Capitalization rules:

The first letter of proper nouns, surnames and the first letter of sentences should be capitalized. Such as: Wang Wei Wáng Wéi, Beijing Olympic Games Běijīng ?oyùnhuì; We are students Wǒmen shì xuéshēng.

Soundproof symbols:

When syllables starting with ①ɑ, o, e are connected behind other syllables, if the boundaries of the syllables are confused, use soundproof symbols (') to separate them, for example : pi'ɑo (leather jacket).

② If the two pinyin are easily misread or the two same vowels belong to different words, add a soundproof symbol (') between the two pinyin, such as: embankment dī'àn; the answer is dá' àn. Extended information

Key value symbol:

The first tone, (Yinping, or flat tone, ˉ (—), key value 55 (Gaoping?)

The second tone, (yangping, or rising tone, ˊ (/), the key value is 35 (high rising?)

The third tone, (the rising tone, or folding tone, ˇ(∨), the key value is 214 (Falling and rising)

Fourth tone, (desone, or flat, ˋ (\), key value 51 (all flat?)

Structural classification:

According to the structure, it can be divided into single finals, compound finals, and nasal finals (finals with nasal endings are called nasal finals); according to the pronunciation shape of the opening vowel, it can be divided into open mouth call, straight tooth call, closed mouth call, and pinched mouth call. Referred to as "four calls"

The finals of open calls are a, o, e, ê, er, i (front), i (back) or a, o, e

Qi-teeth call the finals starting with i or i, such as iou, iao, ie, ia

Hekou call the finals start with u or u, such as ua, uo, uai, uei

The finals of the vowels are ü or ü, such as üe, ün, üan

Pronunciation rules:

Tongue position refers to the location of the raised part of the tongue during pronunciation . When pronouncing a vowel, the tongue is extended forward, and the vowel produced at this time is called a front vowel. There are two front vowels in Mandarin, namely i and ü.

When pronouncing a vowel, the tongue is retracted and the tongue is in the back position. The vowel produced at this time is called a back vowel. There are three back vowels in Mandarin, namely o, e, and u. The tongue is neither forward nor backward, and the vowel produced at this time is called a central vowel. In Mandarin, there is a central vowel on the tongue, which is ɑ.

Second, the height of the tongue.

When the tongue surface is raised and the distance from the hard palate reaches the minimum, the vowels produced are called high vowels. When the tongue surface is lowered and the distance from the hard palate reaches the maximum, the vowels produced are called low vowels. The distance from high vowels to low vowels can be divided into four equal parts, with three points in the middle.

When the tongue position is at these three points, the vowels produced are from top to bottom. The lower vowels are called semi-high vowels, mid-vowels and semi-low vowels. There are three tongue-surface high vowels in Mandarin, namely i, u, and ü, and two semi-high vowels, namely o and e. There are 1. A low vowel is ɑ.

Third, the rounding of the lips

When the lips are rounded, the vowels produced are called rounded vowels; when the lips are spread, the vowels produced are called rounded vowels. The sound is called an unrounded vowel. There are three rounded vowels in Mandarin, namely o, u, and ü, and four unrounded vowels, namely ɑ, e, i, and ê.