1. Sowing season: Frost often occurs from mid-November to mid-January every year. In order to bear fruit early and extend the harvest period, sowing is usually carried out from October to November, and it is advisable to choose sunny days.
2. Soaking seeds and accelerating germination: first blanch the seeds with water at 55℃, naturally cool them, disinfect them with 8 times thiophanate methyl for 15 minutes, then clean them with clean water, soak the seeds with clean water for about 1 hours, wrap them in three layers with wet cloth, accelerate germination at a temperature of about 35℃, stir and spray warm water once a day, and sow the seeds with broken breasts in time.
3. Seedling raising: In order to improve the seedling rate and make the seedlings robust, Zhuangmiao No.1 should be used as the medium for plug seedling raising, and the film should be covered above the plug to increase the temperature of the seedbed and promote the ground breaking, and the film should be removed after the ground breaking. When the roots of the seedlings are covered with media, transplant them into a pre-prepared large-scale nursery bag or nutrition cup to raise the seedlings, and the soil of the seedlings can be kept semi-dry and semi-wet until it is dry. An arch shed is built on the seedbed with transparent film for thermal insulation, and a layer of film or straw is covered when there is frost to prevent the seedlings from freezing.
(2) Land preparation, border preparation and base fertilizer application
After the land is deeply ploughed, the soil mass is broken to make a high border with a width of about 1.8-2 meters, that is, the border width is 2.2-2.5 meters, and about 15 kilograms of decomposed manure (chicken manure, hunting manure, etc.) is applied per mu. After the soil is semi-dry and semi-wet, cover the border with a silver-black plastic film with a width of 2.15m, and after leveling, cover the surrounding area with a soil mass for compaction. The silver-black double-sided plastic film can reduce insect-borne virus diseases, and has the effects of water conservation, fertilizer conservation, soil loosening, grass prevention and soil temperature increase.
(3) field planting
After the frost period in February of the following year, field planting will be carried out, with a plant spacing of about 1.8-2 meters and 14-2 plants per mu. After field planting, papaya seedlings should be watered with sufficient root-fixing water, which can be added with fungicides such as thiophanate to prevent the seedlings from getting sick, and the roots should not be damaged, exposed or accumulated. Papaya seedlings should not be planted too deeply.
(4) field management
1. Nutritional requirements: The ratio of N, P and K in the vegetative growth period is 5: 6: 5, and that in the reproductive growth period is 4: 8: 8. The fertilization position should be at the outer edge of the crown, and spraying foliar fertilizer on cloudy days or in the evening is better.
(1) Growth-promoting fertilizer: 2 days after planting, new roots will grow, which can be sprayed with water manure or 5‰ urea, and fertilized every 1-15 days, mainly with quick-acting fertilizer.
(2) flower-forcing fertilizer: heavy fertilizer should be applied in time before and after bud emergence to meet the needs of flower bud formation, and nitrogen fertilizer should still be the main fertilizer, with appropriate increase of P and K fertilizers, and foliar topdressing with flowering essence.
(3) strong fruit fertilizer: in order to meet the needs of stem fruit development and top flowering and fruit setting, heavy fertilizer should be applied once a month, which requires a high level of N, P and K. At the same time, organic fertilizer should be applied, such as cooked raw bran plus "perfect tonic" organic biological fertilizer, and sweet fruit essence should be sprayed on leaves, which is beneficial to improve yield and fruit quality.
2. Water management: the growth and development of papaya need sufficient water, but it is also forbidden to accumulate water and high groundwater level, so as not to cause accumulation of water and root retting. Therefore, it is necessary to do a good job of drainage and irrigation. Generally, there is a lot of rain in spring and summer in Meizhou, so we should pay attention to digging deep ditches for drainage. In autumn, it is in full fruit season, so we should irrigate frequently.
3. thinning branches and flowers: after planting, the lateral buds should be removed in time, and only 1-2 fruits should be left in each axil. Generally, the female plants have a high fruit-setting rate, and one fruit is left. The bisexual plants have obvious intermittent fruits, and some fruits can be left. The rest flowers and fruits should be thinned in time to facilitate the early fruit development needs of nutrient concentration. Fruit thinning should be carried out in the afternoon on a sunny day. At the same time, deformed fruits and pests and diseases should be picked in time, and dead old leaves should be removed together with petioles. If there are male plants in the field, they should be cut down as soon as possible.
