What types of mold steel are there?
Cold work mold steel
Cold work mold steel is mainly used to manufacture molds for pressing and forming workpieces in a cold state. Such as: cold blanking dies, cold stamping dies, cold drawing dies, imprinting dies, cold extrusion dies, thread pressing dies and powder pressing dies, etc. The range of cold work die steel is very wide, from various carbon tool steels, alloy tool steels, high-speed tool steels to powdered high-speed tool steels and powdered high-alloy die steels. Cold work mold steel is vacuum degassed refined steel with pure inner quality, good machinability, significantly improved cutting, good hardenability, air-cooling quenching and not prone to quenching cracks, extremely excellent wear resistance, good toughness, and can be used Used as blanking dies for stainless steel and high hardness materials.
Hot work die steel
Hot work die steel is mainly used to manufacture molds for pressure processing of workpieces under high temperature. Such as: hot forging dies, hot extrusion dies, die-casting dies, hot upsetting dies, etc. Commonly used hot work die steels include alloy die steels with medium and high carbon content added with Cr, W, Mo, V and other alloying elements; hot work die steels with special requirements are sometimes made of high-alloy austenitic heat-resistant die steel.
Plastic mold steel
Since there are many types of plastics, the requirements for plastic products are also very different, and various performance requirements are also put forward for the materials used to make plastic molds. Therefore, many industrially developed countries have formed a wide range of steel series for plastic molds. Including carbon structural steel, carburized plastic mold steel, pre-hardened plastic mold steel, age-hardened plastic mold steel, corrosion-resistant plastic mold steel, easy-cut plastic mold steel, overall hardened plastic mold steel, martensite Aging steel and plastic mold steel for mirror polishing, etc.
Carbide tungsten steel
Tungsten steel, also known as cemented carbide, refers to a sintered composite material containing at least one metal carbide. Tungsten carbide, cobalt carbide, niobium carbide, titanium carbide, and tantalum carbide are common components of tungsten steel. They have a series of excellent properties such as high hardness, wear resistance, good strength and toughness, heat resistance, and corrosion resistance, especially its High hardness and wear resistance remain basically unchanged even at temperatures of 500°C, and still have high hardness at 1000°C. Tungsten steel is called the tooth of modern industry. Tungsten steel products are widely used for cutting cast iron, non-ferrous metals, plastics, chemical fibers, graphite, glass, stone and ordinary steel. They can also be used to cut heat-resistant steel and stainless steel. , high manganese steel, tool steel and other difficult-to-process materials. The cutting speed of new cemented carbide is hundreds of times that of carbon steel.
Carbon Tool Steel
Carbon steel used to make cutting tools, molds and measuring tools. Compared with alloy tool steel, it has good processability, low price and wide range of uses, so it is used in large amounts in tool production. Carbon tool steel is divided into carbon cutting tool steel, carbon mold steel and carbon measuring tool steel. Carbon cutting tool steel refers to carbon tool steel used to make cutting tools, carbon mold steel refers to carbon tool steel used to make cold and hot working molds, and carbon measuring tool steel refers to carbon tool steel used to make measuring tools. .
Classification of steel
1. Heat treatment of steel The heat treatment of steel refers to changing the organizational structure of steel through different heating, insulation and cooling of steel in the solid state, thereby obtaining A process with the required performance. The heat treatment road map of steel is as shown in the figure: 2. Heat treatment classification of steel (1) According to the process method 1) Overall heat treatment (annealing, normalizing, quenching, tempering); 2) Surface heat treatment (flame heating surface quenching , induction heating surface quenching, laser heating surface quenching, etc.); 3) chemical heat treatment (carburizing, nitriding, infiltrating other elements, etc.). (2) According to the role of heat treatment in parts processing, 1) Pre-heat treatment (annealing, normalizing): It is an intermediate process before the cutting of mechanical parts to improve the cutting performance and prepare the structure for subsequent work. 2) Final heat treatment (quenching, tempering): heat treatment to obtain the final performance of the parts. 3. The critical point position on the heating and cooling phase diagram of superheat and subcooling, as shown in the figure: equilibrium phase change lines A1, A3, Acm heating (superheat) Ac1, Ac3, Accm cooling (subcooling) Ar1, Ar3, Arcm Formation of austenite Austenitization - If the temperature is higher than the phase transformation temperature of steel, during the heating and holding stages, the structure at room temperature will transform to A, which is called austenitization.
