Scientific and technological achievements of the Song Dynasty

Jiusan Society Kaifeng City Committee

The Song Dynasty was the most prosperous economy, the most technologically advanced, the most prosperous culture, and the most profound art in the world at that time , one of the dynasties with the richest people's living standards. It was not only the country with the most inventions and creations in the world at that time, but also the period when China contributed the most to the world. More than half of the important inventions in Chinese history appeared in the Song Dynasty.

British scholar Joseph Needham mentioned in the introduction to his book "History of Science and Technology in China": "Whenever people look for a specific historical science and technology material in Chinese documents, they often find that its focus is on the Song Dynasty. , This is true whether in applied science or pure science." Marx also spoke highly of the three great inventions of the Song Dynasty: "Gunpowder, the compass, and printing - these are the three great inventions that heralded the arrival of bourgeois society. While gunpowder blew the knightly caste to pieces, the compass opened up world markets and founded colonies, printing became an instrument of religion and, generally speaking, a means of scientific renaissance, the last necessary prerequisite for the development of the creative spirit. A powerful driving force. "According to incomplete statistics, the Song Dynasty was leading the world in more than 100 science and technologies (see appendix for details), including movable type printing, gunpowder, compass, astronomy, mathematics, medicine, biology, and architecture. These science and technologies were widely used in cultural communication, military warfare, agriculture, handicrafts and other production fields and life fields, providing a reliable guarantee for the economic prosperity and social progress of the Song Dynasty.

Many of the scientific and technological achievements of the Song Dynasty involved the agricultural field, which improved labor productivity, created a large amount of social wealth, and provided a large amount of surplus labor for society, which led to many surplus laborers to devote themselves to handicrafts, commerce, and society. Various fields of the service industry made the handicraft industry and commerce extremely active in Song Dynasty society, presenting a social style that was different from traditional agricultural society. Some people estimate that the GDP output value of the Northern Song Dynasty accounted for 50% of the world at that time, which can be said to be the richest in the world.

Three of the four world-renowned inventions began in the Song Dynasty. Among them, movable type printing was invented in the Song Dynasty, and woodblock printing began to be widely used in the Song Dynasty. The Imperial College, the four major book engraving centers in the country, and bookstores everywhere Bookshops were extremely active, and engraving and printing books in the Song Dynasty were widely circulated in society, laying a good foundation for the spread and prosperity of culture. Gunpowder and firearms began to be used on a large scale in the Song Dynasty, which promoted the rapid development of the weapon manufacturing industry in the Song Dynasty. Various firearms came into being, which promoted the continuous changes in the siege and defense campaigns at that time. Compasses began to be equipped on a large number of ocean-going ships in the Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty had the largest sailing fleet and merchant fleet in human history, and frequently sailed to Arabia, East Africa, India, Southeast Asia, and Japan and Korea in East Asia. The unification of the north and the south and the southward shift of the economic center promoted material and cultural exchanges between the north and the south, pushing the quantity, quality and application of various technologies in shipbuilding to the top of the world.

The development of the commodity economy in the Song Dynasty also played a positive role in promoting the development of cities. Compared with the Tang Dynasty, the number of cities with more than 100,000 households in the Song Dynasty increased from more than ten in the Tang Dynasty to 40. Bianjing and Lin'an became the fourth and fifth cities in the world with a population of over one million after Chang'an, Luoyang and Nanjing. . Compared with the capitals of the Han and Tang Dynasties, the capital area of ??the Song Dynasty was small, but the commercialization and prosperity of the city far exceeded that of the Tang Dynasty. In addition, the urban planning, water and land transportation, cultural, entertainment and sports activities, medical and health and social security systems at that time were also relatively complete. The scientific and technological achievements of the Song Dynasty penetrated into people's daily life, and the living standards of the people in the Song Dynasty were quite high. Sima Guang once wrote a letter pointing out: due to the development of the commodity economy, the original concept of hierarchy has been seriously damaged, and "the world is declining." "Traders and footmen put on silk stockings." The lifestyle of citizens has also undergone tremendous changes. For example, "Millions of households in Biandu rely on coal, and no one is burning firewood." Merchants in the Song Dynasty used paper money, which appeared for the first time in the world, similar to modern banks, and the credit industry was also quite developed.

Hundreds of scientific and technological achievements of the Song Dynasty

1. Compass: The manufacturing technology of the compass was first proposed in "Mengxi Bi Tan". With the compass, ocean navigation became possible.

