with the degree of coalification. Generally speaking, the deeper the degree of coalification, the higher the carbon content, the lower the hydrogen and oxygen content, and the nitrogen content is also slightly reduced. The sulfur content is related to the type of coal formation. Carbon and hydrogen are important elements that generate heat during coal combustion, and oxygen is a combustion-supporting element. The three constitute the main body of organic matter. When coal is burned, nitrogen does not produce heat and often precipitates in a free state. However, under high temperature conditions, part of the nitrogen is converted into ammonia and other nitrogen-containing compounds, which can be recycled to produce ammonia sulfate, urea and nitrogen fertilizer. Sulfur, phosphorus, fluorine, chlorine, arsenic, etc. are harmful elements in coal. Coal with high sulfur content generates sulfide gas when burned, which not only corrodes metal equipment, reacts with water in the air to form acid rain, pollutes the environment, and harms plant production, but also when coal containing sulfur and phosphorus is used for metallurgical coking, the coal contains Most of the sulfur and phosphorus are transferred into coke and then into steel during smelting, which seriously affects the quality of coke and steel and is not conducive to the casting and mechanical processing of steel. When coal containing fluorine and chlorine is burned or coked, various pipes and furnace walls will be severely corroded. Coal containing arsenic is used as fuel in the brewing and food industries. Excessive arsenic content will increase the toxicity of the product and endanger people's health.
The inorganic substances in coal are mainly moisture and minerals. Their presence reduces the quality and utilization value of coal, and most of them are harmful components in coal.
In addition, there are some rare, dispersed and radioactive elements, such as germanium, gallium, indium, thorium, vanadium, titanium, uranium, etc., which exist in coal in the form of organic or inorganic compounds. middle. Once the content of some of these elements reaches industrial grade or can be comprehensively utilized, they will become important mineral resources.
Through elemental analysis, we can understand the chemical composition and content of coal. Through industrial analysis, we can initially understand the properties of coal and roughly determine the type and use of coal. The industrial analysis of coal includes the measurement of moisture, ash, volatile matter and the calculation of fixed carbon.
1. Moisture
Refers to the water content per unit weight of coal. Moisture in coal exists in three states: external moisture, internal moisture and crystal water. Generally, the intrinsic moisture of coal is used as an indicator to evaluate coal quality. The lower the degree of coalification, the greater the internal surface area of ??the coal and the higher the moisture content. Moisture is a harmful substance to the processing and utilization of coal. During the storage process of coal, it can accelerate weathering, cracking, and even spontaneous combustion; during transportation, it will increase the transportation volume, waste transportation capacity, and increase freight; during coking, it consumes heat, lowers the furnace temperature, prolongs the coking time, and reduces production efficiency; When burning, the effective calorific value is reduced; in winter in alpine areas, it will also freeze the coal, causing difficulty in loading and unloading. Only when pressing briquettes and briquettes requires the right amount of moisture to form.
2. Ash
refers to the solid residue left after coal is completely burned under specified conditions. It is derived from the oxidation and decomposition of minerals in coal. Ash is extremely detrimental to coal processing and utilization. The higher the ash content, the lower the thermal efficiency; during combustion, the melted ash will also form slag in the furnace, affecting the gasification and combustion of coal, and making it difficult to discharge slag; during coking, all of it is transferred to coke, reducing the strength of the coke. , seriously affecting the quality of coke. The composition of coal ash is very complex, and different compositions directly affect the melting point of the ash. Coal with low ash melting point will bring many difficulties to production operations when burned and gasified. For this reason, when evaluating the industrial use of coal, it is necessary to analyze the ash composition and determine the ash melting point.
3. Volatile matter
Refers to the flammable gas produced by the thermal decomposition of organic matter in coal. It is the main indicator for classifying coal and is used to initially determine the processing and utilization properties of coal. The volatile component yield of coal is closely related to the degree of coalification. The lower the degree of coalification, the higher the volatile component. As the degree of coalification deepens, the volatile component gradually decreases.
4. Fixed carbon
When measuring the volatile content of coal, the remaining non-volatile matter is called coke slag. The coke residue minus the ash is called fixed carbon. It is a non-volatile solid combustible substance in coal and can be calculated using calculation methods.