The four steps of austenite formation: 1) The formation of austenite crystal nuclei; A crystal nuclei are usually generated at the phase boundary between F and Fe3C in pearlite; 2) The growth of austenite crystal nuclei; (3) Residual seepage Dissolution of carbon body; (4) Homogenization of austenite, annealed steel heated to Ac1 point transformation temperature, annealed steel - heated to above Ac3, over annealed steel - theoretically applicable Heated to above Accm but actually below Accm. Because when heated above Accm, the cementite will all dissolve, the austenite grains will grow rapidly, the structure will coarsen, and the brittleness will increase. The critical point position on the heating and cooling phase diagram, as shown in the figure: Austenite grain size and austenite grain growth and their influencing factors 1. Austenite grain size 1) Starting grain size - —The grain size of various original structures at room temperature when they have just transformed into austenite. 2) Actual grain size - the actual austenite grain size obtained by steel under specific heat treatment or heating conditions. It is divided into 10 levels, with level 1 being the roughest. 3) Essential grain size - indicates the tendency of austenite grains to grow. Does not indicate grain size. Essentially coarse-grained steel: the austenite grain size continues to grow rapidly as the heating temperature increases. (Figure 6-3) Essentially fine-grained steel: the austenite grain size only grows significantly when heated to higher temperatures. 2. Austenite grain growth and influencing factors 1) Heating temperature and holding time - the higher the heating temperature, the faster the grain growth, and the coarser the austenite; the longer the holding time, the grains continue to grow, but Growing up is getting slower and slower. 2) Heating rate - the greater the heating rate, the higher the nucleation rate, so the initial grains of austenite are smaller, and the grains have no time to grow. 3) Carbon and alloying elements 4) Original structure of steel Supercooled austenite - austenite in an unstable state below the precipitation temperature (A1), represented by the symbol A cold. With different degrees of supercooling, three types of transformations will occur in supercooled austenite: 1) pearlite transformation; 2) bainite transformation; 3) martensite transformation. Pearlite type transformation (high temperature transformation) (1) Pearlite structure morphology and properties Supercooled austenite will transform into pearlite type structure in the temperature range of A1~550℃. The structure is a mechanical mixture of alternating layers of ferrite and cementite. This type of organization can be subdivided into: as shown in the diagram: (2) Pearlite transformation process: as shown in the diagram: typical diffusion phase transformation: 1) migration of carbon atoms and iron atoms; 2) lattice reconstruction. Bainite transformation (medium temperature transformation) (1) Bainite structure morphology and properties ◆ Supercooled austenite will transform into bainite type structure in the temperature range of 550℃~Ms point. Bainite is represented by the symbol letter B. According to the organizational morphology of bainite, it can be divided into upper bainite (B above) and lower bainite (B below). As shown in the figure: Mechanical properties of bainite 1) 550~350℃ - upper bainite B - feathery - 40~45HRC - relatively brittle - basically of no practical value; 2) 350 ℃~Ms—lower bainite B—black bamboo leaf shape—45~55HRC—excellent comprehensive mechanical properties—commonly used. (2) Bainite transformation process is semi-diffusion type transformation - only carbon atoms diffuse, and large-mass iron atoms basically do not diffuse.
Martensite transformation (low temperature transformation) (1) Martensite structure morphology and properties When austenite is supercooled to Ms at a very high cooling rate...
New type steel template shaping tool What types are there and which one is easier to use?
