It is shaped like a tiger, but smaller than a tiger, with a body length of 1- 1.5m, a tail length of 0.75-0.85m, a short head, round ears, a long tail and slightly shorter limbs. The whole body is covered with round or oval black spots, hence the name "Leopard". The back, head, outer limbs and the back of tail are white, and the tip of tail is black.
Leopard is a typical forest animal, mainly living in mountainous and hilly areas with forests.
From July 2065438 to July 2008, the leopard first appeared in Wolong National Nature Reserve, the "Panda Kingdom". 20 18, 1 1, the wild leopard cub was photographed for the first time in Taihang Mountain area of Jiyuan.
Basic Introduction Chinese Name: Leopard Latin Scientific Name: Leopard Alias: Leopard, Leopard, Yin Bao, Leopard, Leopard Kingdom: Animal Kingdom: Chordata Subdivision: Vertebrate Subdivision: Mammalian Subdivision: Carnivora Subdivision: Diptera: Cat: Leopard Subdivision: Leopard English Name: Leopard Overview, Morphology. Cage structure, feed, * * mating, reproduction and reproduction, endangered species, protection level, leopard overview The male weighs about 75 kg and the female weighs about 55 kg. Full length (including tail) 1.6~2 m, and the tail length is more than half of the body length. Round head, short ears, strong limbs, pointed claws and strong flexibility. The leopard has bright body color, brown fur, black spots and ring patterns all over the body, forming ancient money-shaped stripes, so it is called "leopard". Females compete fiercely during reproduction. They mate in late winter and early spring in March and April, and give birth in June and July for about 3 months, each with 2-3 cubs, and the newborn cubs are about 500 g. The cubs leave the leopard group in May and June of the following year and live independently, with a sexual maturity of about 3 years. Appearance features Leopard, a cat, looks like a tiger, but it is only 1\3 as big as a tiger. It is a medium-sized carnivore, also called "leopard". It is the smallest of the four big cats (the other three are lion, tiger and leopard). The shoulder height is about 0.7 to 0.9 meters, the body length is about 1.5 to 2.4 meters, and the tail length is only 60 cm. Weight 60- 100 kg. Leopards are brightly colored, covered with many round or oval dark brown spots or rings, and have golden fur, hence the name. The ventral surface is white with black spots. The male can weigh up to 90kg, the female can weigh up to 70kg, the body length is 0.5 ~ 1.2m, and the tail length generally exceeds the body length 1.3. Round head, short ears, strong limbs, pointed claws and strong flexibility. Leopard has bright body color, brown fur, black spots and ring patterns all over the body, forming ancient money-shaped stripes, so it is called "leopard". The back is dark and the abdomen is milky white. There is also a blackened individual, whose whole body is dark brown, but there are still round spots under the microscope, which is often called the ink leopard. Living Habits Leopard has extremely strong physical fitness, extremely sensitive vision and smell, alert temperament, and is good at swimming and climbing trees. It is a bold and fierce carnivore with a wide range of feeding habits. Good at jumping and climbing, generally living alone, at night or in the early morning and evening. He often wanders back and forth in the forest. He is fierce by nature, but he usually doesn't hurt people. The main prey of leopards are green sheep (impala), red deer, macaques and wild boar, but they also hunt civets, birds, rodents and even carrion, depending on the origin of their prey. Leopards also have records of preying on chimpanzees. When prey is scarce, it will also prey on domestic animals, thus causing conflicts between humans and leopards. Like ordinary cats, leopards will sneak up on their prey under the cover of dense forests, and make a sudden attack on their prey's neck or mouth and nose, so that they will suffocate and die. Leopards usually drag their prey to the tree and eat it slowly to prevent predators such as jackals, wolves and tigers from coming to snatch it. In the food chain, leopards are inferior hunters, which means that leopards are prey of both tigers and lions. Leopards inhabit all kinds of environments, from low mountains and hills to alpine forests and shrubs. They are all fixed nests with strong concealment. The full sexual maturity age of wild leopards is 4 years old. However, it is observed that under the condition of captivity, the sexual maturity of leopards is usually late, and both sexes generally reach full maturity at about 4 years old, which may be due to the fact that the animals in captivity have less exercise, less food varieties and worse freshness than those in the wild, resulting in their development lagging behind the wild. In the process of reproduction, females will have fierce competition. In late winter and early spring, * * * mates in March and April, and gives birth in June and July for about three months, with 2-3 cubs each and a newborn baby of about 500 grams. The cubs left the leopard in May and June of the following year and lived independently. Reachability maturity of about three years. Subspecies differentiation Because leopards are widely distributed, there are many geographical subspecies differentiation, and the debate is also great. According to incomplete statistics, all the named leopard subspecies from 1777- 1964 must be more than 30 subspecies. In the past, it was recognized by most people according to physical characteristics and stripe color, but later some researchers pointed out that this method was not reliable. 1996, Miththapala et al. formulated eight subspecies through DNA analysis. Uphyrina et al. basically accepted this view in 200 1 year, but made some amendments from it. Their research divided the ninth subspecies, which is a classification recognized by many people in academic circles today. Leopard (1) a leopard in sub-Saharan Africa; (2) Oriental leopard spider, Russian Far East, North Korea and Northeast China; (3) Panthers in Arabian Peninsula; ④ Leopard in Indian subcontinent; ⑤ thera pardus delacouri⑥ in Southeast Asia ⑤ Panthera pardu * * * elas⑦ ⑥ Leopard Spider in North China in Java, Indonesia; (8) Central Asian leopard and tiger; Panthera pardus kotiya, Sri Lanka. China subspecies distribution. The population of South China leopard in the provinces in the south of the Yangtze River is still quite large, and the population of South China leopard has dropped sharply due to man-made over-hunting. Huabei leopard is mainly located in Shanxi, and its estimated number exceeds 100. 438+08 Since 2065, Ziwuling, Qingyang, Gansu Province has photographed wild leopards many times, and leopards in Henan and Hebei have not been reported. In the past half century, the Northeast Leopard has disappeared from the whole territory of Heilongjiang Province (the Northeast Asian species was once found in Daxinganling of Heilongjiang Province and the eastern mountainous area of Jilin Province, and extended eastward to the Russian coast and northern Korea, and this subspecies is already the rarest leopard subspecies in the world). In recent years, leopards in Jilin Province have basically disappeared. According to the analysis and estimation of fur purchase, there may be hundreds of wild leopards in China by the end of 1980s. There are an estimated 200,000 in the world.