The appearance of coke slag is closely related to the properties of organic matter in coal. Therefore, the caking property and industrial use of coal can be qualitatively judged based on the appearance characteristics of coke slag.
(3) The technological properties of coal
In order to improve the comprehensive utilization value of coal, the technological properties of coal must be understood and studied to meet all aspects of coal quality requirements. The technological properties of coal mainly include: caking and coking properties, calorific value, chemical reactivity, thermal stability, light transmittance, mechanical strength and selectability, etc.
1. Caking and coking properties
Cohesiveness refers to the ability of coal particles to stick to each other and form blocks due to the decomposition and melting of organic matter in coal during the carbonization process. performance. Coking property refers to the ability of coal to form coke during carbonization. The caking property of coal is a necessary condition for coking. Coal with good coking property must have good coking property, but coal with good coking property may not be able to produce good quality coke alone. This is why coal blending is necessary for coking. Cohesiveness is the main indicator for industrial classification of coal. It is generally expressed by the thickness of the colloid formed by thermal decomposition and softening of organic matter in coal. It is often called the colloid layer thickness. The thicker the glue layer, the better the adhesion. There are many methods to measure the cohesion and coking properties. In addition to the colloid layer measurement method, there are also Roga index method, Oya expansion test and so on. The cohesion is affected by many factors such as the degree of coalification, coal rock composition, oxidation degree and mineral content. Coal with the highest and lowest degree of coalification generally has no cohesiveness and the thickness of the colloid layer is also very small.
2. Calorific value
Refers to the heat generated when a unit weight of coal is completely burned, also known as calorific value, commonly expressed as 106J/kg. It is an important indicator for evaluating coal quality, especially for thermal coal. In the international market, thermal coal is priced based on calorific value. Since June 1985, my country has reformed the pricing based on ash content, which has been used for decades, to pricing based on calorific value. The calorific value is mainly related to the content of combustible elements in coal and the degree of coalification. In order to facilitate comparison of coal consumption, in industrial production, the actual coal consumption is often converted into standard coal with a calorific value of 2.930368×107J/kg for calculation.
3. Chemical reactivity
Also known as activity. It refers to the reaction ability of coal to interact with carbon dioxide, oxygen and water vapor at a certain temperature. It is an important indicator for evaluating gasification coal and thermal coal. The reactivity directly affects the coal consumption and the effective components of the gas. The activity of coal generally weakens as the degree of coalification deepens.
4. Thermal stability
Also known as heat resistance. It refers to the performance of coal to maintain its original particle size under high temperature. It is another important indicator for evaluating gasification coal and thermal coal. The quality of thermal stability directly affects the normal production in the furnace and the efficiency of coal gasification and combustion.
5. Light transmittance
Refers to the solution obtained by treating coal with a low degree of coalification (lignite, long-flame coal, etc.) with a mixture of nitric acid and phosphoric acid under specified conditions. The transmittance of light is called transmittance. As the degree of coalification deepens, the light transmittance gradually increases. Therefore, it is an important indicator for distinguishing lignite, long-flame coal and gas coal.
6. Mechanical strength
Refers to the ease with which lumps of coal are broken by external forces. When coal with low mechanical strength is put into a gasifier, it is easily broken into small pieces and powder, affecting the normal operation of the gasifier. Therefore, coal used for gasification must have high mechanical strength.
7. Optionality
Refers to the difficulty of removing gangue and minerals from coal through washing. The current coal preparation methods in my country are detailed in Section 4.
II. Usage and technical and economic indicators
(1) Industrial classification of coal
In 1958, the country promulgated a classification scheme focusing on coal for coking , which has created favorable conditions for the rational use of coal resources in the industrial sector, but some problems have also arisen in practice. On the basis of careful analysis, study and absorption of advanced foreign classification methods, in order to make the technical and economic indicators of each classification best reflect the quality characteristics of coal and achieve the purpose of more rational utilization of coal resources, in 1986, the country re-promulgated the classification from lignite to According to the comprehensive technical classification standard for anthracite, coal in nature is divided into 14 categories, among which lignite and anthracite are divided into 2 and 3 subcategories respectively (Table 2.2.1). This is my country’s current national standard for coal classification.
