(A) practice internal strength, improve the management level of enterprises
At present, the development of small and micro enterprises has passed the era of low wages, low added value and relying on the consumption of labor dividends. If small and micro enterprises want to effectively use various financing methods to achieve long-term stable development, one is to establish an effective self-accumulation mechanism. It is inconceivable that enterprises without self-accumulation motivation want to develop through external sources of funds. The establishment of self-accumulation mechanism should start with the establishment of its own asset credit and establish a code of conduct of trustworthiness. Only in this way can small and micro enterprises qualify for financing in the capital market. To do this, small and micro enterprises must find a management model suitable for their own development and strive to improve the management level of enterprises. Second, by accelerating the adjustment of industrial structure and the transformation of development mode, we will promote the transformation of enterprise development from factor-driven to innovation-driven, from extensive development to intensive development, and enhance the core competitiveness of enterprises. Third, we must adhere to the differentiation strategy and brand building, adhere to independent innovation, cultivate independent brands, and constantly optimize the product structure of enterprises. Fourth, around the core business, strengthen financial management, establish true financial statements, accumulate enterprise credit system, and improve the multi-channel financing ability of enterprises. Fifth, we should fully understand and make use of various preferential services provided by the government. Only in this way can small and micro enterprises effectively cope with various crises in the development process and become bigger and stronger.
(2) Innovating financial products and broadening financing channels.
In the future, commercial banks will remain the main financing channels for small and micro enterprises. Commercial banks in all regions should establish the concept of "establishing banks with loans", innovate the credit management system, scientifically and reasonably set up credit institutions for small and micro enterprises, and increase credit supply.
1. Improve the system and increase support for small and micro enterprises.
First, state-owned commercial banks should set up credit management departments specifically for small and micro enterprises to increase the proportion of loans to small and micro enterprises. Small and medium-sized commercial banks and emerging financial institutions should seize the opportunity of the current state to encourage and support small and micro enterprises, increase credit support for small and micro enterprises, and promote the accelerated development of financial institutions themselves while making small and micro enterprises in the region bigger and stronger. Second, in the credit rating of small and micro enterprises, the scale should focus on efficiency and growth, so as to relatively eliminate credit discrimination against small and micro enterprises, and appropriately expand the loan mortgage rate according to the different regions and development stages of enterprises. The third is to strengthen the management system of bank credit registration and consultation, improve the assessment system of credit personnel, balance incentives and constraints, and mobilize the enthusiasm of credit personnel to guard against risks and expand their business. A number of "small" banks, such as Taizhou Bank and Quanzhou Rural Commercial Bank, regard the "short board" of small and micro enterprises as their own characteristics and explore the credit technology system of small and micro enterprises in a targeted manner. The credit technology system implemented by Taizhou Bank can be summarized as 16: "household survey, seeing is believing, self-compiled statements and cross-checking", which emphasizes the face-to-face contact between account managers and customers of small and micro enterprises. With "foot-service", account managers will also prepare financial statements of enterprises and cross-check all kinds of information in different ways according to the business scale of enterprises. When you meet self-employed, you will even be asked to check the cash in the cashier or wallet on the spot to verify the turnover. Through this in-depth and meticulous understanding, the account manager can determine the loan. Since 2008, Taizhou Bank has continuously increased the credit line for small and micro enterprises to ensure that the customer capital chain of small and micro enterprises will not break. By June 20 12, the bank had more than 60,000 small and micro enterprises with loan balances, and each household had a loan.
The balance is 465,000 yuan, of which 99.5% are customers with loans below 5 million yuan, and the loan amount accounts for 84.9%. Judging from the present situation of the financial service team of small and micro enterprises in * * city, only credit cooperatives have SME credit halls specifically for small and micro enterprises in traditional financial institutions, and new financial institutions such as * * Bank and * * Bank have begun to take shape, and professional managers are not strong enough as a whole. In the future work, efforts should be made to promote the commercial financial institutions in the region to be equipped with a certain number of professional managers, and the grassroots departments such as the sales department should be equipped with small and micro enterprise credit personnel to meet the business development needs of small and micro enterprises. At the same time, do a good job in business training for account managers of small and micro enterprises, improve the professional quality and management level of credit personnel of small and micro enterprises, and provide efficient and high-quality services for small and micro enterprises.
2. Strive to innovate business models.
The theoretical research on financial innovation began in 1960s, among which the most influential is Schumpeter's theory of technological progress. The theory holds that the emergence of computer and information technology is the main factor to promote financial innovation, and the emergence of new technology is the necessary factor to ensure the smooth progress of financial innovation. There are many small and micro enterprises, widely distributed industries, short credit cycle, small loan amount, high frequency, relatively high non-performing loan ratio, poor collateral and guarantee methods, and difficult to collect customer information. Therefore, resident commercial banks should understand and tolerate the "irregularities" in the development of small and micro enterprises according to their operating characteristics, innovate business models, and formulate business processes and evaluation standards suitable for the financing business needs of small and micro enterprises. First, efforts will be made to promote the pledge of movable property, accounts receivable, warehouse receipts, equity, intellectual property rights, trademark use rights, farmers' housing, land contractual management rights, and emission rights.
