(2) Variety, application scope and dosage of food additives.
(three) the nutritional requirements of infant food.
(4) Requirements for labels, labels and instructions related to food safety and nutrition.
(5) Quality requirements related to food safety.
(6) Food inspection methods and procedures.
(seven) other contents that need to formulate food safety standards.
(8) All additives in food must be listed in detail.
(9) Hygienic requirements in the process of food production and operation. National standards for food safety are formulated by the Ministry of Health. The formulation of national food safety standards should be based on the results of food safety risk assessment, fully consider the results of quality and safety risk assessment of edible agricultural products, refer to relevant international standards and international food safety risk assessment results, listen to the opinions of food producers, operators and consumers, and be examined and approved by the National Food Safety Standards Review Committee.
There are strict procedures for the formulation of national standards for food safety, which are generally divided into the following steps: formulating the standard formulation plan, determining the drafting unit, drafting the draft standard, soliciting opinions, reviewing by the Committee, and approving by the Ministry of Health. Up to now, China has formulated and published 303 national food safety standards, covering more than 6,000 food safety indicators.
Chen Rui, deputy director of the Food Safety Standards and Evaluation Department of the National Health and Family Planning Commission, said at the press conference that in recent years, the National Health and Family Planning Commission has continuously established and improved the food safety standards management system, promulgated and implemented the Measures for the Administration of the Filing of National, Local and Enterprise Standards on Food Safety, and established the National Food Safety Risk Assessment Center to carry out food safety risk assessment, which provided a scientific basis for formulating and improving standards.
Up to now, China has formulated and issued 303 national food safety standards, including dairy safety standards, mycotoxins, residues of agricultural and veterinary drugs, the use of food additives and nutritional fortifiers, prepackaged foods labeling and general principles of nutrition labeling, covering more than 6,000 food safety indicators.
In view of food safety standards, the National Health and Family Planning Commission has also set up the National Food Safety Standards Review Committee, which is composed of 10 professional sub-committees on food pollutants, microorganisms, food additives, pesticide residues and veterinary drug residues, and more than 350 authoritative experts in the fields of medicine, agriculture, food and nutrition, and is responsible for the standard review. Britain is one of the first countries to pay attention to food safety and formulate relevant laws. Its system is perfect, its legal responsibility is strict, its supervisory responsibility is clear, and its measures are concrete, forming a management system that pays equal attention to legislation and supervision.
For example, since 1984, Britain has enacted Food Law, Food Safety Law, Food Standards Law and Food Hygiene Law. At the same time, many special laws and regulations have been promulgated, such as dessert regulations, food labeling regulations, meat products regulations, feed hygiene regulations, food additives regulations and so on. These laws and regulations cover all food categories, involving all aspects of the entire food chain from farmland to table.
In Britain, if the subject of responsibility violates the law, it should not only bear the civil liability for compensation to the victim, but also bear the corresponding administrative punishment and even criminal sanctions according to the degree and specific situation of the violation. For example, according to the Food Safety Law, according to the specific circumstances, a general illegal act can be punished with a fine of 5,000 pounds or imprisonment for up to 3 months; Anyone who sells food that does not meet the quality standards or provides food that is harmful to people's health will be fined up to 20,000 pounds or imprisoned for 6 months; If the circumstances and consequences of the illegal act are very serious, the maximum penalty for the offender is an unlimited fine or two years' imprisonment.
In Britain, food safety supervision is undertaken by the federal government, local authorities and many organizations. For example, the Ministry of Health and other institutions are responsible for food safety and quality; The safety of meat, the sanitation and inspection of slaughterhouses are managed by the Meat Hygiene Service Bureau; The inspection of supermarkets, restaurants and food retail stores is under the jurisdiction of local administrative authorities.
In order to strengthen supervision, the British government established the Food Standards Bureau in 1997. The bureau is an independent supervisory body, not affiliated with any government department, responsible for overall food safety affairs and formulation of various standards, implementing the responsibility system of the Minister of Health, and submitting annual reports to the National Assembly every year. The Food Standards Agency has also set up a task force, headed by its CEO, to strengthen the supervision of all links in the food chain.
British law authorizes the regulatory authorities to inspect the places where food is produced, processed and sold, and stipulates that inspectors have the right to inspect, copy and detain relevant records and take samples for analysis. Food hygiene officials often make irregular inspections of restaurants, takeout shops, supermarkets and food wholesale markets. Slaughterhouse is a key monitoring place in Britain. In order to ensure food safety, the government supervises all slaughterhouses. Large wholesale markets for meat products and aquatic products are also the focus of inspection. Food hygiene inspection officials conduct careful sampling inspection in these places every day to ensure that the goods sold are from legal sources and meet hygiene standards.