North China leopard distribution. In Shanxi, leopards are distributed in Guancen Mountain in Luliang Mountain, Taiyue Mountain in the south-central part and Zhongtiao Mountain in the south. Distributed in Yuncheng, Wenxi and Yicheng in Yuncheng area to Xiangning, Jixian, Puxian and Daning in Linfen area. The most concentrated area is southeast Shanxi, and there are leopards in Qinyuan, xiang yuan, Yangcheng, Jincheng, Licheng, Lucheng, Wuxiang, Zuo Quan and Heshun. In Jinzhong, leopards also appear in Taiyuan, Yangqu, Shouyang, Yuxian, Jiexiu, Yushe and other places. According to incomplete statistics, from June 2005 165438+ 10 to now, the leopard has appeared in Jincheng at least six times. The leopard is widely distributed. In China, there are at least three subspecies of leopards: cheetah/South China leopard (P.pardus fusea), North China leopard/China leopard (P.p.fontanieri) and Far East leopard (P.p.orientalis). There may be Indosinian leopards in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan. It should be pointed out that at present, the so-called "South China Leopard" in the past does not exist. The scientific name of South China leopard P.pardus fusea is actually the same as that of cheetah. Cheetah may only be distributed in Tibet (chinazone 2009). The leopard distributed in Guangdong, Jiangxi, Hunan, Fujian and other southern regions may be the Chinese leopard. Leopard in China was once common in all provinces except Taiwan Province, Hainan and Xinjiang. North China subspecies are found in Hebei, Shanxi and northwestern Shaanxi; Northeast Asian species have been found in Daxing 'anling and Xiaoxing 'anling in Heilongjiang Province and the eastern mountainous areas of Jilin Province, extending eastward to the Russian coast and northern Korea. This subspecies is already the rarest subspecies of leopard in the world. 2065438+03122 October, 10, the forestry department of Xiuwu County, Henan Province took photos of the activities of three wild leopards with infrared automatic photography equipment placed in Matoushan Forest District of Xiuwu County Forest Farm. On February 7th, 20 14, the Forestry Bureau of Changyang Tujia Autonomous County, Hubei Province confirmed to reporters that Hejiaping Town in this county was suspected of reappearing the trace of the endangered animal leopard recently. 20 14 July 3, Changyang Tujia Autonomous County, Hubei Province is now suspected of leopard trace. Expert: There may be a stable wild population in the local area. 20 16, 18, Gexigou National Nature Reserve, Yajiang County, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province. The trail of wild leopards was photographed twice by infrared camera, which proved the existence of local wild leopard population. 2065438+July 26, 2008 Recently, the staff of Sichuan Wolong National Nature Reserve Administration photographed the precious image of the leopard for the first time in the reserve, which is also the first time to photograph the leopard in the giant panda habitat in Sichuan in the past 30 years. This is the fourth top predator found in Wolong Nature Reserve after snow leopard, jackal and wolf, which makes Wolong the only giant panda habitat with two kinds of big cats in the world. Since the first photo of leopard group activity was taken in Taihang Mountain area of Jiyuan on October 22nd, 20 18/KLOC-0, the range and frequency of leopard group activity have obviously increased. Up to now, more than 10 infrared cameras have photographed the leopard in the wild. 20 18 1 1, leopard appeared in front of infrared cameras many times in Taihang Mountain area of Jiyuan. This time there is also a lovely baby leopard, which is the first time that Henan has photographed a wild baby leopard. The existing population of Huabei leopard is mainly in Shanxi and Jinzhong, and some populations of Sanbei cat have also been found, but there is no clear statistics in this century. There are occasional reports of leopards in Henan, Hebei and Shaanxi. Leopard and Northeast Leopard have disappeared in Heilongjiang Province for nearly half a century, and there are occasional reports and photos of leopard in Jilin Province. According to the analysis and estimation of fur purchase, there may still be hundreds of wild leopards in China by the end of 1980s. South China leopard was once widely distributed in various provinces in the south of the Yangtze River. Due to excessive hunting by human beings, the number of leopards has dropped sharply and is on the verge of extinction. Global estimated quantity: 200,000. Risk factors: long-term overfishing is the main reason; Habitat destruction is another important reason for the sharp decline of leopard population; The population is too small and isolated, which leads to population degradation and is also one of the dangerous reasons. The breeding cage structure of leopard is reasonable, and the cage is the premise and foundation to determine whether leopard can breed. Cage structure can be divided into two parts: hidden cage and sports ground, and its environment should meet the following requirements. Hidden cage. The hidden cage is the place where the female leopard usually rests and the delivery room during the production period, so a reasonable hidden