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the current situation of marine environmental pollution in China
At present, on the whole, the marine environment in China is basically in good condition. However, in some coastal bays, estuaries and local sea areas, such as Dalian Bay, Liaohe Estuary, Jinzhou Bay, Bohai Bay, Laizhou Bay and Jiaozhou Bay, the environmental pollution is serious. Some marine aquatic resources declined, the catch decreased, a few precious seafood were damaged, and the quality of some marine aquatic resources was affected; Some beaches were abandoned and the coastal environment was damaged. As far as the sea area is concerned, the pollution along the Bohai Sea is serious, followed by the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea, and the pollution in the South China Sea is light, which is basically normal.
At present, the factors that pollute and damage the marine environment in China mainly include the following aspects:
(1) Land-based pollutants. According to statistics of relevant departments, China coastal areas discharge about 6 billion tons of industrial sewage and domestic sewage into the sea every year. Among the domestic sewage, the discharge along the East China Sea coast is the largest, followed by the South China Sea coast and the Bohai Sea coast, and the Yellow Sea coast is the smallest. Among industrial sewage, the East China Sea coast also has the largest discharge, accounting for 5% of the total; The Bohai Sea coast and the South China Sea coast are the second, and the Yellow Sea coast is the least.
(2) pollutants discharged by ships. China has more than 1, motor boats, and tens of thousands of foreign ships enter the port of China and sail through the waters under our jurisdiction every year, and a large amount of oily sewage is discharged into the sea. For example, in 1979, a Brazilian oil tanker operated in Qingdao Oil Terminal, and it ran 38 tons of oil at a time.
(3) Pollution from offshore oil exploration and development. There are several large oil fields and more than a dozen petrochemical enterprises along the coast of China, and the amount of oil running, leaking, dripping and leaking is considerable, with more than 1, tons of oil entering the sea every year.
(4) manual dumping of waste pollution. In the past, the ocean was regarded as a big "garbage bin" and wastes were dumped at will. For example, in Dalian Xianglu Reef Coast, Huludao, Qingdao, Wenzhou, Zhanjiang and other places, garbage, slag, slag and other wastes are piled up at the seaside or directly poured into the sea.
(5) Unreasonable marine engineering construction and development have silted up some deep-water ports and waterways, and destroyed the ecological balance of some sea areas.
there are more than 2 major types of pollution sources along the coast of China, more than 1 along the coasts of the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea, and about 1 along the coasts of the East and South China Seas. The main pollutants discharged into the sea by these pollution sources are petroleum hydrocarbons, heavy metal pollutants and organic pollutants. River carrying is the main way for pollutants to enter the sea.
Oil pollution The coastal oil pollution in China is serious, and oil is one of the largest pollutants. Oil pollution is very harmful to marine living resources. Oil is easy to form a film on the water surface, which prevents air-sea exchange and reduces dissolved oxygen in seawater, so oil pollution can cause a large area of hypoxia. Oil film and oil block can stick to a large number of fish eggs and young fish and suffocate them; It can deform the hatched young fish, leading to the accumulation of some carcinogens in fish and shellfish.
China coastal oil pollution area is about 12, square kilometers. Relatively speaking, oil pollution in Bohai Sea and East China Sea is relatively serious, accounting for 34% and 33% of the massive oil discharge respectively. South China Sea accounts for 19%; The Yellow Sea is the least, accounting for 14%.
The oil pollution area in Bohai Sea is about 4, square kilometers, including 18, square kilometers in Liaodong Bay, and the oil concentration (geometric mean) is .49ppm；. Bohai Bay is 9, square kilometers, and the oil concentration is .5ppm；. Laizhou Bay is 6, square kilometers with an oil concentration of .59ppm；. The central Bohai Sea area is 7, square kilometers, and the oil concentration is .41ppm. It can be seen that the oil pollution in Bohai Bay and Laizhou Bay is serious, and Liaodong Bay has the largest pollution area.
