Xinglong chestnut, also known as Jingdong chestnut, is named after its location in the east of Beijing. It is famous for its aroma, sweetness, good waxiness, easy peeling skin, bright color, unique sweet and mellow flavor and rich nutrition. It has long enjoyed a high reputation in domestic and foreign markets. (Jingdong chestnut refers specifically to chestnuts produced in the Yanshan Mountains east of Beijing. It is also known as "Yanshan chestnut", "Qianxi chestnut", etc. in the international market. The main producing areas of Jingdong chestnut are in Xinglong, Zunhua, and Qianxi areas of Hebei Province. Known for its beautiful fruit shape and unique flavor, it is one of the most competitive foreign exchange-earning products)

Xinglong chestnut has a long history. As early as "The Book of Songs" and "Historical Records", there are "trees". There are records such as "the hazelnut and chestnut" and "thousands of chestnut trees in Yan and Qin, their people and ten thousand households".

Xinglong chestnut has high nutritional value and contains protein, fat, sugar and starch. In addition, it is also rich in carotene, ascorbic acid, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, iron and other ingredients. "Complete Book of Nongzheng" says: "The herbal medicine claims that chestnuts thicken the intestines and stomach, nourish kidney qi, and make people endure hunger, which is definitely true." Therefore, chestnut has become a traditional fruit that our people love very much since ancient times.

In the poem written by Wang Anshi, the prime minister of the Song Dynasty, to his grandson Wu Dong, there is a wonderful line: "Since he loved pears and chestnuts when he was young, he has to read five carts of books when he grows up." In the Qing Dynasty, people called the sugar-roasted chestnuts with unique flavor "xiangtang". There is still a poem about sugar-roasted chestnuts circulating in Beijing: "Piles of chestnuts are fried deep yellow, and guests come to talk for a long time and ask for wine." Taste, the cold fire is half-burned in the middle of the night, and the people shouting at the door: "Fill the fragrant sugar". Xinglong chestnuts can not only be eaten raw or cooked, but can also be processed into canned chestnut chicken, chestnut soup, chocolate, milk replacer, chestnut preserves and other flavor foods, as well as fillings for various pastries.

Xinglong chestnut is known as an "iron crop" and has high economic value. It is one of the native products with great advantages among the agricultural and sideline products exported by Hebei Province. In 2011, the county's total output was 60,158 tons, ranking first among counties in the country.

As determined by the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine, Xinglong County has been included in the protection scope of Jingdong’s chestnut geographical indication products. Chestnut cultivation in Kuancheng, Hebei Province can be traced back to the Eastern Han Dynasty and has a history of more than 3,000 years. It is said that in the 45th year of Kangxi's reign, Kangxi passed by Kuanhe City when chestnuts were ripe. After eating, he praised them: "The best in the world." Today, the county’s chestnut planting area reaches 800,000 acres, with 26 million chestnut trees. Among them, there are more than 100,000 ancient chestnut trees that are more than a century old. The oldest existing ancient chestnut tree was planted in 1303 and is known as the "King of Chinese Chestnut".

Chestnut cultivation has been the leading industry of Kuancheng agriculture since ancient times. Chestnut is known as an "iron crop" and "woody food" and is one of the main food sources for local residents. The economic benefits brought by chestnuts account for more than 80% of local agricultural income. Local people regard chestnuts as a symbol of good luck, and they give chestnuts to them as a blessing on important occasions such as apprenticeships, birthday celebrations, and weddings. There are countless historical legends, folk customs and literary works about chestnut, showing the rich and colorful chestnut culture.

According to the relevant provisions of the "Regulations on the Management of Marks of Origin" and its implementation measures, Kuancheng chestnut was listed as a national geographical indication product by the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine in 2003. On May 29, 2014, it was recognized as the second batch of important agricultural cultural heritage protection by the Ministry of Agriculture.