Table 2.2.1 China’s National Standard for Coal Classification (GB5751-86)
(1) Classification indicators and their symbols Vr is dry ash-free volatile matter (%); Hr is Dry ashless hydrogen content (%); GR.I (abbreviated as G) is the bonding index of bituminous coal; Y is the maximum thickness of the colloid layer of bituminous coal; PM is the transmittance of coal sample (%); b is bituminous coal The O-A expansion degree (%); Q-A.GNGW is the constant humidity ash-free base high calorific value of coal (MJ/kg).
(2) Coding of coal types: Each type of coal is represented by two-digit Arabic digits. The 10th digit represents the volatile matter of coal, the single digit represents the degree of coalification in anthracite and lignite, and the single digit in bituminous coal represents the cohesiveness.
(2) The main characteristics and uses of each coal type
1. Lignite
It is the coal with the lowest degree of coalification. It is characterized by high moisture, small specific gravity, high volatile matter, non-adhesiveness, strong chemical reactivity, poor thermal stability, low calorific value, and contains varying amounts of humic acid. It is mostly used as raw material for fuel, gasification or low-temperature carbonization. It can also be used to extract montan wax and humic acid to make sulfonated coal or activated carbon. No. 1 lignite can also be used as organic fertilizer in farmland and orchards.
2. Long-flame coal
It has a high volatile content, no or very little cohesion, and the thickness of the colloid layer does not exceed 5mm. It is easy to burn. It has a very long flame, hence the name long-flame coal. It can be used as raw material for gasification and low-temperature carbonization, and can also be used as civil and power fuel.
3. Non-stick coal
It has high water content, no cohesiveness, basically does not produce colloid when heated, has a small calorific value when burned, and contains a certain amount of secondary Humic acid. Mainly used for making gas and civil or power fuel.
4. Weakly caking coal
Moisture is large, the cohesion is weak, and the volatile content is high. It can produce less colloid when heated and can coke alone, but the coal The resulting coke pieces are small and fragile, with a high powder coke rate. This coal is mainly used as gasification feedstock and power fuel.
5. 1/2 medium caking coal
It has medium caking and medium to high volatility. It can be used as raw material for coal blending and coking, and can also be used as coal for gasification and power fuel.
6. Gas coal
It has high volatile content, thick colloid layer and poor thermal stability. It can form coke alone, but the produced coke is slender and brittle, has a large shrinkage rate, many longitudinal cracks, and poor shatter resistance and wear resistance. Therefore, it can only be used for coal blending and coking, but it can also be used for oil refining, making gas, producing nitrogen fertilizer or as power fuel.
7. Gas-fat coal
Its volatile content and cohesiveness are very high, and its coking property is between gas coal and fat coal. When coking alone, it can produce a large amount of Gaseous and liquid chemicals. It is most suitable for high-temperature carbonization to produce coal gas, and is also a good raw material for coal blending and coking.
8. Fat coal
It has good cohesiveness and medium to medium-high volatile matter. When heated, it can produce a large amount of colloid and form a colloid layer larger than 25mm. , the strongest coking property. Using this kind of coal to make coke can produce coke with good meltability and wear resistance. However, this kind of coke has many transverse cracks, and the coke root part often has bee char and is easily broken into small pieces. Due to its strong cohesiveness, it is the main component in coal blending and coking.
9. 1/3 coking coal
It is a transitional coal between coking coal, fat coal and gas coal. It has strong caking and medium to high volatile matter. When used for coking, it can form coke with good meltability and high strength. Therefore, it is a good base coal for coal blending and coking.
10. Coking coal
It has medium-low volatile matter and medium-high cohesiveness. It can form a very stable colloid when heated. It can be used alone for coking to form Coke has a dense structure, large block size, high strength, good wear resistance, few cracks and is not easily broken. However, due to its large expansion pressure, it can easily cause difficulty in pushing coke and damage the furnace body, so it is generally used as coal blending for coking.
11. Lean coal
It has low volatile matter and medium cohesiveness. When coking alone, it can form coke with large lumps, few cracks, good crushing strength, but poor wear resistance. Therefore, adding it to coal blending for coking can increase the lumpiness and strength of coke.