The oil pollution area in the Yellow Sea is 26, square kilometers, and the oil concentration in the North Yellow Sea is .59ppm；. The oil concentration in the northern part of the South Yellow Sea is .52ppm；; The oil concentration in the south of the South Yellow Sea is .26ppm；; Dalian Bay and Jiaozhou Bay are .85ppm and .62ppm respectively. It shows that the pollution in the North Yellow Sea is serious, especially in Dalian Bay. The oil pollution in Jiaozhou Bay in the South Yellow Sea is more serious.
The oil pollution area in the East China Sea is about 34, square kilometers, of which the oil concentration from the Yangtze River estuary to Hangzhou Bay is .59ppm；. The oil concentration in the area from southern Zhejiang to eastern Fujian is .78ppm. The oil pollution in the East China Sea is more serious from southern Zhejiang to eastern Fujian, while the pollution range is wide from the Yangtze River estuary to Hangzhou Bay.
the oil pollution area in the south China sea is about 17, square kilometers. The oil concentration in the Pearl River Estuary is .55ppm, and that in the west coast of Guangdong is .52ppm. Therefore, the degree of oil pollution near the Pearl River Estuary is slightly heavier than that along the western coast of Guangdong, while the oil pollution range along the western coast of Guangdong is larger.
Heavy metal pollution mainly refers to mercury, cadmium and lead. There are more than 6 major pollution sources of mercury along the coast of China, especially the Yangtze River, Pearl River, Yalu River and Wuli River. The amount of mercury discharged into the East China Sea is the largest, followed by the South China Sea, the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea. However, the average concentration of mercury is the highest in the East China Sea, followed by the Bohai Sea and the lowest in the South China Sea. The concentration of mercury in Liaodong Bay is the highest in Bohai Sea, with an average of .5mmb；; The concentration of mercury in other sea areas of Bohai Sea is about .1ppb. Jinzhou Bay and Liaohekou are areas with high mercury concentration in Bohai Sea. The mercury concentrations in the northern and southern parts of the North Yellow Sea and the South Yellow Sea are .4, .2 and .1ppb；, respectively. Dalian Bay and Jiaozhou Bay are .2ppb. The mercury concentration in the mouth of Yalu River in the Yellow Sea is higher. The mercury concentration in the East China Sea is .1 ~ .23 ppb, .7ppb from the Yangtze River estuary to Hangzhou Bay and .4ppb from southern Zhejiang to eastern Fujian. The mercury concentration in the South China Sea is .2ppb.
There are more than 6 major sources of cadmium pollution along the coast of China. Cadmium is also mainly carried into the sea by rivers, and the cadmium carried into the sea by the Pearl River, Yangtze River, Luanhe River and Moyang River accounts for 8% of the total. The largest amount of cadmium is discharged into the South China Sea. The concentration of cadmium in the whole coastal area of China ranges from .2 to .45 ppb, with an average concentration of .1ppb, with the highest in the South China Sea and the lowest in the East China Sea. The concentration of Liaodong Bay and Bohai Bay in Bohai Sea is higher, and Dalian Bay in Yellow Sea is higher.
There are more than 8 main pollution sources of lead along the coast of China. The amount of sewage flowing into the South China Sea is the largest, accounting for about 6% of the total; The East China Sea and Bohai Sea followed; The Yellow Sea is the least. The way of lead entering the sea is also mainly carried by rivers. The concentration of lead in the surface water of China offshore is .5～51.44ppb, with an average of 1.6ppb. Among them, the average lead concentration in Bohai Sea is 2.95ppb；; The yellow sea is 1.34ppb；; The average concentration in the East China Sea is lower than the minimum detection limit of analytical methods, but it has reached 1 ~ 3 ppb in southern Zhejiang. The average lead concentration in the South China Sea is 7.68ppb, and that in the Pearl River Estuary is as high as 15ppb, which is the highest in China coastal area and 4.85ppb in western Guangdong coastal area.