2. Movable type printing: Bi Sheng invented movable type printing. He was the first inventor in the world, about 400 years earlier than J. Gutenberg in Germany. It is a necessary prerequisite for the development of civilization.

3. Cannon: The history of human warfare has entered the era of hot weapons. The cannon body is made of iron and the spherical explosive shells are made of pig iron. In 1126, the Jin people besieged Bianjing. When Li Gang was defending the city, he used thunderbolt cannons to repel the Jin soldiers. "He fired thunderbolt cannons at night to attack the thieves, and the troops all screamed in surprise."

4. Deep well drilling technology: Zhuotong well is a salt well with a thick upright bamboo tube to absorb brine. It is more than 800 years old in the West. Its diameter is only the size of a bamboo tube, but it can drill wells up to tens of feet deep. It is known as "the fifth greatest invention in ancient China" and "the father of oil drilling in the world". Metaphor: "Without Zhuo Tsutsui, there would be no Gulf War"

5. Paper money: Jiaozi is the earliest paper money used in the world. It was issued in Chengdu in 1023 in the Northern Song Dynasty. The paper money used in Europe was in 1661. Issued by the Bank of Sweden, but the issuance of banknotes at that time was only a stop-gap measure and not a real currency.

6. Watertight bulkheads: Watertight bulkhead technology was widely used in warships in the Song Dynasty, which improved the quality of currency. Sunkability. It can protect ships from sinking due to water intrusion. It is still an important structural form in ship design. The discovery of Nanhai No. 1 proves that China is the first country to invent this technology.

7 , Canal locks in the form of compound locks: In 984, Huainan transshipment envoy Qiao Weiyue was responsible for regulating the Huaihe River and created Erdoumen, which was a canal lock in the form of compound locks, which later affected the world.

8 , Abacus: Zhang Zeduan painted an abacus in "Along the River During the Qingming Festival". It can be seen that the abacus was widely used as a calculation tool in my country as early as the Northern Song Dynasty.

9. Musket: It was first originated and improved in China, passed down in the Arab world, and spread even more widely in Europe. The earliest known musket in the world is the bamboo-barreled musket of the Song Dynasty. It is recorded in the "Sutra". In the 13th century, the earliest pistols (guns and hand cannons) appeared in the Yuan Dynasty.

10. Tai Chi Diagram: The ancient "Tai Chi Diagram" was painted more than 3,000 years ago. On the pottery from the Xia and Shang Dynasties or earlier, the S-shaped curve is drawn in the circle, and the black and white yin and yang points were added later. It is generally believed to be made by Zhou Dunyi in the Northern Song Dynasty. 11. Trademark: According to reports, there was a Liu's steel needle shop in Jinan during the Northern Song Dynasty. The steel needles produced by this shop were of high quality and low price, and were quite famous in the local area. In order to keep the business prosperous, the shop owner made an ingenious "white rabbit" "Er" copper plate. There are paintings and words on the copper plate. The copper plate is square in shape, with a picture of a white rabbit pounding medicine in the middle. On both sides of the painting are the name of the shop "Jinan Liujia Acupuncture Shop" and the slogan "Recognize the white rabbit in front of the door as a reminder." This is The earliest special trademark in Chinese history. People in the Song Dynasty had famous brands in various industries, such as the famous "Pan Gumo" in the ink making industry. 12. Advertisement: It also appeared in the commercial operations of the Song Dynasty. Advertisements printed on copper plates are more than 300 years earlier than Western advertisements.

13. Football: Cui means "kicking" and Ju means "ball". The prototype of football, the International Football Association (FIFA) publicly confirmed that football originated in China in early 2004.

14. Fireworks: Mainly used in military affairs, grand ceremonies or performances, and the modern events around the world where fireworks can be set off on the same day and at the same event are generally New Year's Eve (New Year's Eve) events.

15. Chess: The game began to take shape in the Song Dynasty. In addition to the addition of "cannon" due to the invention of gunpowder, "shi" and "xiang" were also added. The Song Dynasty's "Shi Lin Guang Ji" records the earliest chess score that can be seen in China, which is more than 200 years earlier than the Western chess score.

