Ukraine Natural Resources Ukraine has a variety of resources, mainly manganese (80% of the former Soviet Union), iron (30% of the former Soviet Union), coal, mineral chemical raw materials, building materials, etc. . Dnepropetrovsk and Donbas are the famous "steel capitals" and "coal seas" of the former Soviet Union; but Ukraine relies on imports for most of its oil, natural gas and other energy. Currently, 90% of all fuel for Ukraine's nuclear power plants Oil, 60% of natural gas, 70% of machinery parts, and 80% of pulp are imported from Russia and other CIS countries. Economic Situation After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the traditional economic ties between Ukraine and the former Soviet republics were destroyed, and the development of the national economy was seriously affected. The main industrial sectors include: coal mining, machinery manufacturing, metallurgy, aircraft manufacturing, aerospace, etc. The "An" series of aircraft are designed and manufactured in Ukraine. Uzbekistan has strong scientific and technological strength, and a number of scientific research institutes represented by the Kiev Patton Welding Institute are among the best in the world; Uzbekistan's light industry and food industry are well developed. With developed agriculture, fertile land and suitable climate, it is known as the "Granary of Europe". Ukraine has convenient transportation, mainly railway transportation, sea shipping routes to many countries, oil and gas pipelines all over the country, the main ports are Odessa, Irichovsk, Nikolaev and Southern Port (the largest fertilizer transportation center in the former Soviet Union) port) etc. The above-mentioned ports were all major ports in the former Soviet Union. Foreign Economic and Trade Relations In 1999, the foreign trade volume was US$28.05 billion, down 14%, of which exports were US$15.19 billion and imports were US$12.86 billion, down 7.7% and 20% respectively. Currently, Ukraine has economic and trade exchanges with nearly 180 countries and regions in the world. Its main trading partners are: Russia, Turkmenistan, Germany, the United States, Belarus and China, among which China is Ukraine's largest trading partner in the Asia-Pacific region. Ukraine's main export commodities are steel products (accounting for 30% of all exports), fertilizers, etc. The main imported commodities are oil and natural gas (imports account for more than 40% of total imports).
In recent years, Uzbekistan’s foreign trade has gradually developed in a standardized direction in line with international trade practices, and the proportion of barter trade in Uzbekistan’s foreign trade has declined. Foreign economic and trade management system Ukraine has implemented trade liberalization. Since 1993, enterprises legally registered in Ukraine can engage in foreign economic and trade activities. The state makes more use of tariff adjustments in foreign trade management, while non-tariff adjustment measures are gradually reduced. So far, there are only about 15 types of goods that are subject to quotas and licenses. Among the imported goods are only chemical preparations for plant protection, medicines, veterinary medicines, etc., and among the exported goods are precious metals, ores, mineral sands, gemstones, etc.
The main foreign trade management agencies include: Ministry of Economy of Ukraine, Special Commodity Export Committee, Interdepartmental Import Coordination Committee, Interdepartmental Export Coordination Committee, State Customs Committee, Chamber of Commerce and Industry, etc.
Uzbekistan controls barter trade. Exporters are required to pay in advance a deposit of 50% of the contract amount of export income to the relevant authorized bank in Uzbekistan; if the barter imports urgently needed goods to Uzbekistan and exports best-selling goods, the above-mentioned mortgage The deposit is 10% of the contract amount. In order to ensure timely return of goods, it is also stipulated that the return time of barter goods shall not exceed 90 days after the export goods have gone through customs procedures. If the goods exceed the limit, fines will be borne. Commodity Inspection The organization in charge of commodity inspection in Ukraine is the Ukrainian National Standards and Metrology Certification Committee. A certification system is implemented for imports, that is, imported goods must be certified by a Uzbek certification agency before they can be sold on the Uzbek market. The Uzbek National Standards and Metrology Certification Committee and the 25 standard certification centers in each state are responsible for product inspection and certification. The center is equipped with complete experimental equipment and equipment, and strengthens cooperation with research institutes of various industrial ministries and commissions to conduct technical equipment products Perform individual certification. According to the certification method, it can be roughly divided into: sample certification and sampling certification.
