The main functions of public institutions are to serve production, improve people's cultural life and promote social welfare. As a social service organization, it is different from state organs, political parties and enterprises. It meets the needs of people's development and enjoyment by providing spiritual products and services. Therefore, the service objects of public institutions are all fields and aspects of the whole society, which determines that the distribution areas of public institutions are also very extensive. Generally speaking, education, science and technology, culture and health are just a few main areas of public institutions.
according to the differences in the industry fields faced by public institutions, the current public institutions in China are divided into more than 1 categories and more than 1 subcategories. This is a traditional classification of public institutions, and it is also the most basic classification. This classification is widely used in many government management activities, such as cadre and personnel management, organization staffing statistics, scale control, structural balance and establishment of organization staffing standards. According to the standard of National Economic Industry Classification, institutions can be roughly divided into three categories:
First, according to industry classification, they are roughly divided into education, scientific research, survey and design, exploration, culture, health, sports, press and publication, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and water, transportation, meteorology, earthquake, ocean, environmental protection, surveying and mapping, information consultation, standard measurement, intellectual property, import and export commodity inspection, and so on.
Second, according to the source of funds, it can be divided into fully funded institutions (those with no stable recurrent income or less income, and all expenditures are mainly funded by the state budget), balance allocation institutions (those with a certain amount of stable recurrent income, but not enough to make up for their recurrent expenditures, and the difference between expenditure and income needs state budget subsidies) and self-supporting institutions (those with stable recurrent income can make up for their own expenditures).
Third, according to the nature and characteristics, it can be divided into non-governmental public institutions, such as social science federation, social science academy, basic theory research institute, library, museum, family planning association, etc. Public welfare institutions with certain economic benefits, such as nursing homes, universities, primary and secondary schools, important medical and health units, nursing homes, examination management centers, etc.; Institutions with production, operation and ability, such as research institutes engaged in applied technology, radio and television stations, newspapers, periodicals and publishing houses, municipal administration, real estate management, landscape design and other units of urban public utilities.
Below, the main categories are briefly introduced:
1. Educational institutions. As various public welfare organizations engaged in various public education and teaching, and providing guidance and services for education and teaching, educational institutions are the largest export ports for all kinds of talents in China, which is the foundation of modernization and is related to the improvement of the overall quality of the people. Educational institutions are the main bodies of institutions in China. At present, the number of their staff reaches about 14.4 million, accounting for about half of the staff of institutions in China.
educational institutions mainly include: basic education units, such as primary and secondary schools, kindergartens, nurseries, etc.; Secondary education units, such as various secondary specialized schools, secondary vocational and technical schools, secondary normal schools, technical schools, etc.; Higher education institutions, such as various colleges and universities, independent graduate schools (departments), etc.; Adult education institutions, such as various cadre management colleges, education (further education) colleges, party schools, league schools, staff universities, evening universities, radio and television universities, correspondence schools, lecturer groups, various training centers, etc.; Special education institutions, such as various reform schools, schools for the blind and deaf, and missionary schools.
2. Health institutions. Health institutions refer to organizations that provide disease prevention and control, medical treatment, health care and family planning services. At present, the staff size of health institutions is about 4.52 million, accounting for about 17% of the total staff size of public institutions in China.
Health institutions mainly include: medical institutions, such as various hospitals, health centers and health centers (stations); Health and epidemic prevention and quarantine institutions, such as centers for disease control and prevention, various local disease prevention hospitals (stations), epidemic prevention stations (stations), and epidemic prevention stations (stations); Blood institutions, such as blood collection centers (stations) and blood banks; Family planning institutions, such as family planning technical guidance centers (stations) and maternal and child health centers (stations); Health inspection institutions, such as drug inspection offices (stations) and food inspection offices (stations); Health supervision units, such as health supervision stations and stations.
3. Agricultural institutions. Agricultural institutions are organizations that provide public welfare services to agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery and water conservancy, and engage in the development, protection and technology promotion services of resources in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery and water industries.
Agricultural institutions mainly include: agricultural technology extension institutions, such as agricultural technology extension stations, agricultural economics stations, forestry stations, water conservancy stations, animal husbandry and veterinary stations, aquatic products stations, agricultural institution extension stations, etc. Improved seed cultivation institutions, such as seed (nursery) stations, experimental (breeding, testing) stations, improved seed breeding stations, etc.; Comprehensive service institutions, such as soil and fertilizer stations, soil and water conservation stations, plant (forest disaster prevention) protection stations, agricultural (forestry) nature reserve management institutions, etc.; Animal and plant epidemic prevention and quarantine institutions, such as animal and plant epidemic prevention (stations) and quarantine offices (stations); Hydrological institutions, such as hydrological survey stations, water basin management institutes, hydrological stations, etc.
