1, what is the original species?
To sum up: the best seed of a certain variety. It includes two meanings: (1) newly cultivated seeds with stable characters; (2) Popularize the fine seeds that have been purified and rejuvenated and kept the typical characters of the original varieties.
2. What is a hybrid generation?
The so-called hybrid seed is to use two different types or different parents of the same type as parents to hybridize, and the first generation of seeds obtained is called hybrid generation, which has strong heterosis and is characterized by high yield, strong stress resistance, lodging resistance, pest resistance and wide adaptability. This is called "heterosis" because it has stronger growth potential and better productivity and resilience than its parents.
3. Why can't the second generation hybrid be used for planting?
The reason why the hybrid generation has heterosis is that they come from two parents with different genetic genes, and a double genetic zygote can be formed through fertilization, which can make the hybrid generation show strong heterosis.
The second generation hybrids will produce separation phenomenon, and the yield will drop obviously, generally by 20 ~ 30%, and some hybrids will reduce the yield even more. Therefore, it can not be used as seeds in field production.
4. What is the hybrid degeneration of varieties?
In the process of planting, excellent varieties will be mixed and degraded due to sowing, harvesting, drying, storage and other reasons, so that they can not play a lasting role in increasing production of improved varieties. "Miscellaneous" refers to mixing with other varieties to produce impurities. "Degeneration" refers to the variation of the variety itself, the deterioration of excellent seeds, the decline of yield and the loss of cultivation value due to various reasons.
5. What are the causes of hybrid degeneration?
To sum up, there are three kinds: (1) mechanical hybrid power. It is mainly caused by unclean cleaning of utensils and places during sowing, harvesting, threshing, transportation, drying and storage, and careless mixing with other varieties during storage. (2) Biological hybridization. Even for self-pollinated crops, the hybridization rate is within 4%, and natural hybridization also has opportunities; Cross-pollinating crops is easier. The offspring of natural hybridization will be separated, some will get better and some will get worse. If you don't pay attention to choice, you will be degraded. (3) The influence of bad culture conditions. Due to the change of environmental conditions, some excellent characters of improved varieties have bad variation.
Among these reasons, the most important one is mechanical hybridity. Because of mechanical hybridization, biological hybridization is easy to occur, and biological hybridization breaks the structure of the original genetic material and shakes the heritability of the original varieties, so natural variation is easy to occur under the influence of environmental conditions.
6. How to purify and rejuvenate conventional seeds and produce simple original seeds?
There are two ways to produce seed or simple seed:
(1) The main crops can be purified and rejuvenated. This method is simple and effective, and can significantly improve the yield. The specific method includes three links: single plant selection, strain comparison and cross breeding. Select individual plants from high-purity fields and compare them in the first year. In the second year, select the best and discard the worst, then mix and breed the original seed nursery, plant the simple original seed field in the third year, and sow in the field after harvest. These Measures shall apply to breeding units and improved seed production and sales units.
(2) Ear selection method or chip selection method. Firstly, selecting panicles according to the seed consumption and reserving seeds; The second is to do a good job of impurity removal and bad removal of the plots to be planted. This method is suitable for farmers' own seeds.
7. How to preserve the seeds of beans?
Beans: includes leguminous plants in a broad sense, such as soybeans, broad beans, peas, mung beans, lentils and peanuts. After harvesting in Taneda, cut or uprooted seed plants are air-dried to allow the plants to mature, and then the shells are removed after the busy agricultural season.
The advantage of letting plants wait for maturity is that it is conducive to the accumulation of nutrients in seeds and is a safe storage method to protect the viability of seeds. The seeds are protected by pods, which can buffer the water changes of the seeds.
8, grain purification rejuvenation technology
Improved seed breeding and breeding are two different and inseparable stages of breeding. Breeding belongs to innovation, and breeding of improved varieties belongs to expansion, consolidation and improvement. There are three conditions for breeding improved varieties: first, Excellence (advantages and excellent characters); The second is uniformity (word uniformity); The third is transitivity (Excellence and unity should be passed on to future generations).