Kuancheng traditional chestnut cultivation system is a sustainable ecological agricultural production model. People built moats and terraces according to the terrain, planted chestnuts, intercropped crops under the forest, raised poultry, and cultivated chestnut mushrooms with cut branches. Traditional chestnut orchards use physical and biological methods to prevent and control diseases, insects, and weeds, forming a terrace-chestnut-crop-poultry compound production system. Chestnut trees, together with other surrounding vegetation, form a unique mountain landscape and play an important role in soil and water conservation and water source conservation. Cultivated using traditional methods and grown in a natural environment with sufficient light, large temperature difference between day and night, and soil rich in iron, Kuancheng chestnut has developed unique qualities such as bright color, glutinous, soft, sweet and fragrant taste. It is known as "Chinese chestnut in Hebei" , Hebei chestnut has a good reputation in Kuancheng.

In accordance with the requirements for the protection of China’s important agricultural cultural heritage, the Kuancheng County Government has formulated special planning and management measures for the protection and development of traditional chestnut cultivation systems. Through the protection of ancient chestnut trees, the innovation of business models and the development of leisure agriculture, we can fundamentally solve the problems of increasing farmers' income, sustainable agricultural development and heritage protection. Dandong chestnut is produced in Dandong City, Liaoning Province. Chestnut cultivation in Dandong began in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.

The fruit is called chestnut and can be eaten raw, stir-fried with sugar, baked, canned, ground into powder to make cakes, and cooked with a spoon. Containing sugar, protein, fat and multiple vitamins, it has high nutritional and economic value. In December 2006, the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine approved the implementation of geographical indication product protection for Dandong chestnut.

Dandong chestnut is a dominant economic forest tree species in Dandong area. It is mainly cultivated in the mountains, and a very small amount is cultivated in the flatlands. The total number of chestnut plants reaches more than 65 million. Among them, large trees over 40 years old were mainly planted in the 1960s, with about 10 million trees; chestnut trees aged 20 to 30 years were mainly planted in the 1980s, with about 15 million trees; after the 1990s, , Dandong chestnut cultivation area expanded rapidly. By 2002, the number of chestnut plants had increased by more than 30 million in more than ten years. The main varieties include more than 20 varieties including Jinhua, Yuewang, Danze, Liping, Youmo, Tu60, 9113, and 9210. The area of ??improved chestnut varieties reaches 3.82×104 hectares.

Chestnut cultivation occurs in every township (town) in the city, with 38 townships (towns) covering an area of ??over 10,000 acres. The most famous townships are: Hongqi Town, Lanqi Town, and Dongtang Town in Fengcheng; Chang'an Town, Tangchi Town, and Shizijie Town in Donggang; Gulouzi Town, Daxicha Township, and Budayuan Township in Kuandian. Among the more than 32,000 chestnut growers, 15,000 have annual incomes exceeding 5,000 yuan, and more than 10,000 have annual incomes exceeding 10,000 yuan. There are 18 chestnut processing enterprises in the city, processing 20,000 tons of chestnuts annually. The main processed product is peeled chestnut rice. 95% of the processed products are sold to Japan, accounting for 30% of my country's exports of Japanese chestnut products. Dandong City has become the largest chestnut production and processing chestnut export base at the municipal level in the country.

In 2005, the city’s comprehensive sales revenue of chestnut (original product) and its processed products reached more than 400 million yuan. This alone increased the per capita income of rural areas by more than 300 yuan, becoming a pillar industry for increasing farmers’ income and increasing agricultural efficiency. . Kuandian County and Fengcheng City were named as national economic forest demonstration counties (cities) by the state, and Donggang City was named as a chestnut base county (cities) by the provincial government. Dandong chestnut is famous for its excellent quality. Its fruit is large, white in color, good in taste, not cracked, easy to process, and has high comprehensive value. Its pulp has a water content of about 40%, protein 5.7~10.7%, and fat 5~7.4%. , about 50% starch, and contains vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin C, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, iron, zinc, boron and other minerals. ★China is the hometown of chestnut, and chestnut cultivation has a long history, dating back to the Western Zhou Dynasty. "The Book of Songs" says: "If chestnuts are outside the east gate and not between the gardens, they are trees on the road." "Zuo Zhuan" also has records of "chestnuts are walking on the road, and they are trees on the road." This shows that chestnut trees had already been planted at that time. Enter the garden or as a street tree.