12. Lean coal
Low volatile content, weak cohesion and poor coking properties. When coking alone, a lot of coke powder is produced. But it can act as a slimming agent.
Therefore, it can be used as coal blending for coking. At the same time, it is also a good fuel for civil and power use.
13. Lean coal
It has a certain amount of volatile matter, does not produce colloids when heated, has no or only weak cohesiveness, and has a short combustion flame. No coking. Mainly used for power and civil fuel. In areas lacking lean materials, it can also be used as a slimming agent for coal blending and coking.
14. Anthracite
It is the coal with the highest degree of coalification. Low volatile content, high specific gravity, high hardness, less smoke when burning, short flames, and strong firepower. Usually used as civil and power fuel. Good-quality anthracite can be used as raw material for gasification, fuel for blast furnace injection and sintering of iron ore, and manufacture of calcium carbide, electrodes and carbon materials.
(3) Quality requirements for industrial coal
Coal has a wide range of industrial uses, which can be summarized mainly in three aspects: metallurgy, chemical industry and power. At the same time, it also has broad application prospects in fields such as oil refining, medicine, precision casting and aerospace industry. Each industrial sector has specific quality requirements and technical standards for the coal used. A brief introduction is as follows:
1. Coal for coking
Coking is to heat coal in a carbonization furnace. As the temperature increases (eventually reaching about 1 000°C), the coal The organic matter in the coal gradually decomposes, and the volatile substances escape in the gaseous or steam state and become coal gas and coal tar. The remaining non-volatile product is coke. Coke plays the role of reducing and melting ore in the iron-making furnace, providing heat energy and supporting the charge, and maintaining good air permeability of the charge. Therefore, the quality requirements for coking coal are to obtain high-quality metallurgical coke with high mechanical strength, uniform lumpiness, and low ash and sulfur content. The state has special quality standards for coal used in metallurgical coking, see Table 2.2.2.
Table 2.2.2 Metallurgical coking coal quality standards (GB397-65) see the picture above
2 Gasification coal
Coal gasification is based on Oxygen, water, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, etc. are used as gas media. After thermochemical treatment, coal is converted into gas for various purposes. The gas products obtained from coal gasification can be used as industrial and civil fuels and raw materials for chemical synthesis. There are two commonly used gas production methods: ①Fixed bed gasification method. At present, anthracite coal and coke are mainly used as gasification raw materials in China to produce synthetic ammonia raw gas. The fixed carbon of the raw coal is required to be >80%, the ash content (Ag) <25%, the sulfur content (SgQ) ≤2%, the particle size must be uniform, 25~75mm, or 19~50mm, or 13~25mm, and the mechanical strength > 65%, thermal stability S+13>60%, ash melting point (T2)>1 250℃, volatile matter not higher than 9%, the stronger the chemical reactivity, the better. ② Boiling layer gasification method. The quality requirements for raw coal are: chemical reactivity should be greater than 60%, non-adhesive or weakly adhesive, ash (Ag) <25%, sulfur (SgQ) <2%, moisture (WQ) <10%, ash Melting point (T2)>1 200℃, particle size <10mm, mainly uses lignite, long-flame coal and weakly caking coal.
3. Coal for oil refining
Generally, lignite and long-flame coal are the main ones. Weakly caking coal and gas coal can also be used. The requirements depend on the oil refining method. ① Low-temperature retorting method is to retort coal at a temperature of about 550°C to produce low-temperature tar. Semi-coke and low-temperature coke oven gas can also be obtained. Coal types include lignite, long-flame coal, non-caking coal or weakly caking coal, and gas coal. The quality requirements for raw coal are: tar yield (Tf) > 7%, gel layer thickness < 9mm, thermal stability S+13 > 40%, particle size 6 ~ 13mm, preferably 20 ~ 80mm. ②Hydrogenation and liquefaction method is to mix coal, catalyst and heavy oil together, destroy the organic matter in the coal under high temperature and pressure, and convert it into low molecular liquid or gaseous products with hydrogen, which can be further processed to obtain fuels such as gasoline and diesel. The raw coals are mainly lignite, long-flame coal and gas coal. It is required that the carbon hydrogenation (C/H) of coal is <16, the volatile matter is >35%, the ash content (Ag) is <5%, and the silk carbon content of coal rock is <2%.