Sample certification, that is, samples of imported goods must be sent to the laboratory for inspection and certification in advance. After confirming that they meet Uzbekistan’s current product standards, a certificate of conformity will be issued and allowed to be sold in Uzbekistan; sampling certification, that is, for products that need certification Products are sampled from batches for inspection and if they meet Uzbekistan’s current commodity quality standards or are consistent with the standards of the certificate of compliance for sampling inspection, they will be considered qualified products and can be used or sold in Uzbekistan.
Uzbekistan divides all commodities into three major categories: ① Commodities that must be (mandatory) certified. According to Uzbekistan’s certification standards and regulations, there are more than 100 commodities (the list is still expanding) that must be certified. Only after obtaining Uzbekistan certification can they be imported and sold in the Uzbek domestic market. For example, telephone program-controlled switches must obtain quality certification from the Design and Research Institute of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications of Uzbekistan. After passing the inspection, a certificate of conformity will be issued before the product can be installed and used in the Uzbek market; medicines must be obtained by the Uzbekistan Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications. Drugs can only be imported and sold after inspection and certification by the Pharmaceutical Industry Committee; toys must be proven not harmful to children's health by the Technician Certification and Inspection Center of the Light Industry Committee before they can be sold in the Uzbek market. ② Non-certified goods can be sold and used in Uzbekistan as long as they have a commodity inspection certificate from the country where the goods are produced and a sampling inspection of the goods is carried out, such as some daily light industrial products and foods, some raw material products, etc. ③Mutually exempt products from certification. According to the bilateral cooperation agreements signed by Ukraine and different countries, the certification of certain products can be mutually recognized. As long as the other country has certified the goods produced by it, it can freely enter the Uzbek market. my country and Ukraine signed the "Cooperation Agreement on Conformity Assessment of Import and Export Commodities between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of Ukraine" in April 1997. All goods included in the list must be recognized by the other party after certification by one party.
In addition, Ukraine has also actively joined international quality certification systems, such as the international ISO quality certification system, and the ISO9000 standard has also begun to be applied and recognized in Ukraine. Ukraine is also actively seeking cooperation with the European quality standard system and is negotiating with it to join the unified European quality standard system. Protection of Technology and Intellectual Property The "Ukrainian State Committee on Intellectual Property" was established shortly after Ukraine became independent, which is responsible for the certification, appraisal and issuance of patent licenses for various inventions, industrial samples, works and other technologies and intellectual property that apply for patent licenses. ; Responsible for reviewing, appraising, registering trademarks and protecting trademark rights.
At present, there are several consulting and information service companies specializing in technology and intellectual property protection in Ukraine. They explain relevant laws at the request of clients, or help clients apply for patent licenses and other services to the Ukrainian National Committee on Intellectual Property Issues.
At the end of 1993, the Ukrainian Parliament passed the Law on the Protection of Invention Rights, the Law on the Protection of Industrial Sample Rights, the Law on the Protection of Trademark Rights and the Law on the Protection of Copyrights, in the form of laws. Clear and detailed provisions are made on the scope, conditions, patent protection and relevant application procedures for the issuance of Ukrainian patent invention rights, industrial sample patent rights, copyrights, etc. Certificate of Origin Standards There are two standards that Ukraine's certificate of origin follows: the added value of the goods produced in Ukraine reaches more than 50%; after the product is produced in Ukraine, its number in the international commodity customs tariff has changed. All products that meet the above conditions can obtain a Uzbekistan Certificate of Origin. According to agreements signed between Ukraine and other international organizations (such as the European Union) and different countries, these organizations and countries have different requirements for Ukraine’s origin. The issuing agency of the Ukraine Certificate of Origin is the Ukrainian Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the business branches of various regions.
Ukrainian companies and foreign companies registered in Ukraine can obtain Ukrainian certificates of origin. The documents required to obtain a certificate of origin include: product production or sales contract; production enterprise certificate; commodity shipping note; payment voucher; product quality certificate; and instructions for use of technical equipment products.
