(known as Baitou Mountain by Koreans)
Geographical location
Changbai Mountain is located in the southeast of Jilin Province, between 1 1' and 1 2' east longitude and 4 1' and 1 2' north latitude. It is the boundary mountain between China and North Korea. It is the source of Tumen, Yalu and Songhua rivers and a national AAAA scenic spot. It was included in the United Nations International Biosphere Reserve in 198 because of its beautiful scenery, endless forests and rare birds and animals that inhabit it.
Changbai Mountain is a dormant volcano with several eruptions in history. As a result, the unique landscape is magical, beautiful, majestic, primitive and natural, with infinite scenery! The future is all yearning, and those who have come are all lingering. In the summer of 1983, Comrade Deng Xiaoping climbed to the top of Changbai Mountain, inscribed the banners of "Changbai Mountain" and "Tianchi Lake", and exclaimed: "It's a great pity that life is not on Changbai Mountain! "
Volcano in Changbai Mountain
In the geological history of hundreds of millions of years, Changbai Mountain has experienced the changes of mulberry fields in Canghai. At first, it was flooded by the sea. There is a sea of Wang Yang everywhere. Later, due to the rise of the earth's crust, the sea water withdrew, and the surface resurfaced. Under the external forces such as sunlight, rain and climate change, the ground rocks were weathered and destroyed. Finally, Changbai Mountain experienced volcanic eruption and glacier sculpture, forming today's landscape.
about 3 million years ago, that is, in the tertiary period, the earth entered a new period of activity, that is, Himalayan orogeny in geology. In about 25 million years, Changbai Mountain has experienced four volcanic eruptions. Basaltic magma started from the upper mantle, rose continuously along the huge cracks in the earth's crust, and ejected from the surface with great energy (geologically called fractured volcanic eruption). Magma with strong impact will spray the original rocks and rocks solidified in advance, volcanic ash, water vapor, etc. into the air, and then fall around or on one side of the crater under the action of gravity and wind, accumulating into various volcanic landforms. Because of the low viscosity of basaltic magma, its flowing speed on the surface is faster and its flowing distance is longer, a vast basalt platform has been formed. The basement of the main peaks of Changbai Mountain, such as Nangang Mountain, Changhong Mountain and Yingbi Mountain, which are distributed along the northwest direction in Changbai Mountain area, are all basalt platforms formed in this period.
during the period from about 6, years ago to 15 million years ago (middle-late Pleistocene in Quaternary), Changbai Mountain experienced another period of crustal activity, which was geologically called Baitoushan period. During this period, four volcanic eruptions occurred, and the eruption mode was characterized by central type. Underground magma upwelled along the cylindrical channel formed at the intersection of deep faults, forming a volcanic cone landscape on the surface.
eruption history
The ejecta about 6, years ago formed by the first volcanic eruption constitute the bottom plate of the volcanic cone in Changbai Mountain. The second volcanic eruption was about 4,-3, years ago. This eruption lasted for a long time, and the rock strata were widely distributed and thick. The third volcanic eruption was about 2,-1, years ago, and finally completed the shape of the volcanic cone in Changbai Mountain. The fourth eruption was about 8, years ago, which was dominated by small-scale volcanic activity, and lava flows covered some parts of the volcanic cone. At this point, the main peak of Changbai Mountain was formed.
in the above four volcanic activities, the volcanic material ejected each time made the volcano rise more than 2 meters. At the same time, around the main crater, some small parasitic craters have been formed. Since then, Changbai Mountain has entered a relatively stable period.
During the Holocene of Quaternary period, the volcano revived again, spewing out a large number of gray-white to yellowish pumice with a local thickness of 6 meters. This violent volcanic eruption caused the top of the volcanic cone to collapse and form a funnel-shaped crater. When the intensity of volcanic eruption and the temperature of lava gradually decrease, molten magma gradually condenses in the volcanic passage and blocks the volcanic passage. After the volcanism stopped, the crater was continuously replenished by atmospheric precipitation and groundwater, and gradually stored into a lake, forming a crater lake. This is the famous Tianchi Lake in Changbai Mountain.
around the crater lake in Changbai mountain, there are many peaks, among which there are 16 peaks over 2,5 meters, and the heights of other peaks are all over 2,3 meters. The top of the mountain is almost entirely composed of volcanic ash and yellowish pumice that erupted around 12, years ago. The peaks are steep and steep, tall and straight, like lotus flowers and bamboo shoots. They are very spectacular, and they complement each other with the clear water of Tianchi Lake.