Organic pollution of seawater can usually be measured by chemical oxygen consumption (COD). There are more than 15 major organic pollution sources along the coast of China. Every year, the organic matter entering the sea reaches more than 7 million tons in terms of COD. Among them, about 5% flows into the East China Sea, and the other half flows into the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea and the South China Sea respectively. Rivers are also the main way for organic pollutants to discharge into the sea. The average value of COD in Bohai Sea is high, which is 1.63ppm. Among them, Laizhou Bay is the highest, reaching 2.8ppm；; Followed by Liaodong Bay; The central Bohai Sea is the lowest. COD in Laizhou bay, northern Liaodong bay and Luanhe estuary has reached the "standard", and some of them have exceeded the standard, such as 1ppm in Liaohe estuary. The average COD value of the Yellow Sea is 1.1ppm, among which Dalian Bay is higher than other sea areas in the Yellow Sea, and the Yalu River estuary, the northern Yellow Sea coast and some areas in Jiangsu offshore also exceed the standard. The COD value in the East China Sea is relatively low, about .89ppm, and the area from the Yangtze River estuary to Hangzhou Bay is slightly higher than that from the south of Zhejiang to the east of Fujian. No COD in the South China Sea exceeded the standard, with the lowest average value of .45ppm.
In a word, oil is the most important pollutant in the offshore of China, and the offshore of East China Sea and Bohai Sea are two serious oil pollution areas. Generally speaking, heavy metal pollution is not serious, but the concentration is high in the northern Liaodong Bay, Yalu River estuary and Pearl River estuary, which should be paid attention to. As for the organic pollution, it is obviously reflected in Bohai Sea and some bays in China, and the COD value tends to increase from south to north.
II. Basic policies and main measures for protecting the marine environment in China:
The marine environment is different from that on land. Once it is polluted, even if measures are taken, its harm can hardly be eliminated in a short time. Because it takes longer time to control sea pollution than land pollution, it is technically complicated, difficult and expensive, and it is not easy to get good results. Therefore, to protect the marine environment, we should give priority to prevention, combine prevention with control, rationally develop and comprehensively utilize it. This should be said to be the basic strategy to protect the marine environment. Protecting the marine environment requires not only correct marine development policies and advanced science and technology, but also a set of scientific and strict management systems and methods, especially the management of pollution sources, which is an important link in marine environmental protection. The self-purification ability of the ocean is also a kind of resource. We should make full use of the self-purification ability of the sea area to reduce the cost of treating "three wastes", develop production, and effectively control the influx of pollutants at the same time, so as to avoid the detour of pollution first and then treatment.
for many years, while industry and agriculture are developing vigorously, China has actively treated industrial "three wastes", made great efforts in technological innovation and comprehensively utilized them, and made great achievements in eliminating pollution, protecting and improving the environment, safeguarding people's health and promoting socialist construction. On the basis of extensive investigation and accumulation of many valuable experiences, the basic policy of environmental protection in China has been formulated: "overall planning, rational layout, comprehensive utilization, turning harm into benefit, relying on the masses, working together, protecting the environment and benefiting the people". Practice has proved that this is also the correct policy to do a good job in marine environmental protection.
"overall planning and rational layout" is an extremely important measure to protect the environment and prevent problems before they happen, and it is also the embodiment of implementing the policy of putting prevention first and combining prevention with control. When arranging the national economic plan and developing industrial and agricultural production, we must make overall plans and correctly handle the relations between industry and agriculture, heavy industry and light industry, coastal industry and inland industry, urban and rural areas, production and life, economic development and environmental protection. It is necessary to combine the protection of natural resources with the rational utilization of natural resources, strengthen planning, science and foresight, and avoid blindness and one-sidedness. It is necessary to combine short-term interests with long-term interests, and strive to avoid or reduce the damage to natural resources and the impact on the environment after development. In the layout of industry, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishing, salt, sideline, aquaculture and other marine resources development, in addition to paying attention to raw materials, power, water sources, transportation and other conditions, we should also consider the characteristics of geology, topography, marine hydrology, meteorological conditions and biological resources, comprehensively study, weigh the advantages and disadvantages, coordinate and unify, and oppose each other's actions. We should not only focus on production but also ignore environmental protection. We can't just focus on utilization, regardless of the protection of resources and the environment.