Way. Actively promote a variety of credit innovation products such as supply chain financing, logistics financing, "small loans", small and micro enterprise creditor's rights collective trust, "Chuangyetong", "quick loans" and revolving loans. Vigorously promote various financial service models such as "holding a group to increase trust", "network joint guarantee", "bridge and tunnel model" and "credit factory" to better meet the diversified capital needs of small and micro enterprises. The second is to innovate financial products and expand the supply of funds to small and micro enterprises. The hypotheses of "long-term interaction" and "* * * co-supervision" were put forward by American scholar Banerjee and others (1994), aiming at small financial institutions to carry out small and micro enterprise business. "Long-term interaction" hypothesis supports the development of small banks and small and micro enterprises. The reason is that small banks generally serve a region and are familiar with the local economic situation and local small and micro enterprises. Long-term business contacts help to alleviate the information asymmetry between banks and enterprises. The assumption that "* * * has supervision" is more suitable for cooperative small banks. This hypothesis holds that even if banks can't fully understand the situation of small and micro enterprises, small and micro enterprises in cooperative organizations will supervise them for their own interests, which is often more effective than financial institutions. Small and micro enterprises are small in scale, and the ability of a single enterprise to bear financing risks is low. However, through mutual cooperation between enterprises, a guarantee alliance can be formed for mutual financing. On the one hand, cooperative guarantee can enlarge the guarantee multiple of guarantee institutions and disperse the risks of guarantee institutions, on the other hand, it can boost the confidence of financial institutions in lending to small and micro enterprises, guide financial institutions to increase credit support for small and micro enterprises, and alleviate the financing difficulties of small and micro enterprises. In this regard, the * * Small and Micro Entrepreneur Entrepreneurship Club located in * * City is a way for * * banks to innovate their business model on the assumption of "long-term interaction" and "supervision with * * *", which is suitable for their own development. Relying on the entrepreneur club, the bank put forward the concepts of "small and micro enterprises" and "merchant financing", and named its financial service scheme for small and micro enterprises as "commercial loan link" (referring to small and micro enterprises and their actual controllers as "merchants"). In those industries that are supported by national industrial policies, have obvious regional advantages, are less affected by economic fluctuations and inflation, have stable business cycles, are closely related to people's lives, and are well-known, we will closely focus on the clusters of "business circle", "industrial chain" and "supply chain" to carry out batch system development and credit granting. Specifically, by distinguishing different business clusters into two modes: single marketing and batch development, among which the cluster-based batch development mode can solve the financing problem of small and micro enterprises more effectively. Since the club was established more than two months ago, it has developed * * members, granted credit of * * billion yuan to * * households, and actually lent * * billion yuan to * * households. * * Bank's "village head loan" for small and micro enterprises in villages and towns, * * Bank's "mutual aid society" with social idle funds as the main content, and * * Bank's "loan" with a loan amount of about * 10,000 yuan for small and micro enterprises are also being actively designed and demonstrated, and will be put on the market soon, which can further alleviate the financing difficulties of small and micro enterprises.
3. The combination of insurance and credit guarantee can effectively solve the financing problem of small and micro enterprises.
Credit risk is a very important reason why banks are unwilling to lend to small and micro enterprises. The introduction of insurance mechanism can provide banks with the guarantee of loan solvency, thus directly reducing the credit risk of banks and creating good financing for small and micro enterprises.
Development environment. If the insurance industry wants to play the role of social insurance management and provide financing services for small and micro enterprises, it must at least do a good job in these aspects. First, actively explore credit risk management. The scientific risk management mechanism is introduced into the management of small and micro enterprises to provide risk protection services for small and micro enterprises and improve their comprehensive quality and credit level. The second is to increase product innovation and services. Through product innovation and in-depth service, we will strive to provide multi-level and all-round insurance services for small and micro enterprises. Third, we must persist in strengthening cooperation with all parties concerned. Establish a cooperative incentive mechanism among insurance institutions, credit institutions and small and micro enterprises, so that everyone can develop healthily together, * * * share market risks, * * * enjoy market information and * * * share market profits. Only in this way can we better promote the coordinated development of financing for small and micro enterprises and provide an insurance service for small and micro enterprises to solve financing difficulties.
4. Solve the financing difficulties of small and micro enterprises with the help of private capital.
* * Citizens' capital stock is rich and developing rapidly. Private capital can be used to solve the financing problem of small and micro enterprises. First of all, the government and relevant departments should give policy support and guidance. Private capital mainly participates in credit business in the form of * * banks and small loan companies, but * * banks and small loan companies are still in their infancy, with limited profit space, and their development direction needs guidance. Second, it is necessary to take the construction of Wenzhou financial comprehensive reform experimental zone as an opportunity to standardize all kinds of existing non-governmental financing methods and gradually form a system as a guiding basis for non-governmental financing-related behaviors. Third, we should strengthen the management of innovative local financial organizations, and actively prevent and resolve the risks of private financing and corporate capital chain breakage. The fourth is to establish and improve the monitoring system of private financing, and do a good job in dynamic tracking and risk early warning of private financing. Fifth, we must severely crack down on illegal financial activities such as financial pyramid schemes, illegal fund-raising, underground money houses and violent debt collection, and maintain stable economic and financial development.