9. What is seed inspection?
Seed testing is also called seed identification. Seed inspection is a scientific method to test seed quality. In agricultural production, seeds refer to seeds in a broad sense, that is, all sowing materials, including plant seeds, such as seeds of beans, cotton and rape, plant fruits, such as fruits of rice, wheat, millet and millet, and some plant vegetative organs, such as potato tubers, sweet potato tubers and sugarcane stems.
Seed quality includes variety quality and sowing quality. Variety quality refers to the authenticity and purity of seeds. The sowing quality can be summarized in several words, namely: clean, full, solid, healthy and dry.
10. What is the grading standard of seeds?
Purity, cleanliness, germination rate and humidity
1 1, cereal seed grading standard?
Among cereal crops, wheat and corn are mainly grown in our city. The grading standards of these two crops are: raw wheat, purity not less than 99.9%, purity not less than 98.0%, germination rate not less than 85%, moisture not more than 13, refined wheat, purity not less than 99.0%, purity not less than 98.0% and germination rate not less than 85%. Maize single cross: First-class maize single cross with purity of not less than 98.0%, purity of not less than 98.0%, germination rate of not less than 85% and moisture content of not more than13.0%;
The purity, purity, germination rate and water content of single cross seed of secondary corn are not less than 96.0%, 98.0%, 85% and 13.0% respectively.
12, fiber seed grading standard
Among fiber crops, cotton is mainly planted in our city, and the grading standards of cotton are as follows
The purity, purity, germination rate and water content of raw cotton seeds are not less than 99.0%, 97.0%, 70% and 12.0% respectively.
The purity, purity, germination rate and water content of improved cotton varieties are not less than 95.0%, 97.0%, 70% and 12.0% respectively.
The purity, purity, germination rate and water content of naked cottonseed are not less than 99.0%, 99.0%, 80% and 65438 02.0% respectively.
The purity, purity, germination rate and moisture content of polished cotton varieties are not less than 95.0%, 99.0%, 80% and 12.0% respectively.
13, oil seed grading standard
Among oil crops, rape and peanuts are mainly planted in our city. Rape is divided into conventional rape seeds and hybrid rape seeds. The purity, purity, germination rate and water content of conventional rapeseed are not less than 99.0%, 98.0%, 90% and 9.0% respectively. The purity of conventional rape varieties is not less than 95.0%, the purity is not less than 98.0%, the germination rate is not less than 90%, and the water content is not higher than 9.0%; The purity, purity, germination rate and water content of the original peanut seed are not less than 99.0%, 98.0%, 75% and 10.0% respectively. Peanut varieties, purity not less than 96.0%, purity not less than 98.0%, germination rate not less than 75%, moisture not more than 65438 00.0%; The purity, purity, germination rate and water content of first-class hybrid rape are not less than 90.0%, 97.0%, 80% and 9.0% respectively. The purity, purity, germination rate and water content of secondary hybrid rape are not less than 83.0%, 97.0%, 80% and 9.0% respectively.
14. What is the content of variety purity inspection?
Variety purity includes two meanings: first, it refers to the authenticity of seeds, that is, whether the tested seeds are worthy of the name; Secondly, it refers to the percentage of the seeds (or plants) of this variety in the seeds (or plants) submitted for inspection, that is, the variety purity of this batch of seeds.
Variety purity detection can be divided into two parts: field detection and indoor testing. Field inspection is to check the purity of varieties in the field, the infection degree of pests and weeds, and the growth and lodging situation in the field during the crop growth period. Indoor inspection refers to bringing seed samples back indoors for inspection after harvesting and threshing crops. The main purpose is to know the authenticity and variety purity of seeds.
Variety purity inspection must be closely combined with field inspection and indoor inspection, with field inspection as the main method.