★ "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals" records that "there are three beauties in fruit, including Jishan chestnut." "Jishan chestnut" refers to the chestnut produced in the Yanshan Mountains today. According to the 2007 geographical indication product protection It is stipulated that the chestnuts produced in the administrative areas of 10 towns including Shicheng Town, Miyun County, Beijing City, are authentic Yanshan chestnuts. Chestnuts are widely distributed and are produced in many countries around the world and all over China. However, chestnuts from Yanshan are one of the three beauties. This is due to the local high-quality water resources and soil rich in various minerals and the specific climate. determined by conditions.

★Lu Ji’s "Mao Shi, Grass, Trees, Fish and Insects" written during the Three Kingdoms period said: "There are chestnuts in all five directions. ... Only Yuyang and Fanyang chestnuts are sweet and long-flavored, and they are not as good as other places." Yuyang That is to the southwest of today's Miyun County, and Fanyang is to the east of Zhuo County and Yixian County. It can be seen that the Yanshan area has been a famous production area of ??chestnuts for a long time.

★Chestnuts are rich in nutrients and are known as the "King of Dried Fruits". Sugar-fried chestnuts began in the Song Dynasty. After autumn, the aroma of freshly baked chestnuts floats on the street, attracting passers-by. Men, women, old and young all love this snack. When you eat it, the lingering fragrance fills your mouth and leaves you with endless aftertaste. From a very early time, there has been a saying in praise of roasted chestnuts that has been passed down in Beijing and Tianjin: "Piles of chestnuts are fried to a deep yellow color, and guests come to talk for a long time and ask for wine to taste. At the third watch of the cold fire, the lamp is half-lit, and the door is high Shout 'Gum'".

★Historical records: Put sand in an iron cauldron, add caramel sugar and stir-fry on fire. Throw chestnuts in, roll and stir-fry until ripe. The chestnut shells will turn reddish brown. After shelling, the fruits will be loose, soft and soft. Fragrant and sweet, it is a snack treasure. The roasted chestnuts reveal cute little mouths on their shells, smiling at their guests. After removing the shell, the aroma will rush out from the warm body unbridled and hit your nose, throat, and stomach.

According to "Ji Jin Diary", Su Qin said that although the people of Yan did not cultivate, they still had enough jujube and chestnuts. In the Tang Dynasty, Fan Yang was a local tribute. Now in Yanjing's market, in autumn, they are mixed with mixed stones and exploded. The difference between chestnuts and chestnuts is smaller than that in Nanzhong, and the taste is smaller. It is quite sweet and is named after Yuli.

★Guo Langao, a man from the Qing Dynasty, said in "Records of Shai Shu Tang": "When I came to the capital, I saw a firewood pot outside the shop door. One person was holding the fire, and the other was sitting high on the machine, holding a long iron spoon. Stir it frequently to make it even and uneven." The scene of roasting chestnuts is described very vividly and concretely. However, there are still 8 words to the key to stir-frying chestnuts with sugar in Beijing: "Soak with sugar and use coarse sand". Only in this way can we achieve "full and full texture, the shell is extremely soft and crisp, peel it slightly with your hands, the shell meat is easy to separate but the skin film is not firm." "sticky" ideal effect.

The Yanshan Mountains are a famous mountain range in northern China. Chestnut cultivation in the region began to take shape in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. It has a history of more than 2,000 years. Characteristics, enjoyed by the courts of all dynasties. In Xiwanzi Village, Shicheng Town, within the Yanshan area, chestnut trees grow all over the mountains. There are hundreds of chestnut trees that are over a century old, so it is called the "Yanshan Liyuan". Chestnuts are produced in all counties in the Qinba Mountains in southern Shaanxi, but the Zhen'an chestnut is especially famous. Zhen'an big chestnuts are mainly produced in Zhen'an, Ningshan, Zhashui, Chang'an, Danfeng, Shanyang, Ningshan and other counties in the Qinling Mountains of Shaanxi. Ningshan County has the largest output, and Zhen'an County has the best quality.