After the main body of Changbai Mountain was formed, the area entered the intermittent period of volcanic eruption, and the crustal movement was relatively stable. However, in the long river of geological history (the earth was formed at least 4.6 billion years ago, and the crustal evolution in Changbai Mountain area also took about 3.2 billion years), the geological evolution history of Changbai Mountain is only a short moment. The history of Changbai Mountain volcano eruption is even shorter, but it has not died yet, but it is in a dormant state, called dormant volcano. According to historical records, since 1597, Changbai Mountain volcano has had three small-scale intermittent activities.
the first eruption was on August 26th, 1597 (twenty-five years of Wanli in Ming dynasty). According to eyewitness records, at that time, there was "the sound of shooting, and when you look up, the smoke will be Zhang Tian, and the stone will be folded out with the smoke, and you don't know where to go after flying over the mountains."
The second eruption was in 1668 (the seventh year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty), and a "rain ash" (i.e. volcanic ash) fell in Changbai Mountain area.
the third eruption was on April 14th, 172 (the 11th year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty). According to historical records: "At noon, the heavens and the earth suddenly darken, sometimes it is red and yellow, and there is the same smoke flame, which stinks all over the room. If you are in the oven, people can't bear the heavy heat. After the fourth watch, it will stop, but when you look at it, it will rain and ash everywhere, just like those who burn clam shells. ""On the same day of the same month, a little later, the smoke and clouds suddenly came from the northwest, the ground was dark, and the clothes smelled like people. " According to the Records of Jianggang in Changbai Mountain, there is a "charcoal cliff" near Changbai Mountain. "There is a lot of charcoal at the bottom of the cliff. Every time a hunter picks it up for cooking, the natives call it divine charcoal because it comes from the ground ... After that, several pieces are picked up and burned with roast deer breast, which is no different from ordinary charcoal. However, with a soil cliff of two feet deep, charcoal can be produced. The big one arches the handle (both hands are encircled-author's note), and the small one holds it. " According to the research of geologists, these charcoal are the result of baking, burning and carbonization of trees by high-temperature molten pulp during this volcanic eruption.
Changbai Mountain volcano is in a dormant period at present. On the mountain more than 2, meters above sea level, there are many hot springs constantly overflowing from the ground, which shows that there is still huge energy in the ground. According to modern earthquake observation, the crust in Changbai Mountain area is relatively stable. There is no sign of volcanic eruption in Changbai Mountain at present.
written history
Changbai mountain has a history of language and writing handed down, which can be traced back to the earliest only more than 4, years. It was recorded in Shan Hai Jing, the earliest geographical work in China. Legend has it that this book was written by Bo Yi, the son of Dayu, and recorded in detail the place where his father, King Dayu, passed when he was managing water. In Mongolian, it means immortal. All ethnic minorities living in Northeast China-Shenshen, Woju, Fuyu, Xianbei, Koguryo, Mongolia, Qidan, etc.-all admire and deify this largest mountain in Northeast China, and many myths about the infertility of heavenly daughters are pinned here. Therefore, they all call this mountain Fairy Mountain. The pre-Qin book Shan Hai Jing, which recorded the scenic spots and landscapes inside and outside the territory, also called Changbai Mountain (that is, Fairy Mountain)
After that, it was recorded in the Biography of the Later Han Dynasty in the Wei and Jin Dynasties: "In the fifth year of Emperor Zhao's reign (82 BC), Xuantu moved to Gouli, and since the east of Shan Daling, he has been living in a lonely place. This sentence means that after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty went to Korea, Emperor Han Zhaodi, the son of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, moved the Xuantu people to the land of Koguryo in the fifth year of the first Yuan Dynasty (82 BC), and the Woju people and the Basil people to the east of Shan Daling (Changbai Mountain) all belonged to Le Lang. The word "Dan" here is similar to Shanyan in Manchu. Shanyan, which means white; Shanyan Daling, the white mountain.