15. What are the main characters for identifying the purity of cotton varieties?
The purity identification of cotton varieties should be carried out at seedling stage, budding stage, flowering stage, boll opening stage and different growth stages. The identified characters are mainly plant characters, leaf characters, boll characters and cottonseed characters.
(1) factory features:
(1) Stem: the height and thickness of the stem, the existence and quantity of villi; The colors of the stems are purple and green. ② Plant morphology: tower, cylinder, loose or compact, etc. ③ Fruit branch posture: parallel, inclined and drooping.
(2) Blade characteristics:
① Cotyledons: The shape, size and color of cotyledons. ② True leaves: the size of true leaves, the number and depth of leaf cracks, the depth of leaf color, the luster of leaves, and the number and length of leaf villi.
(3) the characteristics of the clock, including the shape, size and color of the clock.
(4) Cottonseed characteristics: including average fiber length, fiber uniformity, cottonseed shape and color; There are many kinds of short fibers.
16. What main characters should be used to identify the purity of maize varieties?
The purity identification of maize varieties should be carried out at different growth stages such as seedling stage, jointing stage and tasseling stage. The identified characters are mainly plant type, number of branches of tassel, anther color, glume protection color, filament color, bract color and stem color.
17, how to observe the seed purity?
In the absence of inspection instruments, observe the purity of seeds, spread some samples on the sample tray or hand, first roughly calculate the number of samples, then tilt the hand or sample tray and slowly shake it to make the seeds flow evenly downwards, and then observe the amount of impurities in the hand or plate after flowing.
18. How to distinguish net seeds, other plant seeds and impurities when determining seed purity?
Net seed: all species belonging to analysis can be clearly identified in the seed structure (except those that have become sclerotia, smut spore mass or linear gall). Even immature, thin, shriveled, diseased or germinated seeds are regarded as net seeds. It usually includes complete seed units and damaged seed units larger than half of the original size. Other plant seeds: any plant seed unit except net seeds, including weed seeds and exotic crop seeds. Impurities: seed units and all other substances and structures except net seeds and other plant seeds.
19, what is the appropriate sample weight for purity determination?
The number of samples to determine purity is closely related to the size and weight of seeds. Generally, there are fewer small seeds and more big seeds. The specified sample weights of some common crops are as follows:
900g of corn and pea, 500g of soybean, 450g of bitter gourd, 350g of wheat, barley, mung bean120g, cotton, 90g of sorghum, 250g of watermelon, 200g of sunflower, 0g of peanut1000g, 70g of cucumber, melon and cabbage, and 70g of tomato and leek.
20. How to control the conditions of seed germination test?
The necessary conditions for seed germination are water, air, temperature and light.
(1) Moisture and aeration: The water quantity of the germination bed is determined according to the characteristics of the germination bed and seeds. For example, adding water to a sand bed is 60%-80% of its saturated water content, such as a paper bed. After absorbing enough water, the excess water is discharged; If you use soil as a germination bed, add water until the soil sticks to a ball, and then press it gently with your fingers. During germination, the germination bed must always be moist, and there should be enough air around the seeds during germination, and pay attention to ventilation.
(2) Temperature: When the temperature is appropriate, the seed germination is normal, and too high or too low temperature is not conducive to seed germination. Different crops need different temperatures to germinate. Generally, the temperature of crop seeds is 20-30℃ in summer and 20-25℃ in winter.
(3) Illumination: The seeds of most crops can germinate under light or dark conditions, but generally light is used. If the germination is carried out under the condition of variable temperature, the illumination should be carried out at high temperature for 8 hours.
2 1, how to do a good job in germination test of common seeds?
(1) Calculate the number of samples. From the fully mixed net seeds, 400 seeds were randomly selected by several devices or by hand. Usually, 100 seeds are used as a repetition, and large seeds or seeds with pathogenic bacteria can be divided into 50 or even 25 seeds as a repetition.
(2) Selecting a germination bed. The cleaned and disinfected sand (0.05-0.80mm) is used for large seeds, the paper bed is used for small seeds, and the paper bed or sand bed can be used for medium seeds.