On the market, Tianjian Industrial, new type steel formwork shaping tools, mainly include main keels, secondary keels, T-shaped steel, L-shaped steel, external angle locks, hole locks, and steel structure diagonal supports
< p> Material classification of new materials industryAs the foundation and forerunner of high and new technologies, new materials have an extremely wide range of applications. Together with information technology and biotechnology, they have become the most important and most promising development in the 21st century. fields. Like traditional materials, new materials can be classified from many different perspectives such as structural composition, function and application fields. Different classifications overlap and nest with each other. New materials mainly include traditional material innovations and new materials. With the development of high and new technologies, the integration of new materials and traditional materials industries has become increasingly close, and the industrial structure has shown the characteristics of horizontal diffusion. Classification of new materials: According to application fields, new materials are generally classified into the following categories Category: 1 Information Materials Electronic information materials and products support modern high-tech industries such as modern communications, computers, information networks, micro-mechanical intelligent systems, industrial automation and home appliances. The development scale and technical level of the electronic information materials industry play an important role in the national economy. It has an important strategic position and is the material field with the most intense technological innovation and international competition. Microelectronic materials will still be the most basic information materials in the next 10 to 15 years, and optoelectronic materials will become the fastest-growing and most promising information materials. Information materials can be mainly divided into the following categories: integrated circuits and semiconductor materials: silicon materials are the main body, new compound semiconductor materials and a new generation of high-temperature semiconductor materials are also important components, including high-purity chemical reagents and special electronic gases; Optoelectronic materials: laser materials, infrared detector materials, liquid crystal display materials, high-brightness light-emitting diode materials, optical fiber materials and other fields; new electronic component materials: magnetic materials, electronic ceramic materials, piezoelectric transistor materials, information sensing materials and high-end Performance packaging materials, etc. Current research hotspots and technology frontiers include flexible transistors, photonic crystals, third-generation semiconductor materials represented by wide bandgap semiconductor materials such as SiC, GaN, and ZnSe, organic display materials, and various nanoelectronic materials. 2 Energy Materials Energy consumption continues to grow globally, and 80% of energy comes from fossil fuels. In the long run, new energy sources that are pollution-free and sustainable are needed to replace all fossil fuels. The clean energy sources of the future include hydrogen energy. Solar energy, wind energy, nuclear fusion energy, etc. The key to solving energy problems is the breakthrough of energy materials. Whether it is improving combustion efficiency to reduce resource consumption, or developing new energy and utilizing renewable energy, it is closely related to materials. Traditional energy sources Required materials: Mainly to improve energy utilization efficiency, now focusing on the development of supercritical steam power generation units and integrated coal gasification combined cycle technology. These technologies have very strict requirements on materials, such as engineering ceramics, new channel materials, etc.; Hydrogen energy And fuel cells: materials and technologies required for hydrogen energy production, storage and utilization, fuel cell materials, etc.; green secondary batteries: new materials such as nickel-metal hydride batteries, lithium-ion batteries and high-performance polymer batteries; solar cells: polycrystalline silicon, Amorphous silicon, thin film batteries and other materials; nuclear energy materials: new nuclear power reactor materials. New energy materials mainly include special films, polymer electrolytes, catalysts and electrodes, advanced optoelectronic materials, special spectrum plastics and coatings, carbon nanometers Tubes, metal hydride slurries, high-temperature superconducting materials, low-cost and low-energy civil engineering materials, lightweight, cheap, efficient insulating materials, lightweight, strong, composite structural materials, ultra-high temperature alloys, ceramics and composite materials, resistant Radiation materials, low activity materials, anti-corrosion and anti-pressure corrosion pyrolysis materials, mechanical and anti-plasma corrosion materials. Current research hot spots and technology frontiers include high-energy hydrogen storage materials, polymer battery materials, medium-temperature solid oxide fuel cell electrolyte materials, and more Crystalline thin film solar cell materials, etc. 3 Biomaterials Biomaterials are materials that are combined with living systems to diagnose, treat or replace body tissues and organs or improve their functions. It involves materials, medicine, physics, biochemistry and modern high technology It has become one of the main pillar industries in the 21st century. Now almost all types of materials have been used in health treatment, mainly including metals and alloys, ceramics, polymer materials, composite materials and biomass.
Materials. Polymer biomaterials are the most active field in biomedical materials; metal biomaterials are still the most widely used load-bearing implant materials in clinical applications. The research and development of medical titanium and its alloys, as well as Ni-Ti shape memory alloys are A hot spot; inorganic biomaterials have received more and more attention in recent years. At present, the main directions of international biomedical material research and development are: bionic or functional bionics that simulate the composition, structure and function of human hard and soft tissues, organs and blood. Design and preparation, the second is to give...
What are the new building materials now?