According to the amendments to the "Ukrainian Unified Tariff Law" signed by the President of Ukraine on April 3, 1997, countries that have signed free trade agreements and trade reciprocity agreements with Ukraine enjoy the benefits of importing goods into Ukraine. The most-favored-nation treatment for reducing or exempting import tariffs has different preferential rates for different commodities, with a maximum of no more than 50%. China is also included in the list of countries enjoying most-favored-nation treatment. Chinese goods can enjoy preferential tariffs as long as they meet the following conditions: the goods are imported directly from China; the producer is an enterprise in China; and a FORM "A" certificate of origin is issued. ExpoFor foreign enterprises or companies to hold exhibitions in Ukraine, they need to find an exhibition company registered in Ukraine as a partner and sign a cooperation contract. Ukrainian Exhibition Company is responsible for handling exhibit transportation, customs clearance, renting venues, etc. According to Ukrainian law, exhibits are not allowed to be sold without going through the formalities for sale.
The International Exhibition Bureau of the Ukrainian Chamber of Commerce and Industry is one of the main organizers of Ukrainian expos. However, with the establishment of the market economic system, more and more companies in Ukraine are engaged in organizing exhibitions.
There are currently 50 exhibition companies in Ukraine, of which 10 to 15 have their own exhibition equipment and exhibition venues. Renting a venue ranges from US$100 to US$170 per square meter (from the beginning to the end of the exhibition, usually within 12 days).
Currently there is a surplus of companies organizing exhibitions in Ukraine, and the exhibition market is saturated, with more than 30% of exhibitions held in Kiev. There are a wide range of professional exhibitions held in Ukraine. The most popular professional exhibitions are "Food Exhibition", "Consumer Goods Exhibition", "Computer Equipment Exhibition", "Information Technology Exhibition", "Automobile Exhibition" and "Medical Exhibition" ", "Residential, Living and Architecture Exhibition", etc. Professional exhibitions such as tourism, sports, advertising, and product packaging are also on the rise. Investment Policy Ukraine’s Foreign Investment Law stipulates that foreign investment and the economic activities of foreign legal persons within its territory are provided with national treatment. However, more preferential treatment will be provided for investment in priority areas of development of Uzbekistan’s national economy. These priority development areas are machinery manufacturing, medicine, metallurgy, fuel and power complex, transportation industry, communications, petrochemicals, agricultural product processing, light textile industry, etc. Any investment in the above-mentioned fields will be submitted to the Cabinet of Ministers for approval on a case-by-case basis depending on the specific circumstances, and preferential treatment will be provided for their investment and business activities in terms of taxation, customs, loans and investment risk protection. In addition, Uzbekistan’s Foreign Investment Law also allows foreign businessmen to participate in the privatization process of Uzbek state-owned enterprises, acquire shares, stocks and other securities, purchase movable and immovable properties, enjoy the right to purchase land use rights and allow the use of natural resources on Uzbek territory. The rights to resources; foreign investors can remit legitimate profits, income and other funds abroad after paying taxes; the export of products by foreign-invested enterprises is not subject to quota license restrictions; the treatment enjoyed by domestic and foreign investors in the economic zone shall not be lower than that of the "Foreign Investment Law" 》Corresponding treatment. Taxes that need to be paid during business operations. The Ukrainian government stipulates that the main tax rates that enterprises of any type of ownership must pay in the production and circulation of goods are: value-added tax of 20%; consumption tax is determined based on the ex-factory price of different consumer goods; corporate profit tax is 30% Basic tax, agency and auction business is 45%, lottery and entertainment industry is 60%; land tax is determined according to specific annual tax rate; vehicle tax is determined according to specific annual tax rate and automobile engine capacity unit; import tariff is calculated according to the unified import tariff rate table ; The social insurance and retirement fund is 37% of the labor payment fund; the elimination of the consequences of the Chernobyl nuclear accident and the social security fund is 12% of the labor payment fund; the employment assistance fund for residents is 20% of the consumption fund; road construction and maintenance tax It accounts for 1.2% of the total product sales; the labor payment fund is 1% of the total product sales; the local tax rate is determined by the local self-government agency; the income tax rate is determined based on the salary amount.