An important feature of food safety supervision in Britain is the implementation of food traceability and recall system. Food traceability system is a food quality monitoring system established to effectively control the whole process of food from farmland to table and ensure food quality and safety. If the regulatory authorities find food problems, they can quickly find out the source of food through computer records. In the event of a major food safety accident, the local competent department can immediately investigate and determine the possible scope of the accident and the degree of harm to health, notify the public and urgently take back the circulated food, and at the same time send relevant information to the Ministry of Health, so as to make overall arrangements throughout the country, control the situation and protect the rights and interests of consumers to the maximum extent.
In order to trace food poisoning incidents, the British government has also established a food hazard warning system, a food poisoning notification system, a laboratory reporting system and an epidemiological exchange and consultation network system. Strict laws and systematic supervision have effectively controlled the circulation of harmful food in the British market, and the rights and interests of consumers have been protected to a considerable extent. In France, two key tasks to ensure food safety are to combat fraud and animal husbandry supervision, and two corresponding new departments have emerged in recent years. Among them, the General Administration of Food is directly under the French Ministry of Agriculture, which is mainly responsible for ensuring the health and safety of animals and plants and their products, and supervising the quality system management. The General Directorate of Competition, Consumption and Fraud Prevention is responsible for inspecting various indicators including food labels and additives. French farmers are also aware that consumers are paying more and more attention to food safety, even the hygiene standards of food producing areas and production processes and their impact on the environment. In order to increase the competitiveness of products, the French Ministry of Agriculture has formulated a series of policies aimed at farmers, and encouraging farmers to develop rational agriculture is one of them. The so-called rational agriculture refers to competitive agriculture that comprehensively considers the economic interests of producers, consumer demand and environmental protection. Its purpose is to ensure farmers' income, improve the quality of agricultural products and benefit environmental protection. French media believe that this form of agricultural sustainable development has strong vitality, and it also greatly improves food safety.
In the sales process, information transparency is an important measure to ensure food safety. In addition to the production date, shelf life, ingredients and other necessary contents, French law also stipulates that all genetically modified foods, whether planted with genetically modified seeds or processed with genetically modified additives, must be marked on the label. In addition, France stipulates that all additives in food must be listed in detail. Due to the influence of "mad cow disease", since September 1 2000, European countries have implemented a special labeling system for meat sold, requiring that the label must indicate the batch number, the country where the slaughter is located and the license number of the slaughterhouse, the country where the processing is located and the number of the processing workshop. Since June 5438+ 10, 2002, two items have been added: country of birth and country of breeding. For standards, the emphasis is on implementation. There is a supermarket called Casino near the Paris branch of Xinhua News Agency. After 8 o'clock every night, the supermarket staff will throw the food that will expire the next day into the trash can, including vegetables, fruits, meat, eggs and so on. They told reporters that the only criterion to judge whether the food has expired is to look at the shelf life on the label, and once the expired food in the store is found by the inspection department, the result is that the store will close. Located in the suburb of Paris, the langur super food wholesale market is the largest food wholesale distribution center in Europe and the "vegetable basket" of Paris. The goods here are rich in variety and cheap. In order to ensure the quality of food, the French Ministry of Agriculture has a special person to check all kinds of products 24 hours a day.
Mad cow disease was discovered in England from 65438 to 0996. At the beginning of 2000, France found that some meat products contained the deadly Listeria. 200 1 foot-and-mouth disease broke out in Britain. The blind pursuit of profit maximization leads to frequent food safety crises in the European Union, which makes consumers more cautious when choosing food, and also makes food safety issues attract more and more attention. For a long time, the food safety supervision and self-inspection report system implemented by the German government have become the decisive mechanism for protecting consumers' health in Germany.
The food supervision in Germany is the responsibility of each state, and the relevant departments of the state government make supervision plans, which are implemented by food supervision officials and veterinary officials in cities and counties. The Federal Consumer Protection and Food Safety Agency (BVL) is responsible for coordination and guidance. In Germany, enterprises engaged in the production, processing and sales of food, daily necessities and cosmetics are subject to regular inspections by regional institutions.
Food production enterprises should register with the local food supervision department and be included in the risk list. The supervision department determines the sampling number of each enterprise according to the degree of risk. Every year, the national laboratory tests about 400,000 samples, including sample composition, pathogen type and quantity.
Food is often inseparable from various additives, which are directly related to food safety. In Germany, only when additives are proved to be safe, reliable and technically necessary can they be licensed. Germany's "Additive Licensing Regulations" have specific provisions on which additives are allowed to be used, the amount used and which products can be used. Food manufacturers must list the additives used on food labels.
German food production, processing and sales enterprises are obliged to record the quality of raw materials they use, and information such as purchase channels and sales targets must also be recorded as evidence. According to these records, once food safety problems occur, they can be found in a short time.