New building materials New building materials are different from traditional bricks, tiles, lime sand and stone New varieties of building materials such as building materials include many varieties and categories. In terms of function, there are wall materials, decorative materials, door and window materials, insulation materials, waterproof materials, bonding and sealing materials, as well as various supporting hardware, plastic parts and various auxiliary materials. In terms of materials, there are not only natural materials, but also chemical materials, metal materials, non-metal materials, etc.
New building materials have excellent properties such as light weight, high strength, thermal insulation, energy saving, soil saving, and decoration. The use of new building materials not only greatly improves the function of the house, but also makes the inside and outside of the building more modern and meets people's aesthetic requirements. Some new building materials can significantly reduce the weight of the building, creating conditions for the promotion of lightweight building structures and promoting the construction industry. Modernization of construction technology has greatly accelerated the speed of building houses.
The performance and functions of new building materials are different, and the raw materials and process methods used to produce new building materials products are also different. As far as their development is concerned, some varieties focus on color, and there are endless varieties of designs and colors, such as decoration materials; some varieties focus on function, such as insulation materials; some have derived multiple varieties through deep processing, such as new building panels, etc. . Take new building panels as an example. There are currently dozens of varieties of new building panels, among which gypsum board, glass fiber reinforced cement (GRC) board, and asbestos-free calcium silicate board are the three most widely produced and widely used in my country. These three types of boards not only use different raw materials and production processes, but also have different properties and functions. For example, the main raw materials of paper gypsum board are gypsum and protective paper, which are suitable for interior wall panels and ceiling boards; the main raw materials of glass fiber reinforced cement board are low-alkali cement and alkali-resistant glass fiber, which are suitable for interior and exterior wall panels; calcium silicate The main raw material of the board is calcium silicate material. In addition to being used as interior and exterior wall panels, it can also be used for decoration and making furniture that is integrated with the house. The same feature of these three types of boards is that they are used as original boards, and then equipped with functional materials such as anti-seepage, thermal insulation, and fire protection. Using composite technology, various new wall materials with lightweight and superior performance can be produced. In addition, the raw materials they use are all non-metallic materials, and they are the three most easily available non-metallic materials.
my country's new building materials industry, with the great attention and support of the party and the Communist Party, has developed into a considerable scale and relatively complete varieties after more than 20 years of development. With the establishment of the socialist market economic system and the implementation of urban residents' housing projects, my country's new building materials industry will surely achieve greater development. [Edit this paragraph] Development prospects of new building materials and products In accordance with the requirements of the cross-century development strategy of the building materials industry "from large to strong and relying on innovation", the development of new building materials will focus on new words and promote the adjustment of the industrial structure. The output value of new building materials and products will develop at a rate of about 20%-25% during the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" period. Among them, the output value of independent accounting enterprises at or above the township level is 80-90 billion yuan, accounting for 20% of the total output value of the building materials industry. The process technology, equipment and product quality have reached the international level of the 1970s, the backbone enterprises have reached the international level of the early 1980s, and the advanced enterprises have reached the international advanced level of the same period. . .
1. Some new building materials products and predictions for 2010
(1) Waterproof sealing materials. It is estimated that by 2010, the national output of new waterproofing membranes will reach 250 million square meters, with a market share of 50%, and the use of new waterproofing materials in permanent urban buildings will reach 80%.
(2) Thermal insulation partitions Thermal materials. It is estimated that by 2010, the national demand for insulation materials will be: 600,000 tons of rock (mineral) wool, 100,000 tons of glass wool, 400,000 tons of expanded perlite, and 80,000 tons of aluminum silicate fiber.
(3) Mineral wool sound-absorbing panels.
It is estimated that by 2010, the national demand for mineral wool sound-absorbing panels will be 40-50 million square meters. The product variety, quality and quantity will not only meet the needs of the domestic market, but also some products will be exported.
(4) Decorative gypsum board. It is estimated that by 2010, the national demand for decorative gypsum boards will be 14 million square meters. The demand for gypsum board in 2000 was about 80 million square meters.
(5) Architectural coatings. It is expected that by 2010, the national demand for architectural coatings will reach 1.6 million tons.
(6) Plastic profiles and doors and windows. It is estimated that by 2010, the national demand for special-shaped plastics will be 500,000-600,000 tons, which can form 25-30 million square meters of plastic doors and windows.