Later, it was recorded in the article "Biography of Northern History-Don't be auspicious": "When Mohe came to the south, there was a vertical Taishan Mountain, and the Chinese words were too imperial, and the vulgarity was very awe-inspiring. People were not allowed to pollute the mountains, and passers-by used things to enrich the clouds. There are bears, leopards and wolves in the world that don't harm people, and people dare not kill them. " With Sushen, Nuzhen and Manchu, they are the same nation, but they live a little farther north. In this passage, it is said that there is a mountain in the south of Mohe country, which refers to Changbai Mountain. In other books of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (such as Wei Shu and Qi Shu), the names of "Zongtai Mountain" and "Zongbai Mountain" often appear. Later, you can see the relevant records in the Book of the Tang Dynasty-Biography of Dongyi: "Mohe lived in Sushen, and the end of chestnut reached Taibai Mountain in the south, which is also called moving to Taishan and connecting with Korea." It can be seen that at that time, the names of Changbai Mountain were extremely different, some were called Zongtai Mountain, others were called Migration Taishan, Zongbai Mountain and Taihuang Mountain.
it was not until the qidan nationality and the nuzhen nationality in the northeast settled in the central plains and established the Liao dynasty and the Jin dynasty that the standardized name for the first mountain in the northeast-Changbai mountain appeared. It is recorded in the National Records of Qidan that: "Changbai Mountain is more than a thousand miles southeast of Lengshan Mountain ..... all animals are white." Later, it was recorded in "Thirty-five Chronicles of the Golden History": "Nuzhen has Changbai Mountain."
In particular, the Nuzhen people who established the Jin Dynasty in the Central Plains have always regarded Changbai Mountain as their birthplace, and they often worship Changbai Mountain in order to bless their country's prosperity and prolong their reign. Jin Shizong Wan Yanyong had just ascended the throne, and in the 12th year of Dading (AD 1172), he conferred the title of King Ying of Xingguo and ordered a famous scholar at that time. The Hanlin Academy compiled Dang Huaiying's Book of Making Changbai Mountain the King of Spirit, in which he tried his best to deify Changbai Mountain and said, "From the analysis of the two instruments, the mountains are beautiful and beautiful." The country will prosper, and heaven will implement it. The more god rests, the more things must be sacrificed. Therefore, Zhao Ji Wang Ji traces, if there is a difference in Yang, looking at the rank of mountains and rivers, in Ji Yu Dian. It's only the Changbai Mountain, which carries my Jinde, but it's only the town of my old country ... "
In this paper, Changbai Mountain is called the beautiful mountain of the sacred mountain, and it is described by the highest praises such as" carrying my Jinde "and" holding its height ",which shows the respect for this famous mountain beyond the Great Wall. Therefore, in the 15th year of Dading (A.D. 1175), the emperor set up the Lingying King Temple in the north of Changbai Mountain, and ordered the minister to hold a festival to prepare for the ceremony and take this book to pay homage.
In the Qing Dynasty, the worship of Changbai Mountain was even more extreme. Not only did Yan literati make up the myth that the fairy swallowed Zhu Guo and gave birth to the ancestors who loved Xinjue Roche; Moreover, the Changbai Mountain area was closed by wicker as a sacred place, and people were forbidden to go into the mountains to graze, hunt and collect ginseng. In the Qing Dynasty, several successful emperors Kangxi, Qianlong and Jiaqing all personally came to the northeast to pay homage to Changbai Mountain, the birthplace of their ancestors. Although they didn't reach the bank of Tianchi Lake in Changbai Mountain to see the birthplace of their ancestors, some of them have already reached the surrounding areas (large and small shipyards in Jilin City, Weishanbao in Kaiyuan County and other places). Moreover, he also wrote a lot of poems praising and offering sacrifices to Changbai Mountain. Kangxi has the poem "Looking at the Changbai Mountain" and "Sacrificing a Thousand Long White Articles" (two articles), Qianlong has five articles "Sacrificing to Changbai Mountain" and Jiaqing has two articles, all of which are colorful and amazing.
Kangxi's "A Tribute to Changbai Mountain" said: "Only the gods are outstanding in the east, and the maintenance association helps the scenery. Dredge the river and meet the sea, and recommend Rui Ning Xiang. The spirit is different in ten thousand years, and the sweetness is in the ordinary class. " "I only the country was ordered to coagulate, and the mountains and rivers failed to cooperate. Trace the rise and fall of Qing dynasty, promote the auspicious luck of Yi nationality, and show the number of birth. Building a mountain from the sky is a form of praise, and it comes from the old. However, Shenxiu is connected to the east, and Zejun is thick, and the veins of the three rivers are spread, and the area of thousands of miles is extended. It is extremely strange to shed clouds and rain, and it is used to benefit the people. There is no difference between Shenshan and Beijing. " The memorial article written by Qianlong: "I am in the early Qing Dynasty, Zhao Changbai Mountain. The hammer that helps the danger is not ineffective. Eight miles in the week, Tan Yue Lu Men. Duck green, confusion and love come out in three waters. The emperor uses a female heavenly sister, and Zhu electromagnetic waves are swallowed. He gave birth to the son, and the emperor used tin as his surname, Jue Luo, while the emblem called it Aixin. There are Ye He, Hui Fa, and Jie Fan ...