cage should be a place where the female leopard can feel safe. A secret cage with a sense of security is the first condition for the female leopard to reproduce normally in the future. According to the ecological habits of leopards! The area of the hidden cage should not be too large, and it should be controlled at 1-2 square meters. The indoor light is kept dark and the sound insulation performance is good. Any sound around the dark cage is not safe for the mother leopard. In addition, the transition area from the hidden cage to the sports ground should be covered with shelter! The female leopard can be effectively hidden, which can greatly enhance its sense of security and identity with its habitat. Sports ground. A good sports ground should have sufficient lighting! Light can promote the female leopard's * * *, and its area should be 20-30 square meters. A platform or rockery can be set in the wild, which can induce leopards to do outdoor sports, which is very beneficial to prevent leopards from obesity, fetal development and normal delivery. In addition, the playground of male and female leopards should be built next to each other! The middle is separated by barbed wire. The purpose of adjacent playgrounds is to cultivate the feelings of male and female leopards, establish good relations and avoid fighting when mating in cages. The secretion of adjacent male leopards can induce female leopards to "* * *". Feed in general, the leopard's feed should meet the comprehensive nutrition! Reasonable collocation and diverse varieties! Fresh and other basic conditions. In daily feeding, we should pay attention to not making leopards obese on the premise of meeting their normal nutritional needs. Facts have proved that obesity can inhibit ovulation of female leopards, so according to our experience, the daily intake of male leopards should be controlled at 5%-7% and that of female leopards at 4%-5%. Of course the quality of feed is different. Its number can also be adjusted accordingly. In addition, it should be emphasized that during the mating period of male leopards and the breeding period of female leopards, the consumption of leopards is large! It is necessary to strengthen the quality and nutrition supply of feed to meet the vigorous nutritional needs of leopards, and the feed should be high in energy, high in protein and easy to absorb, such as milk and eggs. The nutritional level of leopard in this period will be related to the success rate of leopard mating and the survival rate of cubs. * * * mating is the same as most cats! The female leopard's * * behavior is mainly manifested as loss of appetite, rolling on the ground, raising her tail, aiming her vulva at the male leopard's body and rubbing the barbed wire adjacent to the male leopard. This kind of behavior can basically be mated in a cage, and the number of mating is preferably 3-4 times a day. Try to avoid human interference when mating, which can be manifested in many aspects, such as the onlookers of tourists, the feeding operation of breeders, the interference of neighboring animals and so on. Interference is the most important factor affecting mating success. So far, it took us nearly a year to come to this conclusion, and we also found that the necessary preventive measures to prevent the male and female leopards from fighting during mating may also affect mating, and sometimes even these preventive measures lead to the struggle between male and female leopards. However, we believe that this problem can be avoided as long as appropriate preventive measures are taken and the feelings of male and female leopards are cultivated. Before giving birth, the breeding female leopard should clean and disinfect the delivery room, pad the room with straw and hay, and install monitoring equipment. Technicians should be prepared for dystocia and artificial delivery. We believe that as long as the prenatal preparation is thorough, the delivery can be carried out normally. The mother leopard can basically raise her cubs by herself. The postpartum female leopard, especially in the first few days after delivery, has an obvious change, that is, it is extremely sensitive to any interference from the environment. In order to ensure that the female leopard can raise her cubs normally and avoid being abandoned, try not to go near the delivery room these days, especially for the female leopard who has given birth/kloc-0 times or has a strong reaction to the surrounding interference, even the daily feeding operation should be paid attention to. Endangered species Zanzibar subspecies -P. p. adersi (extremely endangered, possibly extinct) South China subspecies -P. p. fusca (low risk) India zhina subspecies -P. p. delacouri (vulnerable) North China subspecies -P.P. Japonicis (low risk) Sinai Peninsula subspecies-P.P. Jarvis. Possible extinction) Sri Lankan subspecies -P. p. kotiya (endangered) Java subspecies -P. p. melas (endangered) Arabian Peninsula may be extinct) Named subspecies -P. p. pardus (low endangered) Persian subspecies-P.P. Saxocolor (endangered) European subspecies-P.P. Sichenberg I. Asia minor subspecies -P. p. tulliana (extremely endangered) Red Book Endangered Level: Endangered (E) IUCN Level: Endangered (EN) CITES: Appendix I.