(7) Plastic floor. It is estimated that by 2010, the national demand for plastic flooring will reach 150-200 million square meters. By then, various plastic floors (...
What type of metal material is cpm32?
It is CPM3V mold steel.
(1) Mold Characteristics of Steel This steel is a new type of tool steel produced by CRUCIBLE Company using a powder smelting process. The powder particles are formed into segregation-free steel ingots through HIP (hot isostatic pressing), and then processed using conventional processes. The wear resistance solves the problem of mold chipping. The impact toughness of this steel is significantly higher than that of D2 and CPM M4, which is close to the level of S7 impact-resistant steel. This steel has both high impact toughness and high wear resistance because it contains 3% vanadium. , the wear resistance is far better than D2, equivalent to M2; the impact toughness is equivalent to S7, much higher than other tool steels; the thermal stability is good, which is beneficial to the subsequent surface treatment process. If the surface is coated, better results will be obtained. Wear resistance, higher hardness and thermal stability. Used in the hardness range of 58~60HRC, powder steel CPM 3V has high quality and high uniformity, super dimensional stability, grindability and toughness.
(2) Delivery status and hardness annealed state, hardness ≤ 241HBS.
(3) Typical chemical composition (mass fraction, %) C 0.80, Cr 7.50, V 2.75, Mo 1.30.
(4) The standard annealing temperature is 900°C, the holding time is 2 hours, and then the furnace is slowly cooled to a temperature of 595°C at a cooling rate of ≤15°C/h.
( 5) Quenching and tempering specifications: quenching temperature 1065℃, holding for 30~45min, air cooling, or put into nitrate/oil at 540℃, then air cooled to ≤50℃, tempering temperature 540℃, tempering 3 times, Optimum toughness and wear resistance can be obtained
(6) Typical application examples
① Shaving blades, blanking die industrial blades and shearing blades.
< p> ②Punching punches and dies, stamping or forming tools.③Powder forming tools. ④For fine blanking tools, scrap steel cutting tools and cold heading tools.
What types of prestressed steel strands are there?
Prestressed steel strands are stranded steel cables composed of 2, 3, 7 or 19 high-strength steel wires and treated with stress relief. (Stabilization treatment), suitable for prestressed concrete or similar purposes
According to the number of steel wires in a steel strand, it can be divided into 2-wire steel strand, 3-wire steel strand, and 7-wire steel strand. Wire and 19-wire steel strand. According to the surface shape, it can be divided into smooth steel strand, scored steel strand, die-drawn steel strand (pact), galvanized steel strand, epoxy resin-coated steel strand, etc. It can also be classified according to diameter, strength level, or standard.
How many types of stainless steel are there?
How to identify stainless steel?
How to number and represent steel.
① Use international chemical element symbols and national symbols to indicate chemical ingredients, and use *** letters to indicate ingredient content:
For example: China and Russia 12CrNi3A
< p> ②Use fixed-digit numbers to represent steel series or numbers; such as: United States, Japan, 300 series, 400 series, 200 series;③Use Latin letters and sequence to form serial numbers, which only indicate the purpose .
my country’s numbering rules
①Use element symbols
②Use, Chinese pinyin, open hearth steel: P, boiling steel: F, killed steel: B, Class A steel: A, T8: Special 8,
GCr15: Balls
◆Combined steel, spring steel, such as: 20CrMnTi 60SiMn, (C content expressed in parts per ten thousand)
◆Stainless steel and alloy tool steel (C content expressed in thousandths), such as: 1Cr18Ni9 thousandth (i.e.
0.1%C), stainless steel C≤0.08 % such as 0Cr18Ni9, ultra-low carbon C≤0.03% such as 0Cr17Ni13Mo
International stainless steel labeling method
The American Iron and Steel Institute uses three digits to label various standard grades of malleable stainless steel. . Among them:
① Austenitic stainless steel is represented by 200 and 300 series numbers,
② Ferritic and martensitic stainless steel are represented by 400 series numbers. For example, some of the more common austenitic stainless steels
are marked with 201, 304, 316 and 310.
③ Ferritic stainless steels are marked with 430 and 446. Martensitic stainless steel is marked with 410, 420 and 440C
and has two phases (austenite-ferrite).