It is also important for consumers to strengthen their awareness of protection. For example, once it is found that the hygiene standards of food enterprises are not up to standard or the food labels are incorrect, the local food supervision department can be notified. If the food bought home goes bad within the specified shelf life, you can also report it to the food supervision department. The Federal Consumer Protection Department has set up a website called "What Do We Eat", which provides all kinds of information about food safety and helps consumers to strengthen their self-protection ability.
It is worth mentioning that a unified and effective food safety prevention mechanism has been initially formed within the EU, that is, the EU food and feed rapid warning system. A major feature of Germany's new food and feed regulations and additive licensing regulations is that they are consistent with EU laws and regulations.
If a state food supervision department determines that a certain food or animal feed is harmful to human health, it will report it to BVL. The agency analyzes the completeness and correctness of the collected reports and reports them to the European Commission. The contents of the report include product type, origin, sales channels, risks and measures taken. If the report comes from other EU member states, BVL will receive the report from Council of Europe and forward it to other countries. If the report received by BVL contains information that is unknown to human health, it will first request the Federal Risk Assessment Bureau for toxicological analysis, and then decide whether to continue to transmit this information in the rapid warning system according to the identification results.
Through information exchange, BVL can find risks in time. Once it is confirmed that a certain food is harmful to health, the manufacturer, importer or national food supervision department will issue a warning to the public through a press release to stop the circulation of harmful food as soon as possible. The food safety supervision system in the United States follows the following guiding principles: only safe and healthy foods are allowed to go on the market; Food safety regulatory decisions must have scientific basis; The government assumes the responsibility of law enforcement; Manufacturers, distributors, importers and other enterprises must abide by laws and regulations, otherwise they will be punished; The regulatory procedures are transparent and easy for the public to understand.
The entire food safety supervision system in the United States is divided into three levels: federal, state and regional. Take the Federation as an example, the agencies responsible for food safety mainly include the Food and Drug Administration and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention under the Ministry of Health and Human Services, the Food Safety and Inspection Bureau and the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Bureau under the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Environmental Protection Bureau.
Many departments of the third-level supervision institutions employ experts in epidemiology, microbiology and food research, and take the form of professionals stationed in food processing plants and farms to conduct all-round supervision from all aspects of raw material collection, production, circulation, sales and after-sales, forming a three-dimensional supervision network covering the whole country.
It is accompanied by food safety laws and industry standards covering all aspects of the food industry, including comprehensive laws such as the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act and specific regulations such as the Food Additives Amendment Act.
Once food safety problems are discovered, food suppliers and sellers will face severe punishment and a surprising number of fines. The United States pays special attention to the safety of important foods such as student lunches, which are usually directly controlled by the federal government. Once the problem is found, the relevant departments can detain these foods on the spot. One hundred secrets and one sparse, in case of food safety problems, the recall system will play a role.
It is worth mentioning that private consumer protection groups are also an important force in food safety supervision. For example, in June 2006, a group named "Science Center for Public Interest" sued KFC for using cooking oil with high trans fat content.
In the United States, where the Internet is popular, it is very common to publish food safety information through the Internet. The federal government has established a "government food safety information portal". Through this website, people can link to various websites related to food safety and find accurate, authoritative and up-to-date information. In ensuring food safety, Russia does not lack relevant legal documents and technical standards. The Food Safety Law, the Consumer Protection Law, various government resolutions and local regulations all have detailed and clear requirements for this. However, in real life, food safety problems are still prominent from time to time. The key is not that there are laws that are not obeyed, but that there are laws that are not obeyed and the law enforcement is lax.
In Russia, food safety was once the responsibility of the national health and epidemic prevention department, veterinary department, quality inspection department and consumer protection bureau. However, as the saying goes, "Three monks have no water to eat", and too many mother-in-law also brings the disadvantages of unclear division of responsibilities, mutual shirking of responsibilities and even wrangling, which ultimately leads to the failure to implement food safety management.
This situation began to improve in 2004. In March of that year, in order to rationalize the food safety management mechanism, Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered the relevant administrative agencies to be adjusted, and the Federal Bureau of Consumer Rights and Citizens' Safety Protection and Supervision was established under the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia, entrusting Russia's food trade, quality supervision and consumer rights protection to the bureau.
The establishment of the new organization has played an active role in centralizing administrative resources and supervising food quality and safety. Its duties include: carrying out health and epidemic prevention inspection on food production and sales places, registering imported food, conducting food safety appraisal before new food goes on the market, conducting safety and nutrition appraisal and scientific research on food sold in the market, and stopping acts that harm consumers' rights and interests. The bureau has branches in all Russian Federation entities, which are responsible for local food safety inspection and monitoring.