There is an excellent chestnut growth line in the Qinling Mountains of Shaanxi. Many cities and counties in Shaanxi are on this growth line. Among them, Zhen'an is at the thickest point of this line, so Zhen'an is called the "Hometown of Chinese Chestnut" by China. Large chestnuts are produced in various places in Zhen'an, Shaanxi, with more of them produced in Shizhen and Huilong. The county's chestnut cultivation area is more than 50,000 acres, including 30,000 acres of chestnut forest belt, with an annual output of more than 800,000 kilograms. Today, the Shangluo area has developed to 415,000 acres, and 114,000 acres of chestnut bases have been built.

Zhen'an chestnut was approved as Zhen'an No. 1 improved variety by the Shaanxi Provincial Forest Variety Approval Committee in December 2005. In 2006, it was approved by the State Forestry Administration as having many excellent characteristics and has been promoted nationwide. It is an excellent variety and is famous for its large grains, plump chestnut kernels, bright color, exquisite appearance, astringent skin that is easy to peel, delicate meat, strong waxiness, sweet aroma, high sugar content, and rich nutrition. Crisp and sweet when eaten raw, waxy and fragrant when cooked. Due to its excellent quality, it is not only a hot commodity in the domestic market, but also a traditional bulk export specialty product in Shaanxi Province.

In order to protect the Zhen’an chestnut brand, the Chestnut Industry Office of Zhen’an County Forestry Bureau applied to register the “Zhen’an” chestnut trademark in 2006. 30,000 acres of organic chestnut bases were built in Jiezi, Qingtong, and Chaiping. In 2005, they obtained the certification license from the Yangling Organic Food Certification Center of Northwest A&F University, making Zhenan Chestnut the first to enter the national chestnut organic food ranks. In 2010, through the efforts of many parties, origin protection measures were implemented for Zhen'an chestnuts, and more than 200,000 acres of origin protection bases were established, truly protecting the Zhen'an chestnut brand. "Silkworms spin silk, bees make honey, trees produce oil, and mountains produce chestnuts." These are the specialties that the people of Luotian in the Dabie Mountains of eastern Hubei are proud of, and they are proud of their wealth. Xinxin chestnut in Sanlifan Town, Chestnut Kingdom.

Artificial cultivation of chestnuts in this county began before the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. There are many varieties, unique colors and flavors, and their production areas are distributed throughout the county, but their products are sold as "Luotian chestnut".

Luotian chestnut kernels contain starch, protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins A, B, C, B2 and other substances. The protein content is 30% higher than that of rice, and the fat is 20 times higher than that of rice.

The unique quality and reputation of Luotian chestnuts have attracted many foreigners. Professor Lorton from the Australian University in the United States traveled thousands of miles to Luotian to inspect. After on-site inspection of chestnut varieties in Luotian, he believed that Luotian is the gene bank of chestnuts in the world, and actively introduced American business people to develop chestnut series in Luotian, China. product. Experts from Japan, Canada, Italy and other countries have visited Luotian more than 20 times and were amazed by the quality of its chestnuts. It is said that Japan imported Luotian chestnuts and processed them to make chestnut food with a unique flavor and called it ginseng fruit.

There is no doubt that Luotian chestnut has gone global. The people of Luotian are not only satisfied with the production of fresh chestnuts, but also set their sights on deep processing of chestnuts. Five chestnut preservation warehouses and more than 200 small canneries have been built in the county; the next step is to develop new products such as chestnut nectar boiling, quick-frozen chestnut meat and chestnut powder, chestnut preserves, chestnut soup, chestnut juice and chestnut mushrooms. When these chestnut products come out, it will not be long before Luotian becomes a world-famous chestnut kingdom.

"Chinese chestnut belongs to Jingdong, and Jingdong chestnut belongs to Qianxi."