4. Science and technology institutions. As an organization that studies a certain field or aspect of the knowledge system of nature, society and thinking, transforms the research results into productive forces, and directly or indirectly provides basic or public welfare services for national economic and social development, science and technology institutions are a part of China's huge institutions.
scientific and technological institutions mainly include: natural science research institutions, such as basic research institutes and applied research institutes; Social science research institutions, such as basic theory research institutes, humanities and history research institutes and comprehensive scientific research institutes.
5. Cultural institutions. Cultural institutions refer to organizations engaged in art, books and documents, cultural relics, press and publication, radio, film and television production, audio-visual products production and other creative, performance or exhibition activities to meet people's spiritual needs and to provide venue services for mass cultural activities.
cultural institutions mainly include: performance institutions, such as various performance groups (academies and teams); Art creation institutions, such as art creation institutes, art production centers, audio-visual film and television production centers, etc.; Books and literature institutions, such as libraries, archives, document information centers, etc.; Cultural relics institutions, such as cultural relics protection stations, cultural relics archaeological teams (institutes), museums and memorial halls; Mass cultural institutions, such as mass art museums, cultural centers (stations, palaces), youth palaces, clubs, etc.; Radio and television institutions, such as radio stations, television stations, relay stations, etc.; Newspapers and institutions, such as various newspapers and periodical agencies; Editorial institutions, such as various editorial departments, party history compilation rooms, local history compilation rooms, etc.; Press and publication institutions, such as various book publishing houses, audio-visual publishing houses, electronic publishing houses, news centers, news agencies, etc.
6. Sports institutions. Sports institutions refer to organizations engaged in sports competitions and providing training and venue services for sports competitions and mass sports activities.
Sports institutions mainly include: sports institutions, such as various sports teams and clubs; Sports facilities and institutions, such as various training bases and competition venues.
7. Urban public utilities. Urban public utilities refers to organizations engaged in the maintenance, maintenance and management of municipal public facilities, as well as landscaping, city appearance and environmental sanitation management and providing related public welfare services.
Urban public utilities mainly include: landscaping institutions, such as landscaping teams (stations), parks, amusement parks, etc. Urban sanitation institutions, such as sanitation stations, cleaning teams (stations) and pipeline dredging teams (stations); Municipal construction institutions, such as municipal engineering teams and municipal engineering maintenance teams; Real estate service institutions, such as housing provident fund management center, housing construction service center, real estate trading center, housing safety appraisal office (station), etc.
in addition, the city's public transportation, water supply and drainage, power supply, gas supply, etc. are also within this range for a long time.
8. Transportation institutions. Transportation institutions refer to organizations that undertake the tasks of highway and waterway construction, maintenance, management and transportation fee collection, and provide related public welfare services.
transportation institutions mainly include: highway construction and maintenance institutions, such as highway maintenance section (station), highway engineering supervision station (office), highway engineering cost management station, highway administration bureau (office, office), etc. Highway transportation management institutions, such as highway transportation administration (department, institute), automobile testing center (station), etc.; Traffic fee collection institutions, such as the inspection and levy management bureau (department, office); Shipping institutions, such as shipping inspection bureau (division, institute), waterway maintenance section (station), rescue and salvage team, etc.
9. Social welfare institutions. Social welfare institutions refer to organizations that engage in public welfare undertakings related to social welfare and provide services for retirees, widowed and lonely people and disabled people in society.
Social welfare institutions mainly include: welfare institutions, such as nursing homes, welfare homes, orphanages, etc. Rehabilitation institutions, such as retired cadres' homes, invalids' homes, sanatoriums, rest homes, disabled soldiers' hospitals, rehabilitation centers for the disabled, and supplies supply stations for the disabled; Funeral institutions, such as funeral homes and crematoriums.
1. government logistics service institutions. Institutional logistics service institutions refer to organizations that undertake institutional affairs and provide various logistics support services for institutional work and life.
The logistics service institutions of government agencies mainly include: canteens, water and electricity classes, motorcades, canteens, outpatient departments, medical offices, etc. Repair institutions, such as repair teams; Printing and communication institutions, such as switchboard, printing room, printing office, etc.; Reception service institutions, such as guest houses and hotels.
11. Social intermediary institutions. Social intermediary institutions refer to organizations that provide legal, policy, information and technical advice for organs, enterprises, institutions, social organizations or citizens, and provide services for talents and qualification evaluation.
Social intermediary service institutions mainly include: information consulting institutions, such as information centers and consulting service centers (stations); Technical consulting institutions, such as technology innovation centers, technology exchange centers and computer centers (stations); Career introduction (talent exchange) institutions, including career introduction centers and talent exchange centers; Economic authentication social intermediary institutions, such as law firms, accounting firms, auditing firms, price firms, patent firms, trademark firms, copyright firms, exchanges, etc.
in addition, there are meteorological, environmental protection, quality and technical supervision and testing, intellectual property protection, banking supervision, securities supervision, insurance supervision, electricity supervision and other independent supervision units.