The invention and transformation of weapons and gunpowder weapons:

16. Nunchucks (created by Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin, originally called Dapanlonggun (also known as Dasaozi in the north in modern times) and Xiaopan Dragon stick (small sweep). However, the big dragon stick at that time was shorter at one end and longer at the other. It was specially used to attack enemy horses, armor-piercing soldiers or hard weapons, so that they would lose their combat effectiveness. Later, this weapon was spread from the south. Philippines, spread from east to Japan.

Due to historical changes, the nunchucks were changed to their current form)

17. Lifebuoy (In the Song Dynasty, Han Zhongwu sent his troops to Wang Quan to Jinshan and ordered him not to cross the river by boat. So Wang Quan was given to Each soldier was given a "floating ring" to cross the river, and this task was finally completed. The "floating ring" used by Wang Quan at that time was the predecessor of the modern lifebuoy)

18. Landmines (Landmines were used in the war between the Song Dynasty and the Mongols in 1277. The Song army used "gunpowder cannons" (i.e. iron shell mines) buried in the ground, which were further developed in the Yuan Dynasty.)

19. Hand grenades (first invented in China. In 1000 AD, a firearm called "fireball" or "artillery" appeared in the Song Dynasty. Its principle is the same as that of modern hand grenades. In the military book "Wu Jing Zong Yao" published in 1044, it has been It contains a variety of hand-thrown ammunition such as thunderbolt fireballs, terrestris fireballs, poison fireballs, smoke balls, and fireballs. This can be regarded as the earliest prototype of hand grenades. In the 13th century, iron-cased explosive weapons appeared in the Chinese army. "Thunder", which is almost the same as modern hand grenades.)

20. Poison gas bomb (poison smoke bomb, since the main function of this smoke bomb is to smoke and burn the enemy with poisonous gas, the formula can not only achieve In addition to the explosive combustion effect of sulfur, flame salt, and charcoal powder, a variety of toxic substances such as wolfberry, wolfsbane, arsenic, etc. are infiltrated to achieve its effect)

21. Flamethrower (Song Dynasty). Apply double pistons to the oil pump to continuously spray flames. Wu Jing always records the structural diagram of the flamethrower)

22. Bomb (Invented by a man named Tang Fu in 1000 AD. Fire Tribulus, adding arsenic, asphalt, iron caltrops, etc. to the Black Fire [River Crab] prescription to make primitive bombs)

23. Rocket: The third year of Kaibao (970), the history of the Ministry of War. Feng Jisheng presented the rocket technique, and five years later, rockets were used in the war with the Southern Tang Dynasty.

24. Three-bow bed crossbow: Also known as the "eight crossbow", more than a hundred people are required to twist the shaft and stretch the string. The arrows are "wooden stems and iron feathers" and are known in the world as "one gun, three swords and arrows". It roughly looks like Like a javelin, the three iron feathers are like three swords. The bed crossbow can also fire "stepping arrows", which are nailed to the city wall in rows. The siege soldiers used it to climb up. Wei Pi once made improvements to the bed crossbow, and its range was greatly increased. "History of the Song Dynasty? Biography of Wei Pi" records: "The old bed crossbow stopped shooting at 700 steps, so Pi was ordered to increase it to 1,000 steps." In the Song Dynasty, one step was 1.536 meters, and a thousand steps was 1,536 meters. This was the highest range achieved by ancient long-range weapons. One of the records. )

Handicraft production technology:

25. Process color printing: Process color printing is the earliest color printing in the world. It is based on woodblock printing. A complex, high-precision printing technology developed. According to historical records, the three colors of cyan, blue and red for copperplate printing appeared in the Northern Song Dynasty.

26. Time-telling robot: The most amazing thing about the copper kettle is that there is a time-telling robot (the cymbal god). It will automatically hit the cymbal 8 times every quarter of an hour to tell the time. Although copper clasps have been invented and used in China for thousands of years and come in different shapes and sizes, the timing methods and principles are the same.

27. Crystal lens: Su Xun's fellow villager and friend Shi Hang used a crystal magnifying glass when he was a law enforcement officer handling case files. )

28. Silver salt blackening development technology: The discovery of the fixing principle was first seen in Su Shi's "Phases of Things": "On salt brine window paper, the character "baking" appears."

