First, the packaging function.
The function of packaging is to keep products in good condition, facilitate storage and transportation, promote sales, and use appropriate materials and containers. , and adopt certain technical methods to package the goods, and decorate and mark them appropriately. Packaging hierarchy includes three states: independent packaging, internal packaging and external packaging. A single package is the smallest unit package that reaches users, and it is the direct protection state of products; Built-in is the protection state of concentrating one or more individual containers in an intermediate container; The outer packaging protects the product by taking necessary measures such as buffering, fixing, moisture-proof and waterproof, which is convenient for storage and transportation.
Packaging plays a very important role in logistics system. Packaging is the end of production and the starting point of logistics, which restricts the operation of logistics system to a great extent. Packaging products according to certain quantity, shape, weight and size. And the use of suitable materials and containers according to the nature of products not only restricts the convenience and efficiency of loading and unloading, stacking and storage, metering and counting, but also affects the utilization efficiency of sports tools and warehouses. Specifically, packaging has the following functions:
1. protection function: this is the function of maintaining product quality and the basic function of packaging. In the process of logistics, various natural factors (temperature, humidity, sunshine, harmful substances, biology, etc. ) affect the quality of the product, which will damage and deteriorate the product. In the process of loading, unloading, handling and transportation, shock and vibration will also damage the product. In order to maintain the integrity of products in the logistics process, it is necessary to package products scientifically to avoid the influence of various external unfavorable factors on products.
2. Convenient function. Packaging goods can provide many convenient conditions for the circulation of goods. Transportation, loading and unloading are usually based on the volume and weight of the package, as well as pallets, containers, trucks and so on. It is also delivered according to a certain packaging unit. Proper packaging shape, size, weight and materials can facilitate transportation, handling and storage, improve the efficiency of other logistics links and reduce circulation costs.
4. Sales function. Packaging is an integral part of goods and an image of goods. Trademarks, designs, text descriptions, etc. On the package are advertisements for goods and "silent salesmen". They are the media to publicize and sell goods, and induce and stimulate consumers' desire to buy.
Second, the loading and unloading function
Loading and unloading function refers to activities carried out within the same geographical scope, with the main content and purpose of changing the storage state and spatial position of articles. Loading and unloading operations are an indispensable part of the whole logistics activities. As a combination of all links, it is the link of logistics operation. The function of loading and unloading is mainly manifested in the following aspects:
1. Loading and unloading is an activity accompanying the production process and the circulation process, and it is also a bridge connecting the transformation between the production stages and the circulation links. Therefore, the rationalization of loading and unloading plays an important role in shortening the production cycle, reducing the logistics cost in the production process, speeding up the logistics speed and reducing the logistics cost.
2. Loading and unloading is the condition to ensure the smooth progress of other links in production and circulation. The quality of its work will have a great impact on other links of production and circulation, which may make the production process unable to proceed normally or make the circulation process not smooth. Therefore, the service provided by loading and unloading to other links in the logistics process is of a labor nature and has the function of providing "guarantee" and "service".
3. Loading and unloading is an important link in the logistics process, which restricts other activities in the logistics process and is the key to improve the logistics speed. Because loading and unloading is an activity accompanied by other links in the logistics process, it often attracts people's attention. However, once loading and unloading are neglected, the production and circulation fields will be in chaos or even come to a standstill. It can be seen that improving loading and unloading operations, improving the rationalization of loading and unloading, improving the quality of logistics services and giving full play to the overall functions of the logistics system are of great significance and obvious functions.
Third, the transport function.
The transportation function is an activity to realize the spatial movement of commodities, overcome the spatial separation of production and demand, and create spatial utility by means of transportation through a certain route.
Transportation is one of the two pillars of logistics. Other activities in the logistics process, such as packaging, loading and unloading and logistics information, are all carried out around transportation and storage. In all activities in the logistics process, transportation is the key and plays a decisive role.
1. Transportation is the backbone system of logistics system.
2. Transportation creates the spatial utility of logistics.
3. Transportation is the central link to reduce logistics cost, improve logistics speed and give full play to the overall function of logistics system.
4. Transportation is the key to speed up capital turnover, reduce capital occupation time and improve logistics economic benefits.
In the process of logistics, direct consumption of living labor and the loss in the process of logistics. Among them, transportation cost accounts for a large proportion, which is the main factor affecting logistics cost. Therefore, developing reasonable transportation plays an important role in improving the economic and social benefits of logistics. Transportation is one of the main sources of "the third profit source".
Fourth, the storage function
Storage, also known as the storage of goods, has the nature of being reusable at any time. Refers to the part of goods that temporarily stagnate in the process of social reproduction and leave the process of direct production and consumption. The storage of commodities is the inevitable result of the continuous improvement of socialization and specialization of production, and it is the material and technical condition to ensure the continuous process of social reproduction. It adapts to the process of social reproduction, that is, it exists in the fields of circulation, production and consumption.