4. Coal for fuel
Any kind of coal can be used as fuel for industry and civil use. Different industrial sectors have different quality requirements for coal used as fuel.
Steam locomotives have higher coal requirements. The national regulations are: volatile matter (Vr) ≥ 20%, ash content (Ag) ≤ 24%, ash melting point (T2) ≥ 1 200°C, sulfur content (SgQ) long tunnels and tunnel group areas The segment is ≤1%, and the low-level calorific value is 2.09312×107～2.51174×107J/kg. Power plants should generally try to use low-quality coal with an ash content (Ag) >30%, and a few large boilers can use coal with an ash content (Ag) of about 20%. In order to use high-quality coal for the development of metallurgical and chemical industries, my country has made rapid progress in the application of low calorific value coal in recent years. Many low-quality coal and coal gangue with a calorific value of only about 8 372.5J/kg have also It can be used in general factories, and some power plants have mixed coal gangue up to 30%.
Coal has many other uses. For example, lignite and oxidized coal can produce humic acid fertilizers; lignite wax can be extracted from lignite for use in electrical, printing, precision casting, chemical industry and other departments; high-quality anthracite can be used to produce silicon carbide, carbon sand, artificial corundum, artificial Graphite, electrodes, calcium carbide and are used for blast furnace injection or casting fuel; carbon fiber made of coal pitch has a tensile strength a thousand times greater than steel, is light in weight and resistant to high temperatures, and is an important material for the development of space technology; used Coal pitch can also be made into needle coke to produce new electric furnace electrodes, which can improve the production efficiency of electric furnace steelmaking and so on. In short, with the continuous advancement of modern science and technology, the comprehensive utilization technology of coal is also developing rapidly, and the field of comprehensive utilization of coal will continue to expand.
3. A brief history of mining
(1) A brief history of ancient coal mining
my country is the first country in the world to discover and utilize coal. In 1973, a large number of clean coal products were discovered in the lower layer of the Neolithic Xinle site near Beiling, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province. Among them are: 25 pieces of round bubble-shaped ornaments, 6 pieces of ear (Wangdang)-shaped ornaments, and 15 pieces of round beads. Also unearthed along with these coal products are 97 pieces of crushed coal, semi-finished coal, and coal blocks. These coal products, identified by the Scientific Research Institute of the former Liaoning Coalfield Geological Exploration Company, "have a weak grease luster, a uniform structure, and are characterized by high hardness and toughness." They are easy to ignite with a match and emit bright and black light when burning. The flames smoke and emit a burnt rubber smell. Industrial analysis and elemental analysis have proven that its raw material is candle coal. This is the earliest conclusive evidence of coal use in the world, and it is also a historical witness that our country discovered and began to utilize coal as early as six or seven thousand years ago.
In the mid-1950s and the mid-1970s, archaeologists unearthed coal carvings from four Western Zhou tombs in Shaanxi Province. Among them, more than 200 were unearthed in Rujiazhuang, Baoji City. . It can be judged from this that as early as the Western Zhou Dynasty, coal had been mined and utilized in Shaanxi, which was the political and economic center of the country at that time.
During the Warring States Period, in addition to continuing to use coal to carve daily necessities, records about coal also appeared in the writings of the time. The "Book of Mountains and Seas", a geographical work of the pre-Qin period, contains three records about Shi Nirvana: one is found in the book's "Western Mountain Classic", "The mountain on the female bed has many red copper yangs and many stone Nirvana yin"; The two places are found in "Zhongshan Jing", "The head of Minshan Mountain is called Nuji Mountain, and there are many rocks on it." "One hundred and fifty miles to the east, it is called Wind and Rain Mountain. There is a lot of white gold on it and many rocks on it. nirvana". According to the research of relevant experts, the Mountain of Nubed, the Mountain of Nuji, and the Mountain of Wind and Rain are respectively located in Fengxiang, Shaanxi, Shuangliu, Shifang, Tongjiang, Nanjiang, and Bazhong areas of Sichuan. Comparing ancient times and modern times, coal was produced in all the above places, which proves that the records in "The Classic of Mountains and Seas" are basically correct. At the same time, it shows that coal in these places had been discovered at that time, and some preliminary geological knowledge for coal hunting had been accumulated.