29. Xuanzuo (The simple lathe equipped in "Xuanzuo" specializes in metal cutting and processing. In the early Northern Song Dynasty, the use of machine tools was relatively common. The use of machine tools was a milestone in the history of mechanical processing.) < /p>

30. Chain transmission device (The Chinese invented the chain transmission device-chain transmission belt in 976; Europeans did not start using chain transmission belts until 1770, about 800 years later than China. )

31. Coking (During the Southern Song Dynasty, China invented coking and using coke to smelt metal, which greatly improved the purity of the smelted metal. Europeans did not know about coking and using coke for metallurgy until the early 18th century. More than 400 years later than China.)

32. The gallbladder method of frying copper (this method is only found in Xinzhou Lead Mountain Field.

According to the deleted record in Volume 33 of "Song Hui Yao Collection? Shihuo": "The ancient pit in Qianshan Field...the place without water is gallbladder soil. The gallbladder soil is fried in copper, and there is more work but less profit, and the soil is endless." This means that the bile soil is first taken, and then water is poured into the soil to obtain bile water. Since the concentration of the leached bile water is very low, it must be boiled and concentrated before it can be used to soak copper. )

33. Cam (The Chinese invented the cam in 983 AD and applied it to heavy-duty chains lifted by water. At the same time, the cam was used in a starch washing workshop in Tuscany, Italy. )

34. Creel warping method (compared to the rake warping method in the Tang Dynasty, it is more efficient and leads to the transition of the fabric structure from plain to twill, and from warp to weft.)

35. Tie-rod piston type bellows: According to research by Dr. Joseph Needham, the earliest picture of the tie-rod piston type bellows can be found in the second volume of a book titled "The Book of Three Generations of Acting Birds and Fighters" written in 1280. This kind of bellows is light, labor-saving and highly efficient, and it quickly became popular and developed. The piston airbox performs useful work in both forward and reverse strokes. In each stroke, one end exhausts air and the other end absorbs an equal amount of air at the same time. Therefore, it can provide continuous air flow and improve the blasting efficiency. It is a major advancement in blasting technology.

36. Large spinning wheel: The structure consists of three parts: twisting and winding, transmission and prime mover. The prime mover is a large round wheel similar to the rope wheel of a hand spinning wheel. The axle is equipped with a crank, which requires a dedicated person. Use both hands to shake.

37. Large water-spinning spinning wheel: The large water-spinning spinning wheel driven by water appeared in the late Southern Song Dynasty. It was popular in the Central Plains during the Yuan Dynasty and was mainly used for processing linen yarn and silk. It was the most advanced textile in the world at that time. mechanical. More than 100 kilograms of yarn can be spun in a day and night, which is about 400 years earlier than Western water-powered textile machinery.

38. Reeling: The Chinese in the 11th century had begun to use belt-driven textile machines. Qin Guan's book "The Book of Silkworms" records in detail the structure, several key components and usage of the reeling machine. Power is generated through the pedals, and the silk is wound on the spool. This book is the earliest record of reeling.

39. Blast furnace ironmaking: It is the predecessor of modern steel melting furnace. It achieves the purpose of decarbonization by repeatedly forging with cold air. )

Mathematics Achievements:

40. Nine Chapters of Mathematics: Qin Jiushao wrote "Nine Chapters of Mathematics", proposing the "Dayan Technique" and creating the "Unional Congruence Formula" The solution is 500 years earlier than the related research of European mathematicians Euler and Gauss

41. Gap product technique: Gap product technique is a method for solving stack product problems, and it solves high-order arithmetic series summation problem.

42. The origin diagram of the square root method: it is a triangular number table. It is actually the coefficient table of the binomial theorem with a positive integer exponent. It is about 400 years earlier than similar results of Al Qasi in the West. In 1998, it was called Jia Xian's triangle in the history of mathematics (also called Yang Hui's triangle because it appeared in Yang Hui's book). Based on the original diagram of the square root method, Jia Xian created the multiplicative open method, which provides a method to solve the positive real root approximation of any high-order equation. )

43. The multiplication method: Jia Xian's "multiplication method" was proposed 800 years earlier than Italy's Rooney and Britain's Horner.

44. Nine-return method: various abacus calculation methods for multiplication and division.

45. Tianyuan Shu: Li Ye wrote "Measuring the Circle Sea Mirror" and "Yi Gu Yan Duan", which were the first works to systematically discuss "Tianyuan Shu" (high-order equations of one variable), and were also ahead of European mathematicians. century.

46. Stacking Technique: Yang Hui proposed the "Stacking Technique" based on Shen Kuo's "Gaps Technique" and promoted the research on high-order arithmetic series.