(3) Bed culture. Arrange the counted seeds evenly on the wet germination bed, keeping a certain distance between the seeds. Label the incubator, cultivate it according to the suitable conditions of the variety, and check the temperature, humidity and ventilation frequently during germination. If there are moldy seeds, take them out and wash them. If there are serious moldy seeds, the germination bed should be replaced.
(4) Calculation of results. Represents the percentage of normal seedlings growing under specific time and conditions to the number of tested seeds.
22. How to store sorghum seeds?
Sorghum seeds contain about 70% sugar and 10% protein. Although the variety of red skin contains tannin, it will reduce the water permeability of seed coat, because it contains more hydrocolloids, so it is easy to absorb moisture. Sorghum has high equilibrium moisture, especially the grain with high shell rate, which is easy to be moldy with impurities and bacteria. Moreover, the seed coat is thin and vulnerable to pests. Before storage, it should be dried and cleaned, especially to prevent high temperature and heat damage of sorghum seeds harvested in summer; The moisture content of autumn sorghum seeds should be reduced to about 65438 02%, and a moisture-proof, insect-proof and rat-proof storage device should be selected for sealed storage.
23. How to store soybean seeds?
Soybean is rich in oil and protein, so it is difficult to store. The long-term safe water storage content must be below 12%, preferably between 9- 10%. If it exceeds 13%, there is a risk of mildew. Before storage, damaged particles, frostbite particles, moth-eaten particles and diseased particles should be removed to improve storage stability. After a period of post-heating, seeds release a lot of moisture and heat, that is, about 3-4 weeks after storage, it is necessary to use sunny days to ventilate and disperse moisture, combined with screening to remove impurities and prevent mildew.
24. How to store pea seeds?
Pea has a thin seed coat and poor storage resistance. During storage, it was mainly damaged by the pest pea weevil and overwintered in the warehouse. When peas bloom in the next spring, they fly to the fields to mate and lay eggs. Young insects eat beans and grow slowly in them, which continues to endanger the harvest. In order to prevent the bean weevil, we can adopt the method of closed heat preservation. That is, peas are harvested and dried in the sun on sunny days to reduce the water content to below 14%. When the seed temperature is quite high, seal it while it is hot, so that the seed temperature will continue to rise due to respiration, and the seed temperature can reach above 50℃. After 30-50 days, the larvae lurking in the beans can be killed. If the number of bean seeds is small, the method of scalding seeds can be adopted, that is, the dried peas are poured into a bamboo basket, immersed in boiling water, and quickly stirred for 25 seconds, then the bamboo basket is taken out, immersed in cold water, and then spread out for storage.
25. What is the life span of seeds?
Seed life can be roughly divided into three categories: long-lived seeds (15 years or more), long-lived seeds (3- 15 years) and short-lived seeds (less than 3 years). The length of the first kind of long-lived seeds is long or short, and the second kind of long-lived seeds is normal.
Crops with long-lived seeds include: broad bean, mung bean, Chinese milk vetch, cowpea, adzuki bean, beet, upland cotton, tobacco, sesame, towel gourd, pumpkin, watermelon, melon, eggplant, Chinese cabbage, radish and chrysanthemum.
Perennial seed crops include: rice, naked barley, wheat, sorghum, millet, corn, buckwheat, cotton, sunflower, soybean, kidney bean, pea, rape, tomato, spinach, onion, onion, garlic and carrot.
Crops with short seed life are: sugarcane, peanut, ramie, pepper and so on. In addition, the seeds of many trees and fruit trees have a short life span.
26, several storage methods of crop seeds
Corn seeds can be stored by ear storage and grain storage, and the relative humidity is generally below 80%.
Wheat seeds can be stored in bags, bulk, sealed at low temperature, covered and stored in hot storage. Pay attention to moisture absorption, dry heat preservation and after-ripening.