Until the end of the Qing Dynasty, Liu Jianfeng of Antu County wrote a petition to the court, saying, "Changbai Mountain is the birthplace of our dynasty, a natural saint, and the area was leveled in Vance." Therefore, he suggested that the temple be rebuilt on the mountain to offer sacrifices to the god of Changbai Mountain. With the approval of the move, the magistrate of a county organized his troops to inspect the mountain for four times, and took more than 4 photos of the scenic spots in Changbai Mountain. After returning, he compiled the album "The Full Shadow of Changbai Mountain" and presented it to the court.
from Jin and Yuan dynasties to Ming and Qing dynasties, there are many poems and essays written on Changbai Mountain, and many excellent works are well-known. Now, only one or two representative works of each dynasty are listed for readers.
Zhao Bingwen (1159-1233, word Zhou Chen), the largest scholar in the middle of Jin Dynasty, was a scholar in the 25th year of Jin Dading (AD 1185), and he was an official in the Ministry of Rites. In his later years, he retired to his hometown of Cixian County, Hebei Province. Because of his family's name, he was named as a leisure old man. He once wrote a long poem called "Journey to Changbai Mountain", which is famous for its uniqueness. Wang lung's claws fell on the pale cliff, and the four rivers flew down to the sky. A horse crossing the river and a dragon flying in the sky, Yun Qi princes spend thousands of flowers. Up to now, A has the most membership, and when the ball is clear, the horse is racing for it. The sable hat hunts the spring breeze, and the heroic spirit of the five tombs is erratic. The year before last, I rode to the north to have a bird's eye view of the Central Plains, and I planned to cut the Great Wall like iron. The brothers in the group are really connected, and they have a hundred thousand sengeji in their chests. Before talking about the son of heaven, the people in Hanting moved their colors. Knowing that it is not easy to kill a prisoner, it is useless to be greedy. When the southwest should respond, there will be no change before the emperor comes. Never make up for the loss with ten benefits, and the three auxiliary ones are half thorns. The thin wife dragged the rake and the woman helped the plow, for fear that the loyalists would be devastated by lack of food, and she was willing to stop fighting and support the people. The old man is mistaken for the official in the spring, and the scholar in the white head does not go through the country. Return to the temple after serving in the public, and then offer two or three strategies for ZTE.
Wang Jie, a poet in the Yuan Dynasty (whose name was Yibo, born in Dingxing, Hebei, Yuan Wuzong was a scholar in the middle school, and when he was in the Emperor's reign, he was tired of being an official to get a bachelor's degree in the Imperial Academy, and Zuo Cheng was a scholar in the middle school), and in his long poem "Liaodong High virtuous woman", he also described Changbai Mountain with great efforts: "The sky is long and white, and the fairy jade and snow are ethereal. When the phoenix goes to the purple flute, the sound is absolutely gone, and Qingluan steps into Yaojing alone. " In the poem, Changbai Mountain is compared to Penglai and Yingzhou, the fairy mountains on the sea, and it is said that white immortals with jade and ice often haunt the mountains, which is consistent with the myths and legends about Changbai Mountain in previous dynasties.
Historically, the Tianchi Lake in Changbai Mountain has been in China, and there are evidences in the historical materials of Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. Even during the Japanese rule of Korea, Tianchi Lake was also in Chinese territory. During the honeymoon period between China and North Korea after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the China government officially assigned about 53% of Tianchi to North Korea, considering the proletarian feelings of the working people in North Korea.
Today, Changbai Mountain has become a tourist and leisure resort, where tourists from all over the world gather and linger. People say that "Guilin's landscape is the best in the world". Compared with Changbai Mountain, Guilin's landscape is too delicate. People say, "Five Mountains come back without looking at the mountains". Compared with Changbai Mountain, Wuyue Mountain is not atmospheric enough. Seeing is believing, so you'd better witness the charming style of Changbai Mountain yourself!
Changbai Mountain, located in Antu County, Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture and Fusong County, Baishan City, is named after its main peak, Baitou Mountain, which is the boundary mountain between China and North Korea, and is known as "the first mountain in Kanto". Changbai Mountain in history has always been the place where the Kanto people lived and worked, and also the birthplace of Manchu, so it was known as the "holy land" in the Qing Dynasty. Changbai Mountain is famous for its tourist attraction, birthplace of Manchu and sacred mountain of Korean nationality.
Changbai Mountain is a dormant place.