47. The composition rules of high-order vertical and horizontal graphs in combinatorial mathematics (Yang Hui)

48. The formula for calculating algorithms: helpful for the application and promotion of shortcut algorithms.

Astronomical calendar:

49. Lotus leak: The lotus leak invented by Yansu in 1030 used the overflow system for the first time, which unprecedentedly improved the timing accuracy of the clepsydra.

50. Waterborne Astronomical Platform: Su Song successfully developed the Waterborne Astronomical Platform in 1092, which realized the concept of coordinated operation of the trinity of armillary sphere, armillary image and timekeeping. It can not only observe and demonstrate celestial phenomena, but also It can also tell time and tell time, and has the scientific structural principles of the open dome of an observatory, a telescope rotating instrument clock and a mechanical clock in modern times. It can be called the world's earliest "astronomical clock".

51. Key points of the new ritual: Su Song made outstanding contributions to the drawing of star maps. His famous astronomical work "Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao" is accompanied by five star atlases, which for the first time adopted a more scientific representation of the entire sky.

52. Lingtai Secret Garden: From 1049 to 1054, astronomer Zhou Cong presided over the re-measurement of the twenty-eight constellations and the stars in the sky. The results of this experiment compiled 345 The star's entry degree and extremity from each star's distance were included in the "Lingtai Secret Garden", and the number of stars collected exceeded that of the previous generation.

53. Star map: The star measurement accuracy between 1078 and 1085 was higher, and the star map was preserved in the form of stone carvings. This is the stone carving "Astronomical Map" in the Suzhou Museum. The upper part is the star map. The lower half of the picture is an inscription, which is a precious cultural relic for studying the starry sky of the Song Dynasty.

54. Tongtian Calendar: The "Tongtian Calendar" compiled by Yang Zhongfu during the reign of Emperor Ningzong measured the length of the return year as 365.2425 days, which is exactly the same as that used in the current Gregorian calendar, but is longer than the Western Gregorian calendar. Nearly 400 years earlier. )

55. Twelve Qi Calendar: Shen Kuo reworked the calendar and proposed a more scientific new calendar, that is, using the "Twelve Qi Calendar" to replace the lunar calendar, which is different from the one formulated by the British astronomer Shaw Nabob. Calendars similar to the "Twelve Qi Calendar" are more than 900 years old.

56. Mercator projection: It is an equiangular cylindrical map projection method. The Chinese invented the Mercator projection in 940. Mercator projection was not used in Britain until 1568, about 600 years later than China.

57. Jia Xian's triangle: also known as Yang Hui's triangle and Pascal's triangle, it is a geometric arrangement of binomial coefficients in a triangle.

58. The twenty-four solar terms calendar method: This new twenty-four solar terms calendar that harmonizes the agricultural seasons with the four seasons is extremely beneficial to farming.

59. Geomagnetic declination (Shen Kuo discovered the existence of geomagnetic declination by accurately measuring the meridian circle, four hundred years earlier than Europe.)

60. Biosolidification technology (Utilizing the unique ecological characteristics of marine life, many bridges across rivers and seas have been built. The cross-sea stone beam bridge built at the mouth of Luoyang River in Quanzhou City, Fujian Province is 5 meters wide and 1,000 meters long. This magnificent bridge The bridge has a history of 950 years, and people are still walking on it)

Shipbuilding:

61. Cars and ships: the largest is 36 feet long (about 110 meters), equipped with 24 meters. A runner and 6 "shooting poles" carried more than 1,000 soldiers.

62. Armored ship: In 1203, Qin Shifu built the "Iron Walled Sea Falcon" warship with a load capacity of 1,000 Hu (approximately 60 tons). The bulkhead was equipped with iron plates, which was the first of its kind. , the bow is equipped with a sharp iron point shaped like a mouth, which is used to impact and sink enemy ships in water battles. It is more destructive than the impact angle.

63. Low center of gravity fluid shock absorber: The ship has a small hole with a cover at the bottom of each cabin. Ship technology experts call it a "water eye". During navigation, rain or splashes fall on the ship. The waves can flow into a connected mezzanine cabin at the bottom of the ship through the "water eye". The water in the mezzanine cabin lowers the center of gravity of the ship and makes the ship more stable. Due to the inertia and internal friction of the water in the cabin, the heaving and sloshing of the hull caused by wind and waves will be partially offset.