From the Western Han Dynasty to the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, coal wells of a certain scale and corresponding coal mining technology appeared. Coal was not only used to produce fuel, but also to smelt iron; not only raw coal could be utilized, but also The pulverized coal is also shaped and processed into coal cakes, thus increasing the use value of the coal. Coal is produced not only in the north, but also in the south. There are even records of coal production in Xinjiang. At the same time, coal carving technology had initially become popular at this time.
From the Sui and Tang Dynasties to the Yuan Dynasty, coal development became more common and its uses became more widespread. Metallurgy, ceramics and other industries all used coal as fuel. Coal became the main commodity in the market and its status became increasingly important. People's attention to coal A deeper understanding. In particular, it should be pointed out that the use of coal for coking began to sprout in the Tang Dynasty, and by the Song Dynasty, coking technology had reached maturity.
In the autumn of 1978 and the winter of 1979, the Shanxi Archaeological Institute unearthed a large amount of coke from the Jin Dynasty brick tomb in Macun, Jishan County, Shanxi Province. Winter Solstice 1957 In April 1958, the cultural relics team of the Hebei Provincial Bureau of Culture unearthed three coke oven sites from the Song and Yuan dynasties in Yantai Town, Fengfeng Mining Area, Hebei. The emergence of coke and the invention of coking technology marked that coal processing and utilization has entered a new stage.
From the Ming Dynasty to the 20th year of Daoguang’s reign in the Qing Dynasty (1840), the feudal rulers at that time paid more attention to the development of coal and took some measures to develop coal production. The mining management policy also underwent certain changes. These changes are beneficial to the coal industry, and all aspects of the coal industry have made greater progress than before. Coal development technology has been developed, forming a rich and colorful ancient Chinese coal science and technology. Although they were all manual coal kilns at that time, their mining and utilization were earlier than other countries. Therefore, before the 17th century, China was a world leader in many aspects of coal technology and management, which we should be proud of. However, the increasingly declining and decadent feudal system finally hindered the continued progress of the ancient coal industry, which led to the birth of modern coal mines in China.
(2) A brief history of modern coal mining
After the Opium War in 1840, China was forced to open its door and entered a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society. The modern shipping industry and machine industry began to appear. , required a large amount of coal, and the old manual coal kiln production was far from meeting the needs. Therefore, the Westernization faction of the Qing court actively planned to introduce advanced Western coal mining technology and equipment, and modern coal mines began to appear. The main signs of modern coal mines are, first, the capitalist management method; second, the use of steam-powered hoists, ventilators and drainage machines in the three production links of lifting, ventilation and drainage. The other production links still rely on human and animal power. This technical situation lasted almost until 1949, and even if there were any changes, they were only partial and minor. This is the main technical feature that distinguishes modern coal mines from ancient manual coal kilns and modern mechanized mines.
The earliest modern coal mines in my country are the Keelung Coal Mine in Taiwan and the Kaiping Coal Mine in Hebei. The Keelung Coal Mine was founded by Shen Baozhen, the governor of Liangjiang in the Qing Dynasty, who hired British coal engineers. It was built in 1876 and coal was produced in 1878. The annual output was about 30,000 to 50,000 tons. Due to poor management and operation, the output gradually declined soon after it was put into operation. In 1884, the Sino-French War At that time, the mine was bombed and production stopped. The Kaiping Coal Mine was established by Li Hongzhang, the Governor of Zhili, in 1876. He ordered Tang Tingshu and others to prepare and build it in 1877. The Tangshan Mine was completed in 1881, and later the Linxi, Xishan and other mines were built. By 1894, the average daily output reached 1,500t, and the maximum daily output reached 2,000t. . During this period, 14 modern coal mines of different sizes and lifespans were opened successively. They were either government-run, jointly-run by the government-businessmen, or run by the government-supervised businessmen, all of which were bureaucratic-capitalist in nature. Most failed due to poor management, lack of funds, and small size.