4, cold and antifreeze: when the cold current and frost come, cover the top of papaya with straw, and cover the stem with straw. At the same time, straw, weeds, etc. were piled up at the air inlet of the orchard and covered with soil for smoking. P and K fertilizers were topdressing papaya and biological fertilizers were sprayed.
5. Wind damage and post-disaster recovery
(1) Prevention of wind damage: A choose sheltered areas for cultivation; B set up windbreaks, erect pillars, and around papaya, it is appropriate to set up windbreaks, and at the initial recovery, each plant will use 3 thick bamboos, which will be inserted into a triangle, and the trunk will be covered with thick hemp rope plastic tape. C select and plant dwarf varieties. D enjoy inverted cultivation. E pay attention to drainage to prevent scouring and lodging of plants in soft soil.
(2) Disaster treatment: Drainage of Garden A as soon as possible to avoid root rot. B fertilization or foliar spraying with .5% urea aqueous solution. C if the inclination of the plant is too large or the leaves are badly blown off, the plant should be lifted up with prop moderately and the fruit should be covered with newspaper to avoid sunburn.
(5) Prevention and control of pests and diseases
1. Virus disease: (1) Symptoms: new leaves turn yellow, followed by uneven yellow-green stripes, leaves have small deformation, wither and fall off early, plants grow slowly, stems, petioles and petals have oil-soaked stripes, although flowering is not easy to bear fruit, round or oval continuous or discontinuous wheel spots appear on the fruit surface, and the fruit becomes smaller, sometimes.
(2) Control method: A, select disease-resistant varieties, such as Hongfei and Nongyou No.1;
B sow corn between rows of papaya one month after planting to prevent aphids from flying directly to papaya plants to spread the virus.
C avoid intercropping with intermediate host melons; D cover the seedbed with nylon gauze to prevent aphids from transmitting diseases;
E after planting, the individual plants are surrounded by bottomless transparent plastic bags to prevent aphids from spreading diseases;
The F border is covered with silver-black double-sided plastic film to reflect light and drive away aphids;
G change the dressing in turn and spray the aphid killer once every 7-1 days;
H pay attention to cultivation management, make papaya grow strong and increase disease resistance;
I apply more organic bio-fertilizer to enhance plant health and improve crop immunity;
2. Seedling damping-off: (1) Symptoms: dark brown spindle spots can occur at the base and middle of the stem of seedlings. With the development of the disease, the disease spots sag and shrink, and finally the diseased seedlings dry up and die.
(2) Control method: A seedbed is selected from plots with high and dry terrain, good drainage and no vegetables. If old seedbeds are used, the soil must be disinfected.
B strengthen the management of seedbed, control watering, avoid the soil of nursery being too wet, and pay attention to ventilation and light transmission to prevent rain from getting wet.
C at the initial stage of the disease, remove the diseased vaccine in time, and spray 5% carbendazim 6 times solution and other pesticides to control the spread of germs.
D, using seedling medium-Zhuangmiao No.1 to raise seedlings.
3. Powdery Mildew: (1) Symptoms: The leaves and petioles show granular protrusions, and then white powdery conidia are born, which makes the leaves yellow.
(2) prevention methods: a pay attention to ventilation and drainage;
spraying B15% triadimefon 15 times;
C reasonable close planting, enhance ventilation and transparency, and change the microclimate of high temperature and humidity in the field.
4. Common diseases include epidemic disease, anthrax and boron deficiency.
5. Common pests are: red spider, leaf miner, scale insect, snail, etc.
fourthly, harvesting: papaya takes about 6-8 months from sowing to flowering, and ripens 4-6 months after flowering. High temperature is beneficial to fruit development, but on the contrary, it delays ripening.
the maturity of harvesting varies according to the distance of the transportation and marketing market and the season, and generally the yellowish fruit ditch is taken as the standard. 1-2 furrows are yellowish in summer, 3-4 furrows are yellowish in spring and autumn, and 5 furrows are golden in winter.
when harvesting, cut off the fruit branches, wipe them lightly with a dry cloth, label them, then put them on a foam net, put them into cartons, and leave them for about four days to eat.
The average red princess is about 6, kilograms per mu, with a daily yield of about 2, kilograms per mu.