64. Hongqiao: It is a column-less wooden beam arch bridge (i.e. base beam arch) that has reached the highest level of ancient wooden bridge structures in my country.

65. Dock: refers to an artificial construction on the shore, used as a place for shipbuilding and ship repair, and can also be used for berthing of ships. Docks can be divided into different categories such as dry docks, flooded docks and floating docks. The dock was invented by Zhang Ping, a man from the Song Dynasty of China.

66. Rattan boat: In the Shenzhen-Guangzhou coastal state army, iron nails and tung oil are rare, and the boats are made of empty boards and rattan constraints. In the cracks of the vines, madder growing on the sea was used to suffocate it when dried. When exposed to water, it swelled, so that the boat would not leak. Its boat is very large and is used by traders from all over the sea.

67. Chinese sailing boat: floating in the South China Sea, the boat is like a giant house, the sail is like a cloud hanging from the sky, the raft is several feet long, there are hundreds of people in the boat, a year's worth of grain is stored in it, and the pigs make wine in it. , putting life and death at risk. ...Then the Dashi Kingdom crossed the Western Sea and reached the Mulanpi Kingdom, and its boats became even larger.

A boat can accommodate a thousand people, and there is an opportunity on the boat to reach the market. If there is no wind, it will take several years to reach it. It does not have to be a very huge boat to reach it. "The largest Chinese ship has 12 masts, while the small boat has 3.

68. Module system (wooden structure buildings adopt the modular system and labor and material quota system with "wood" as the standard, so that Architectural design and construction have reached a certain standardization process)

Agricultural production technology, agricultural and sideline product processing and others:

69. Kimchi: "Lingwai Replies" in 1178 has been recorded as useful. The technology of water-tight storage in pottery jars was first recorded for storing food in kimchi jars

70. Wind mill: a mill that uses wind power

71. Sand filter in the dark shed. Technology: Wan Qing Liang Tian was added.

72. Sugar Frosting Book: The world's first monograph on sugar making.

73. Treading Plow: A type. Human plows reduce dependence on livestock.

74. Plow mirrors: Equipping plows with plow mirrors makes it easier to turn soil, thereby increasing agricultural output.

75. Horses: The emergence of new tools has also greatly increased crop yields.

76. Two-cropping system of rice and wheat: The so-called "double-cropping of rice and wheat" refers to planting wheat after harvesting rice in the same field. Later, rice was grown. Its realization improved land utilization and increased farmers' income, which was a major technological and economic progress.

77. Frame fields: The construction of frame fields was first seen in 1149. "Agricultural Book" records that it was the earliest artificial cultivated land in my country. It used deep plowing in frozen fields and fumigated soil to warm the fields.

78. Fertilizer accumulation technology: 1127-1279. Minerals such as lime, sulfur, and stalactite powder were used as fertilizers. Fertilizer accumulation techniques such as retting, fire manure, and cake fermentation were established.

79. Cultivate rice seedlings. Technology: Before 1149, paddy field farming in the south had adopted measures such as deep plowing, sun-drying, freezing, and heavy soil on the field surface to promote soil maturation. The technology of cultivating strong rice seedlings had emerged, and they knew how to grasp the laws of climate change and sow seeds at the right time to prevent seedlings from rotting.

80. Fruit tree distant grafting technology: Fruit tree distant grafting was successful in 1067.

Use methods such as "bamboo hoop tree" and "salt-coated tree" to harvest ginkgo and biloba. Olives. Eggplant seedlings were embedded with sulfur, and trace elements began to be used in vegetable cultivation.

81. Mulberry grafting technology: Around the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty, mulberry grafting technology was invented in the two Zhejiang regions, which was a revolution in the history of mulberry cultivation. , which greatly promoted the development of the sericulture industry in Zhejiang and Zhejiang.

82. The technique of destroying flowers and blooming early: From 1232 to 1298, the "Tanghua" technique of urging flowers to bloom early

83. Artificial hatching technology for poultry: Artificial hatching technology for poultry appeared in 1174. Quail were raised as cage birds. 84. Veterinary Hospital: The establishment of a veterinary hospital to care for sick horses in 1007 was the beginning of the establishment of a veterinary hospital in China.

85. Domesticated goldfish: In 1214, goldfish turned from wild to artificial domestication. 1243 Mechanical devices were used to transport live fish. The technology for long-distance transport of fry has been well documented.