④Stainless steel, precipitation hardening stainless steel and iron-containing stainless steel High alloys with a content of less than 50% are usually named by patented names or trademarks.
4). Classification and classification of standards
4-1 classification:
①National standard GB
②Industry standard YB
③Local standards< /p>
④Enterprise Standard Q/CB
4-2 Category:
①Product Standards
②Packaging Standards
③Method standards
④Basic standards
4-3 standard level (divided into three levels):
Level Y: International advanced level
< p> Level I: International General LevelLevel H: Domestic Advanced Level
4-4 National Standard
GB1220-84 Stainless Bar (Level I)
GB4241-84 Stainless welding disc garden (H grade)
GB4356-84 Stainless welding disc garden (I grade)
GB1270-80 Stainless steel Pipes (Grade I)
GB12771-91 Stainless welded pipe (Grade Y)
GB3280-84 Stainless cold plate (Grade I)
GB4237-84 Stainless hot plate (Grade I)
GB4239-91 Stainless cold strip (Grade I)
Classification of stainless steel
Austenitic stainless steel: at room temperature Stainless steel with austenitic structure. When steel contains approximately 18% Cr, 8%~10% Ni, and approximately 0.1% C, it will have a stable austenite structure. Austenitic chromium-nickel stainless steel includes the famous 18Cr-8Ni steel and the high Cr-Ni series steel developed by increasing the Cr and Ni content and adding Mo, Cu, Si, Nb, Ti and other elements. Austenitic stainless steel is non-magnetic and has high toughness and plasticity, but its strength is low. It cannot be strengthened through phase transformation and can only be strengthened through cold working. If S, Ca, Se, Te and other elements are added, it will have good machinability. In addition to being resistant to corrosion by oxidizing acid media, this type of steel can also be resistant to corrosion by sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, urea, etc. if it contains elements such as Mo and Cu. If the carbon content in this type of steel is less than 0.03% or contains Ti or Ni, its intergranular corrosion resistance can be significantly improved. High-silicon austenitic stainless steel has good corrosion resistance in concentrated nitric acid. Due to its comprehensive and good comprehensive properties, austenitic stainless steel has been widely used in various industries.
Ferritic stainless steel: Stainless steel with a mainly ferrite structure under use. The chromium content is between 11% and 30%, and it has a body-centered cubic crystal structure.
This type of steel generally does not contain nickel, and sometimes contains a small amount of Mo, Ti, Nb and other elements. This type of steel has the characteristics of large thermal conductivity, small expansion coefficient, good oxidation resistance, and excellent stress corrosion resistance. It is mostly used to make atmospheric-resistant steel. , parts corroded by steam, water and oxidizing acids. This type of steel has shortcomings such as poor plasticity, significantly reduced plasticity and corrosion resistance after welding, which limits its application. The application of outside-furnace refining technology (AOD or VOD) can greatly reduce interstitial elements such as carbon and nitrogen, thus making this type of steel widely used.
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How to classify the types of steel bars required by the latest regulations?
For details on the types of steel bars required by the latest specifications, please refer to the "Code for Design of Concrete Structures", which is a national standard, numbered GB 50010-2010
4.2.1 The steel bars of concrete structures should be as follows Regulations for selection:
1. HRB400, HRB500, HRBF400, and HRBF500 steel bars should be used for longitudinal stress ordinary steel bars. HPB300, HRB335, HRBF335, and RRB400 steel bars can also be used;
2. Beams and columns Ordinary steel bars for longitudinal stress should be HRB400, HRB500, HRBF400, and HRBF500 steel bars;
3. HRB400, HRBF400, HPB300, HRB500, and HRBF500 steel bars should be used for stirrups; HRB335 and HRBF335 steel bars can also be used;
4 Prestressed steel bars should be made of prestressed steel wires, steel strands and prestressed threaded steel bars.
What types of new building formwork supports are there?
Traditional building formwork supports are generally made of wooden squares. Now for the sake of environmental protection, they are changed to steel formwork supports. Changli Tianjian Company has pioneered this new building formwork support system made of alloy steel. Generally, it has Steel-wood formwork support, steel-bamboo formwork support, aluminum alloy formwork support, steel-wood combination formwork support, etc.