Storage method of cotton seeds: separate the flowers before frost from the flowers after frost, and store them separately after kneading. It is best to preserve the seeds with flowers before frost. The seeds are fully dry and the water content is below 65,438+02%. The height of the seed pile is controlled, so it is more suitable to put it in a semi-barn for ventilation. The thermometer is buried in the probe or in a bamboo pole with holes every 3 meters, and the measurement is carried out in the bamboo pole.
27. What are the taboos for seed storage?
First, avoid mechanical threshing, second, avoid excessive moisture, third, avoid sun exposure, fourth, avoid soot fumigation, fifth, avoid chemical pollution, sixth, avoid being damp and moldy, seventh, avoid touching the ground, eighth, avoid excessive sundries, and ninth, avoid rats and insects.
28. What should I pay attention to when storing seeds in winter?
(1) Selecting seeds before storage; (2) store the seeds with water; (3) avoid mixing; (4) It can't be stored in plastic bags, which affects the survival rate and germination rate of seeds; (5) store the seeds in a place far away from humidity; (6) avoid cold and heat; (7) Don't put it in a smoky place; (8) Seeds should not be put together with pesticides and fertilizers; (9) Check the stored seeds frequently to ensure the safe storage and overwintering of the seeds. The company will not bear the loss of production reduction due to rainy, insect pests and other natural disasters or improper cultivation management.
29. Which department is responsible for seed administrative law enforcement?
The administrative departments of agriculture and forestry of the people's governments at or above the county level shall be in charge of the work of crops and forest seeds within their respective administrative areas. The seed management institutions under the administrative departments of agriculture and forestry of the people's governments at or above the county level shall be responsible for the seed management.
30, under what circumstances, seed operators do not need to apply for a seed business license?
There are four situations in which the seed business license is not handled. First, seed operators specialize in packaging seeds that are no longer repackaged; Second, it is entrusted in writing by a seed operator with a seed business license to sell its seeds on a commission basis; The third is the branch established by the operator in the effective area stipulated in the business license; Fourth, some conventional seeds cultivated by farmers themselves are sold and exchanged in the market.
3 1. What procedures do operators who do not apply for seed business licenses need to go through before they can operate seeds?
If a seed operator sells seeds to a unit or individual with a seed business license, it shall apply to the local administrative department for industry and commerce for a business license with a copy of the other party's business license, a copy of the business license and a seed consignment agreement; Seed operators who set up branches in the effective area stipulated in the business license must register with the local seed management department before they can operate seeds.
32. What are the requirements of the seed law for commercial seeds?
First, seeds must be packed in small bags; Second, there must be a label on the seed package, and the content of the label should be complete and true; Third, seeds must be varieties approved and promoted by the state or our province; Fourth, seed quality standards must meet the standards set by the state.
33. What are the main crops referred to in the Seed Law?
Crops include grain, cotton, oilseeds, hemp, sugar, vegetables, fruit trees, tea trees, flowers, mulberry trees, tobacco, Chinese herbal medicines, grass, green manure, edible fungi and rubber. The main crops are rice, wheat, corn, cotton, soybean, rape and potato.
34. What is a good tree species?
Improved varieties of forest trees refer to the approved forest seeds, whose yield, adaptability and stress resistance are obviously superior to the propagation materials and planting materials of the main planting materials in a certain area.
35. What are the national quality standards for wheat and corn seeds?
Wheat seed standard: the purity of original seed is not less than 99.9%, the purity of improved seed is not less than 99%, the purity is not less than 98%, the germination rate is not less than 85%, and the water content is not higher than 13%. The standard of corn hybrid must reach the second-class product of national standard, that is, the purity is not less than 96%, the cleanliness is not less than 98%, the germination rate is not less than 85%, and the water content is not higher than 13%.