Medical aspects:

86. "Taiping Shenghui Prescriptions": contains 16,834 TCM prescriptions, more than 10,000 more than the "Qianjin Prescriptions" of the Tang Dynasty.

87. Variola vaccination: The eldest son of Wang Dan, the Prime Minister of the Northern Song Dynasty, died of smallpox. Prime Minister Wang did not want others to contract the disease again, so he invited famous doctors and magicians from all over the country to try to find some kind of treatment. and prevention methods. A Taoist nun from Mount Emei gave a prescription: use a weakened human pox vaccine to "inoculate" healthy people through the nasal mucosa, so that people can gain immunity to smallpox.

88. Medical division (the medical department has also been divided into nine departments: 1. Internal medicine 2. Rheumatology (such as stroke) 3. Pediatrics 4. Ophthalmology 5. Otolaryngology and dentistry 6. Dermatology and orthopedics 7 . Obstetrics 8. Acupuncture 9. Traumatology and Curse Department)

89. Anatomy of True Pictures: The famous doctor and poet Yang Jie summarized the anatomy experience of executed prisoners and drew it into the atlas "True Picture of Preservation" , which enabled medical students at that time to deepen their understanding of anatomy.

90. Three-cause extreme disease syndrome prescription: classify complex causes into three categories: internal causes, external causes and no internal causes. Although this classification is roughly the same as that described by Zhang Zhongjing in the Han Dynasty, its content has been developed, that is, it summarizes various causes of diseases more specifically, its scope is also more comprehensive, and it is more consistent with clinical application. The principle of classification of three causes has been followed by later generations of doctors.

91. Acupuncture Diagram: Wang Weiyi studied the works of his predecessors, combined with his own experience, determined the locations of meridian points in detail, and compiled the "Acupuncture Diagram". In the fifth year of Tiansheng (1027), he was ordered to compile the "Acupuncture Diagram" on this basis. Two bronze figures for acupuncture were cast on it, which was extremely convenient for the teaching, clinical practice and examination of acupuncture. He also renamed his book "The Bronze Figure of Acupuncture and Moxibustion on the Bronze Figures".

92. "Pediatric Medicine and Syndrome Direct Jue": Known as the "originator of pediatric medicine", it has a great influence on the formation and development of pediatric medicine.

93. "Comprehensive Prescriptions for Women": written by Chen Ziming in the Southern Song Dynasty. It is divided into three departments of gynecology and five departments of obstetrics. It discusses the clinical and theoretical issues of obstetrics and gynecology. It is the most systematic and comprehensive gynecological monograph in the history of traditional Chinese medicine. .

94. "Shengji Zonglu": compiled during the Huizong period of the Song Dynasty, it can be called an encyclopedia in the history of medicine, bringing together a large number of theories on diagnosis, prescription, medication, acupuncture, etc. from previous dynasties and the Song Dynasty. and practical results, including nearly 20,000 prescriptions, the most in history.

95. Ou Xifan’s diagram of the five internal organs: the earliest partial anatomy diagram of the human body.

96. "The Cleansing of Wrongs": written by Song Ci in the Southern Song Dynasty. It is the world's first systematic treatise on forensic medicine. Song Ci is revered as the father of forensic medicine.

97. Epigraphy: Before modern archeology was introduced to China, the main research objects were ancient bronzes and stone carvings. Inscription science, which is similar to Europe, is regarded as the predecessor of Chinese archeology. It was formed in the Northern Song Dynasty and was officially named "The Study of Epigraphy" in the Qing Dynasty.

98. Taizu Changquan: Song Taizu Changquan, known in ancient times as "Song Taizu Thirty-two Strengths Changquan", also known as "Taizu Quan", is one of the six famous fists in the Chinese martial arts world.

99. Mizong Quan: formerly known as Yanqing Quan. The Huo family who immigrated from Cang County to Jinghai County, Hebei Province called this boxing Mizong Yi. It was passed down from generation to generation and was later famous by Huo Yuanjia. Mizong Art became famous.

100. Express delivery: a kind of fast military mail system that serves military purposes at high speeds - urgent delivery, came into being at this time. This kind of urgent foot delivery includes walking, horse delivery, and urgent foot delivery. The quickest way is to travel by foot, covering 400 miles a day. The distance between the delivery shops varies, some are 10 miles and some are 20 miles apart. )

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