Qianxi County is located at the southern foot of Yanshan Mountain, at the foot of the Great Wall and on the shore of Luanshui River. Qianxi chestnut is a traditional agricultural product in Hebei Province. It has a cultivation history of more than 2,000 years. The unique soil and climate conditions create its excellent taste and flavor. The products are mainly sold to the United States, Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong and Taiwan, Shanghai and Guangzhou. , Dalian, Shenzhen, Kunming and other more than 60 large and medium-sized cities in China, and are deeply loved by consumers at home and abroad.

Qianxi chestnut has an exquisite appearance, bright color, and does not stick to the inner skin; the kernel is beige, waxy, sweet and aromatic, and has an excellent taste; it is rich in vitamins, carotene, amino acids, iron, calcium, etc. Trace elements, long-term consumption has health benefits such as nourishing the stomach, strengthening the spleen, tonifying the kidneys, and beautifying the skin. It is known as the "Pearl" and "Purple Jade" of the East, and is called "the best food of Chinese sweet chestnuts" by the Japanese.

Qianxi chestnuts grow in a purely natural wild state without the application of chemical fertilizers or pesticides. Farmers harvest the fruits by picking up naturally fallen fruits. Chestnuts have good maturity, high sugar content, good storage resistance, and few insects. Qianxi chestnut cultivation area reaches 600,000 acres and 30 million plants have been certified as pollution-free fruit origins in Hebei Province, with an annual output of more than 20,000 tons. In 2004, Qianxi County won the "Special Award for the Top Ten Counties in the National Chestnut Industry"; in 2005, the "Qianxi Chestnut" certification trademark was rated as the "Famous Trademark of Hebei Province". Chestnut is a famous specialty product of Shuhe Village, Shaodian Town, Xinyi City. It is one of the key chestnut producing areas in the country and has a history of hundreds of years. Shaodian Town is known as the “No. 1 Chestnut Town in China”. Actively introduce a number of high-quality chestnut varieties such as Jiaoza, Qingza, Chushuhong, and October Red, and organize chestnut experts to formulate and improve the "Pollution-free Quality Chestnut Demonstration Park Standard" based on international and domestic industry advanced technologies and local reality. , "Key Production Technology of High-Quality Chestnut", "Calendar of Pollution-free Prevention and Control of Chestnut Pests and Diseases", and "Technical Operating Procedures for Standardized Chestnut Production Management" and other four chestnut production standards.

In accordance with the principles of typical demonstration and large-scale development, we will establish demonstration parks at the city, town and village levels; organize scientific and technological personnel to go deep into the fields to conduct face-to-face training; conduct random inspections of chestnuts produced in each project area, and conduct comprehensive A monitoring system was established to promote the continuous development of standardized chestnut production in the project area. Pollution-free agricultural products, Shaodian Town is praised by experts from the Chinese Academy of Forestry as "the first chestnut town in China's plains".

Shaodian chestnuts are divided into two types: oil chestnut and hairy chestnut. Among them, the Shaodian chestnut is the best, with large seeds (about 40 per pound per city), shiny color, loose flesh, sweet taste, and glutinous nature. After two rounds of seed selection, excellent single-plant varieties such as Xinyi Jiujiajia, Chuchuhong, and Panlongli were successively selected. After provincial acceptance, they were determined to be regional development varieties and have been promoted inside and outside the province. In 1983, Shaodian Chestnut participated in the National Exhibition of Export Commodity Production Base Construction Achievements and received a certificate of honor from the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation. Over the past ten years, Shaodian chestnut exports have continued to expand, and are sold well in countries and regions such as Japan, South Korea, Singapore, and Hong Kong. Japanese merchants have asked for Shaodian big oil chestnuts. Shaodian chestnuts have gained a high reputation in the international market and are famous. Far and near.

There are also many chestnuts in Guangxi. Long'an County on the outskirts of Nanning is known as the hometown of chestnuts. Cluster chestnut (C. alnifolia)

Japanese chestnut (C. crenata)

American chestnut (C. dentata)

Pearl chestnut (C. henryi)< /p>

Chinese chestnut (C. mollissima)

American hazelnut chestnut (C. ozarkensis)

American dwarf chestnut (C. pumila)

Current chestnut (C. seguinii)