36. What are the requirements for applying for a seed business license?
First, the conditions for applying for a business license for hybrid seeds of major crops: first, applying for a registered capital of more than 5 million yuan; Second, there is a corn hybrid seed inspection room, and there are more than two seed inspectors who have passed the examination by the provincial agricultural administrative department; Third, complete sets of seed processing equipment, seed processing technicians 1. Second, the conditions for applying for a seed business license other than hybrid seeds of major crops: First, applying for a registered capital of more than 6,543,800 yuan; Second, there are inspection rooms and necessary inspection instruments, processing, storage and seed business places to meet the inspection needs. Third, seed inspectors, storekeepers and processing technicians 1 person who have passed the examination by agricultural administrative departments at or above the provincial level.
37. How to apply for a seed business license?
The business licenses for hybrid seeds of major crops, their parent seeds and conventional seeds shall be audited by the county-level agricultural administrative department where the operator is located and issued by the provincial agricultural administrative department; Other seed business licenses shall be issued by local agricultural administrative departments at or above the county level. When applying for a seed business license, the applicant shall submit the following materials to the audit institution: First, an application form for a crop seed business license; Second, the qualification certificates of seed inspectors, warehouse keepers and processing technicians; The third is the list of seed inspection instruments, processing equipment and storage equipment, photos and proof of property rights; The fourth is the photo of the seed business place. When applying for a seed business license from the Ministry of Agriculture, the applicant shall also submit the following materials to the auditing organ: first, photos or descriptions of breeding institutions, sales networks and breeding bases; The second is the proof of its own variety; The third is the description of breeding conditions, laboratory conditions and production and operation. Audit institutions shall conduct audit within 30 days from the date of receiving the application, sign audit opinions on qualified applicants and report them to the examination and approval authority; The examination and approval authority shall deal with it within 30 days from the date of receiving the examination opinions.
38. How to apply for a seed production license?
To apply for a seed production license, an application shall be made by a unit or individual that directly organizes seed production. Entrusted by farmers or rural collective economic organizations, the client shall apply; Where production is entrusted to other economic organizations, an application shall be made by the entrusting party or the entrusted party. The following materials shall be submitted to the auditing organ when applying: first, an application form for crop seed production license; The second is the qualification certificate of seed inspector and seed production technician; 3. Certification materials of registered capital; Fourth, inspection facilities, equipment list, photos and property rights certificates; Fifth, introduction of seed threshing floor or photos of seed drying equipment and proof of property rights; Six, seed storage facilities photos and proof of property rights; Seventh, the quarantine certificate and introduction of the seed production site; Eight is the introduction of production varieties. If it is an authorized variety or a genetically modified variety, it shall also provide relevant certificates, contracts or safety certificates of genetically modified organisms; Nine is the seed production quality assurance system. Within 30 days from the date of receipt of the application materials, the audit organ shall complete the audit and inspection of the materials and the site, sign the conditional audit opinions and report them to the examination and approval organ; For those who do not meet the requirements, notify the applicant in writing and explain the reasons. The examination and approval authority shall complete the examination and approval work within 30 days from the date of receiving the examination opinions.
39. What should be marked on the seed label?
Crop seed labels shall be marked with crop species, seed category, variety name, place of origin, seed production license number, quarantine certificate number, import approval number, seed quality index, net content, production year, production enterprise name, production enterprise address and contact information. The main crop varieties should be marked with seed production license number and variety approval number.
40. What problems should seed operators pay attention to in their business activities?
Before carrying out business activities, seed operators should first examine whether the other party has the qualification of seed operation, that is, whether they have applied for a business license; If the other party has a business license, it must hold its license and a copy of the business license and the seed consignment agreement to the industrial and commercial department for a business license, and register with the seed management department before it can operate and sell; Operators should review the seeds before planting, mainly to see whether the seeds are packaged in small bags, whether they are labeled, whether the contents of the labels are complete and true, and whether the seeds have been approved by the state or our province; Operators must establish sales files in the course of operation, and farmers must issue sales invoices when purchasing seeds. In addition, each batch of seeds distributed by operators should be sampled and sealed by buyers and sellers as evidence for handling seed quality disputes.