Wrong, official kilns only appeared in Jingdezhen during the Yuan Dynasty

Jingdezhen official kilns can be traced back to the Yuan Dynasty and continued until the end of the Qing Dynasty. In the long history of porcelain making in Jingdezhen, the official kiln occupies a decisive position. It not only gathers a large number of outstanding craftsmen, but also spares no effort in firing. It plays a significant role in improving Jingdezhen's porcelain making technology, porcelain quality, and promoting the development of ceramic culture. played a very important role.

1. Jingdezhen Guanyao in the Yuan Dynasty

"Privy Council" is the abbreviation of "Privy Council". Emperor Daizong of the Tang Dynasty (763-779) first established the Privy Council. In the Song Dynasty, the Privy Council was the highest military organ, and the Yuan Dynasty followed its system. The Yuan Dynasty established the Fuliang Porcelain Bureau in Jingdezhen in the fifteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1278), and the Privy Council of the Yuan Dynasty fired egg-white glazed porcelain with the "Privy" designation in Jingdezhen.

The characteristics of "Privy" porcelain are: Privy porcelain and blue-white porcelain are both white, but relatively thicker than blue-white porcelain; Privy porcelain glaze changes from blue-white to egg white (more White, almost goose egg color); the most common shapes of Privy porcelain are plates, bowls, pots and goblets, with very few large pieces. The most typical Privy wares have bowls with small bases. The bent-waist vessels in Privy porcelain have prominent shapes. The soles of Privy porcelain plates and bowls are all exposed, with thick walls and neatly trimmed feet. Some bottoms have nipple protrusions and obvious spiral patterns ( Cultural relics textbook compiled by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage, "Chinese Ceramics" edited by Feng Xianming, published by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, fifth printing in May 2001, P499-450). In the Yuan Dynasty, blue and white porcelain was successfully fired, creating underglaze red and blue and white underglaze red decorations. The emergence of other colored glazes such as red glaze, blue glaze, gold glaze, etc. marked that people had begun to understand the color rules of various colorants. Skilled mastery has made Jingdezhen porcelain decorations colorful, thus ending the situation where the glaze color of porcelain before the Yuan Dynasty was mainly imitation jade and silver, pushing porcelain decoration into a new era of underglaze color, forming distinctive characteristics of Chinese porcelain .

In the Yuan Dynasty, Jingdezhen kilns were divided into official and civilian uses (but according to the above, there is an essential difference between the official kilns in the Yuan Dynasty and the official kilns in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The official kilns at this time can be said to be contained in folk kilns), reflecting hierarchical concepts and different life interests. "History of the Yuan Dynasty, Emperor Shun Ji" records the ban issued by Dinghai in the summer of the second year of the Yuan Dynasty (1336): "It is forbidden to wear the words Qilin, Luanfeng, White Rabbit, Ganoderma lucidum, Double-horned Five-clawed Dragon, Eight Dragons, Nine Dragons, Wanshou, and Fushou. , ochre, yellow, etc." Reflected in the Jingdezhen porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty, folk were not allowed to draw and use five-clawed dragon pattern porcelain. According to archaeological surveys, Liujiawu's bent-waist bowls and small foot plates on the south bank of the Hutian "(Nanhe)" in Jingdezhen often have their feet turned outwards. The inner walls are often printed with the word "Privilege", and the printed dragon pattern on the inner wall of the goblet has five claws. , confirming that the "Yuan Shi" should be the official utensils of that time; although the ones on the north bank are relatively similar in shape, the foot walls are mostly vertical, the inner walls have no markings, and the dragons only have three or four claws, so they should be civilian commodities." ( Liu Xinyuan et al. "Inspection Minutes of Hutian Kiln in Jingdezhen", "Cultural Relics", Issue 11, 1980). "Privy" vessels (oval white glazed porcelain) were not only used by the upper class such as the "Privy Council" of the Yuan Dynasty, but also by ordinary people. This is closely related to the living habits and preferences of the Yuan Dynasty people. Privy utensils were not only the living utensils of the Yuan Dynasty people, but also an important object of the Yuan Dynasty people's aesthetics. They themselves were also a reflection of the Yuan Dynasty people's aesthetic fashion and taste.