"comprehensive utilization" is an effective way to develop socialist enterprises and eliminate environmental pollution. "Harm" and "benefit" are contradictions of unity of opposites, and they can be transformed into each other under certain conditions. "Harm" is caused by "waste" in production, and "waste" and "treasure" are contradictions of unity of opposites. Under certain conditions, they can also be transformed into each other. The condition for promoting this transformation is comprehensive utilization. The content of comprehensive utilization is very wide, on the one hand, it refers to the comprehensive utilization of resources themselves, on the other hand, it is necessary to establish an economic and reasonable joint enterprise. Only by combining the treatment of industrial "three wastes" with the technical transformation of enterprises and the comprehensive utilization of resources can we eliminate the harmful substances in the "three wastes" in the production process as far as possible, and make full use of many "three wastes" that were originally abandoned for harm, and make great efforts to carry out technological reform and technological innovation, so as to turn "waste" into "treasure" and "harm" into "benefit" and achieve less investment.
"Rely on the masses, let everyone do it" is the embodiment of the Party's mass line in marine environmental protection, and it is also an important guarantee to strengthen environmental protection. Protecting and improving the environment is related to the vital interests of the broad masses of the people, involving everyone and all aspects. Only by relying on the masses, fully mobilizing the enthusiasm of the broad masses of the people, everyone taking action and caring, and everyone working together in Qi Xin, can the marine environmental protection work be carried out smoothly, many marine environmental protection measures be implemented and the marine environmental protection work be done well. Therefore, marine environmental protection work must adhere to the mass line and mobilize the masses freely.
"Protecting the environment and benefiting people" is the fundamental and most important purpose of environmental protection. Fundamentally speaking, protecting the environment is to protect people's health, develop socialist production, benefit the people, seek more happiness for the people, and build China into a more beautiful and prosperous country.
China has a superior socialist system, which provides the greatest possibility and great favorable conditions for preventing and eliminating pollution and rapidly developing marine environmental science. China government has always attached importance to environmental protection and improvement. As early as the founding of New China, the government demanded that while increasing production and saving, we must pay attention to the safety, health and essential welfare of workers. It is required that while building socialist industries, we must pay attention to the protection and improvement of the environment, and we must never do anything that harms future generations. The China Municipal Government has repeatedly instructed that natural resources should be rationally utilized, comprehensive utilization should be actively carried out, and the relationship between resource development and environmental protection should be correctly handled. Later, in view of the situation of environmental pollution in China, we formulated the 32-character policy of environmental protection in line with China's national conditions, promulgated the regulations on the discharge of industrial "three wastes" and the prevention of pollution in coastal waters in China, and adopted many effective measures, such as applying new technologies and new processes, shortening the process, preventing waste water from running off, eradicating pollution sources, comprehensively utilizing and equipping environmental pollutant treatment facilities. For some factories that are not suitable for cities, move and transfer; Reasonable closure, suspension, merger or transformation of those enterprises that are still difficult to manage or hinder the appearance of the city. Use a variety of methods to control pollution sources. Because industrial wastewater is an important source of marine pollution, controlling the discharge of industrial wastewater is still an important way to reduce marine pollution. At the same time, a large number of "garden-style" factories have emerged by planting trees, rectifying factory capacity, greening the environment and launching patriotic health campaigns, which have found good methods for rectifying and managing large factories.
in terms of organization and implementation, the State Council has established the competent authority for environmental protection and the agency for the treatment of "three wastes", and all provinces, cities and districts have also established corresponding specialized leadership and management agencies to be responsible for leading and managing the environmental protection work in various parts of China and coastal waters. While improving the leading institutions, a series of marine environmental scientific research institutions and monitoring institutions have been set up, and scientific and technological personnel have been actively organized to carry out pollution investigation and monitoring in the coastal areas, key harbors and estuaries of China, providing a scientific basis for controlling and managing marine pollution. Coastal petrochemical enterprises, according to the "three wastes" treatment measures, not only have sewage treatment devices, but also have monitoring institutions. Relevant environmental protection departments are strengthening supervision and inspection, and implementing effective prevention and management according to local conditions. At present,