After the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894, China's national power declined. Great powers took advantage of the situation and came one after another. Foreign capital invaded China's coal mines in large numbers. In April 1898, the "Jiaoao Lease Treaty" signed between China and Germany stipulated: "Germany will build two north and south railways from Jiaozhou Bay in Shandong. German businessmen will have the right to mine minerals within thirty miles (15km) of each side of the railway. ." Since then, Britain, Russia, France, and Japan have successively obtained similar rights. According to incomplete statistics, from 1895 to 1912, there were 42 treaties, agreements and contracts (including other mineral deposits) involving imperialism to seize coal mining rights in China, involving Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Yunnan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Anhui and Fujian. , Guizhou, Shandong, Zhejiang, Shanxi, Hebei, Re, Henan, Hubei, Tibet, Xinjiang and other 19 provinces. Large-scale coal mines such as Kaiping, Luanzhou, Jiaozuo, Mengxian, Pingding Prefecture (now Pingding County), Lu'an, Zezhou, Pingyang Prefecture Coal Mine, Benxihu, and Lincheng were opened. The output of foreign-invested coal mines accounted for 83.2% of the total output of modern coal mines in China at that time, basically controlling China's coal industry. Imperialist aggression aroused the resistance of the Chinese people. Starting in 1903, a movement to recover mineral rights was launched, which reached its climax in 1911. China's patriotic gentry and merchants were dissatisfied with the leakage of profits. During the people's struggle to recover mineral rights, they raised funds to open a number of coal mines. Seeing that coal mines were profitable, bureaucratic compradors were unwilling to miss the opportunity and tried every means to open coal mines. As a result, China's modern coal mines showed a development trend from 1895 to 1936.
After the "July 7" Incident in 1937, the Japanese imperialists occupied most of our country's coal mines, including those operated by foreign capital, and their mining methods were completely predatory. From 1931 to 1945, the Japanese invaders occupied more than 200 large and small coal mines in my country, plundered 420 million tons of coal, and destroyed countless coal resources.
During the Anti-Japanese War, the National Government’s Resources Committee directly administered 29 coal mines, and also adopted funding and other measures to encourage private coal mines. There were 59 coal mines operating, with a total annual output of approximately more than 6 million tons. In the liberated areas, some small coal mines were also set up to provide fuel for local soldiers and civilians. According to post-war statistics, there are 473 small coal kilns in the Shanxi, Chacha, and Hebei border areas, with a daily coal output of 2,739 tons.
After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War in 1945, a small part of the coal mines occupied by Japan were taken over by the People's Government of the Liberated Areas, and most of them were taken over by the Kuomintang regime. In the early days of the Liberation War, affected by the changing political and military situation, some coal mines changed hands several times and were in a state of suspension or semi-suspended production. After 1947, the Nationalist Government gradually collapsed. It was not until the birth of New China in 1949 that these coal mines gradually returned to the hands of the People's Government, but they had been severely damaged.
(3) A brief history of modern coal mining
According to incomplete statistics, when the People’s Republic of China was founded, the people’s governments of various places took over about 40 coal mining enterprises from the old Communist Party of China, and 200 mines and a few open-pit mines. They are mainly distributed in Shandong and Anhui provinces in Northeast, North and East China. Except for a few places, they are all small in scale, with crude equipment and backward technology. Coupled with the damage of long-term war, they are riddled with holes and are in decline and dilapidation. scene. For example, all 9 pairs of mine shafts in Shanxi Datong Coal Mine were flooded, and all the machinery and equipment were destroyed. There was not a single intact working surface underground, not a complete factory building on the ground, not a single machine could operate normally, and not a single tunnel could be opened to traffic normally. Production Completely halted; the West Open-pit Mine and Longfeng Mine of Liaoning Fushun Coal Mine have been flooded and have basically stopped production; 11 of the 18 pit mouths of Henan Jiaozuo Coal Mine have been completely destroyed, and 7 have only derricks left, and have completely stopped production; Shandong Zibo, Zaozhuang, Shanxi Yangquan The larger coal mines are also in ruins. The coal mining industry in New China started in such a mess.
Jianguo Yi?/div>
Answer: hzj121121 - Juren Level 4 3-5 09:52
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