Custody is the continuation of storage and the process of protecting the value and use value of stored items from damage. Its main task is to prevent the external environment from infringing on the stored items and keep the properties of the items intact. Therefore, the storage of goods is the premise of storage, and the storage of goods can be reused. As long as there are things to store, you should keep them.
The positive effects of storage mainly include:
1, material conditions ensure the continuous reproduction of society.
2, adjust and coordinate the conditions for the stable and sustainable development of various departments and regions.
3. Solve the time deviation of goods, improve the logistics center link of time utility, and realize the overall function of logistics system. (1) Material basis for handling accidents. (2) Ensure the warehousing function.
There are also negative operations in inventory: for example, taking up commodity funds; Increase the storage cost; Increase interest expenses; More seriously, the serious inventory backlog will make enterprises unable to turn over and reproduce, so people describe inventory backlog as a cancer of enterprises.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) assigns processing function.
Distribution processing function is a productive processing activity that changes or partially changes the commodity form according to the requirements of customers and the needs of logistics in the circulation process. Distribution processing is a special form in circulation. Its purpose is to overcome the difference between the shape and quality of products produced and processed and the requirements of customers, or to facilitate logistics and improve logistics efficiency.
1. Overcome the separation of production and consumption, and meet the consumption demand more effectively. This is the basic content of the distribution processing function. In modern economy, the quality separation between production and consumption is increasingly expanding and complicated. By taking advantage of proximity to consumers and flexible information to engage in processing activities, circulation enterprises can better meet the needs of consumers and combine small-scale and large-scale production with small-scale and diversified needs.
2. Improve the processing efficiency and utilization rate of raw materials. Centralized distribution processing can use advanced technology, high processing capacity and high efficiency equipment, which not only improves the processing quality, but also improves the utilization rate and processing efficiency. Centralized processing can also be based on the different requirements of customers, and the simple products produced by the production enterprises can be concentrated, so as to use materials in a measured way, cut reasonably and reduce residual materials. At the same time, the surplus materials can be comprehensively utilized, the utilization rate of raw materials can be improved, and resources can be fully and reasonably utilized.
3. Improve logistics efficiency. Some products have special shapes, sizes and weights. For example, oversized and overweight products can't be loaded, unloaded and transported without proper decomposition, and fresh food is easy to deteriorate and rot in the logistics process without freezing preservation. Proper processing of these products can facilitate loading, unloading, storage, transportation and distribution, thus improving logistics efficiency.
4. Promote sales. Distribution processing also plays a positive role in promoting sales, especially in the increasingly fierce market competition, distribution processing has become an important means of promotion. For example, changing the transportation packaging into sales packaging, packaging and filling processing, changing the image of goods to attract consumers; Wash vegetables and meat, cut into pieces and subcontract to meet the requirements of consumers; Processing primary products and raw materials to meet customer needs, win customer trust and enhance marketing competitiveness.
Sixth, the distribution function
Distribution is the activity of delivering goods to customers according to their requirements. Distribution is a kind of terminal transportation directly facing customers, and customers' requirements are the starting point of distribution activities. The essence of distribution is delivery, but it is based on sorting, distribution and other tally activities, and is an organic combination of distribution and delivery.
1, distribution is conducive to improving the economic benefits of logistics. Although distribution is at the end of the logistics process, it can be seen from the above process that distribution is the epitome of logistics activities to a certain extent. The distribution process combines several logistics functions together, making them organically combined, thus improving the efficiency of each function. Distribution can reduce procurement costs through centralized procurement; Through centralized inventory, reasonable inventory can be maintained, unnecessary social inventory can be compressed, and storage costs can be reduced; Through reasonable distribution and * * * simultaneous delivery, repeated transportation and empty transportation can be eliminated, the utilization rate of transportation tools can be improved, reasonable transportation can be realized and transportation costs can be reduced.
2. Distribution is the logistics of customers. Distribution is a logistics activity that directly connects the end customers. Because of its large network coverage, large information, fast transmission speed, advanced logistics means, complete facilities and high degree of specialization, its service to customers has become an indispensable logistics for customers in modern economy. For production enterprises, raw materials, auxiliary materials, spare parts, etc. can be organized according to the production needs of the enterprise, and the scheduled and quantitative delivery can relieve the worries of the enterprise and greatly reduce the inventory of the enterprise or realize zero inventory. For retail stores, replenishment can be made in time according to the sales situation of the store, which not only ensures continuous goods, but also realizes zero inventory. For different small and medium-sized customers, organizing * * * to purchase goods together and organizing * * * to deliver goods together can make small and medium-sized customers gain economies of scale.
3. Distribution helps to improve the macro-control ability of logistics system. Large-scale logistics forms, such as centralized inventory and * * * distribution with the same paragraph, can fundamentally change the small production logistics pattern of one household picking up goods and delivering goods and repeatedly setting up warehouses, thus breaking the compartmentalization and creating good conditions for the circulation authorities to carry out effective macro-control. At the same time, the distribution center is the most important information center and deployment center in the logistics system. Therefore, the management of distribution center can greatly affect the macro-control of logistics system.