1, Gongdui: The antithesis of similar words is called Gongdui. Nouns in ancient Chinese are divided into several subcategories, and words in the same subcategory are relatively workers' pairs, such as astronomy to astronomy and geography to geography. Some are not in the same small category, but they are often listed in language, such as heaven and earth, flowers and birds, poetry and wine. Li Bai's "bright moon is like a mirror, sea clouds are like a palace" Moon and clouds are nouns, and some are astronomical words. Li Shangyin: "See the clouds change in the morning mirror, and dare to be cold in the evening song." Dawn and night are seasonal words in nouns.

2. Adjacency pairs: Adjacency words are called adjacency pairs. It can be roughly divided into about 20 categories: seasonal and astronomical; Astronomical geography; Geography and palaces; Palaces and utensils; Utensils and clothing; Utensils and stationery; Clothing and diet; Stationery and literature; Plants, flowers, fruits, birds, animals, fish and insects; Institutions and personnel; Interpersonal relations and pronouns; Interrogative pronouns and words and adverbs such as "Zi" and "Xiang"; Orientation and quantity; Quantity and color; Names and place names; Synonyms and antonyms; Synonymy and continuity; Antisense and continuity; Adverbs, conjunctions and prepositions; Conjunctions and auxiliary words.

3. Wide pair: We can't strictly distinguish the categories of words, but only form a dual called wide pair according to the requirements of the same part of speech. Half-and-half is also a wide pair. For example, "Xiongnu" and "Jiang Wei" are relative nouns in "Xiongnu still exists and Jiang Wei is reinstated"; "You" and "Fu" are adverbs. But "not extinct" and "joining the army" are wrong. This couplet is half wrong and half wrong, which belongs to tolerance. Such as: Yuan Zhen's "Early Return", "Drinking horse rain and shaking water, wearing flowers and dew." Horse, rain, water and flowers, dew and clothes. Noun-to-noun conversion can be called wide pair.

4. Borrowing: One word has two meanings. The poet uses the first meaning, but at the same time borrows its second meaning to oppose another word. This is called borrowing. For example, "My uncle was flooded with luggage, and Mao asked the old man". The word "Li" in "luggage" did not mean the word "Li" in "Tao Li", but the poet used the word "Li" and "Mao" in "Tao Li" as the antithesis. Sometimes it's not borrowing meaning but borrowing sound. For example, "things go straight to the emperor, things happen later", and borrowing "emperor" means that "yellow" is relative to "white", which is also borrowing. "When the cypress leaves open, the lights make nine flowers", and the word "hundred" and the word "nine" are opposite in numbers. There is also Du Fu's "On Encountering the River", "It is common in the government, and Cui has heard it several times." Ordinary is ordinary. In ancient times, eight feet was looking for it, and two feet was looking for it, so I borrowed the right number. There is also a borrowing sound, Li Shangyin's "Jinse", "Mermaids shed tears in the green sea next month, and the blue sky is warm." Pale and blue.

5, running water pair: antithetical couplets are generally two parallel sentences, each with its own independence. But there is also a kind of antithesis, that is, dividing a sentence into two sentences, each sentence has no independence, and the sentence and dialogue are combined to form a whole. This kind of confrontation is called running water confrontation. For example, "The golden monkey makes a thousand moves, and Yuyu clarifies Wan Li's feelings." This is running water. Yes

6. Objection: Words with opposite meanings are called antonyms. Such as "yes" and "no"; "More" and "Less". It's not so much opposition as right (meaning the same or similar).

7. Intricate antithesis: refers to a kind of antithesis in which the positions of two groups of corresponding words change and cross. For example, "the firefly has left the weathered grassland, and there is a duck in the weeping poplar", "firefly" and "duck", "fire" and "dusk" are a kind of cross-confrontation. This situation is only used by accident.

8. Fan face: Fan face is right. For example, "① the ethereal Wushan girl returned in 278; (3) Yin Qin's water melody, and (4) staying in thirteen strings "is not a general antithesis between one sentence and two sentences, three sentences and four sentences, but one sentence and three sentences, two sentences and four sentences.

9. Overlapping: Overlapping words are used in a certain position of the sentence, and overlapping words are also used in the response position of the sentence. For example, "trees are all autumn colors, mountains are only withered", "trees" and "mountains" are both.

skill

Quatrains, rhymes and poems are all used. After determining the theme (conception) and choosing a good theme, a poem should consider how to organize and arrange these themes to better express the theme. The general requirement is to define the theme and organize it into an organic whole according to the needs of expressing the theme, thus forming a complete poem.

The ancient people discussed the composition of poetry, which was mainly composed of germination, inheritance, transformation and combination. The beginning is the beginning. Commitment is commitment. Turn is conversion. Combination is the end. Within a chapter, the transformation of the knot should be carried out at will, and it should not be too far away from the theme. Remember not to stray from the subject. Generally speaking, the topic is the theme, and there are four sentence patterns: open, dark, companion and anti. You can write according to your own ideas and topics, and you must not be stereotyped. To connect, you can use the top to describe it. Generally, the content of quatrains is mostly lyric on the spot, so the following two sentences are mostly scenery writing or narrative. Sentence conversion: refers to the transfer of the meaning of writing to the topic, or from the topic to the artistic conception. In the scene, sentence transformation is very important, and the connection can be straightforward, but the transformation and conclusion (sentence combination) must be grasped and written well. For example, to express love, you should consider how to express it and what kind of language to impress her. Poetry, too, needs more scrutiny and revision.

Key points for beginners

First, expensive and innovative. Second, the poetry of law should not be mixed. Third, the meaning of words is the most taboo.

Don't always imitate what predecessors wrote, but have your own thoughts and feelings! Otherwise, what you write, everyone doesn't know whether you are reading the works of predecessors or yours, so you must have your own unique opinions. Poetry and calligraphy are inseparable, piano: music, chess: layout of Go, and book: calligraphy. Painting: both form and spirit, poetry leaves a aftertaste, painting leaves a blank, and poetry is the same. It is also like writing prose, which is scattered in form rather than spirit. Form can be understood as form, metaphor and modification. God: meaning is also ~ form is also ~ essence, so I suggest you read more materials written by others or the ancients to understand this knowledge.