Agriculture, first of all, agricultural tools, plows, especially plows, pioneered the use of natural forces for irrigation. Secondly, the land resources in the south of the Yangtze River have been further developed and many barren hills have been reclaimed. It is very common for Cheng to let go and reclaim land around the lake. Of course, the environmental problems caused this time are more serious, and the contradiction between man and land has begun to intensify. Secondly, water conservancy projects have developed rapidly, and many places in the south of the Yangtze River have irrigation areas. The further expansion of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal has led to the rapid development of irrigation and agriculture.
As for handicrafts, there are many points.
1. is widely distributed.
(1) Silk and linen fabrics are spread all over the country;
② Porcelain kilns are distributed in the Central Plains and many areas in the south of the Yangtze River;
There are more than 100 places producing iron in China.
2. The production scale is expanded and the output is high.
(1) China could build the largest ship in the world at that time and was called "the overlord at sea".
(2) In the early Tang Dynasty, 500 seagoing ships were built in Hongzhou alone.
3. Fine division of labor and many varieties.
There are more than ten kinds of silk fabrics, such as twill and brocade, each of which is divided into many varieties.
(2) Tri-colored porcelain in the Tang Dynasty paved the way for the later generation of colored porcelain.
(3) Celadon in the Tang Dynasty was mainly produced in the south, and Yueyao secret color porcelain was the most precious. White porcelain is mainly produced in the north, and Xing Kiln is the most prosperous. At that time, there was a saying that "South Blue and North White".
④ 1987, more than ten pieces of secret porcelain were unearthed in the underground palace of Famen Temple in Fufeng County, Shaanxi Province, which corrected the traditional saying that secret porcelain originated in the Five Dynasties.
4. High technical level and integration of foreign styles.
① Cutting, polishing, welding and other processes have been widely used in smelting and casting.
(2) The shipbuilding industry can use propellers to build warships, which is the earliest prototype of ships using mechanical power.
Silk fabrics have bright colors and novel designs, and some of them have absorbed Persian style and technology.
Song dynasty
Invented the compass, sealed cabin 1 economically developed Fu Song.
This has long been a historical conclusion, and other dynasties "suppressed commerce", with the exception of the Song Dynasty. In the early Song Dynasty, Zhao Kuangyin Zhao Boxin said, "Accumulate more money. Farmland houses in the city will leave behind their descendants, and singers and dancers will enjoy their longevity to enrich the people. Later, Song Taizong also dubbed it "making the political skills of the two systems theory widely known". When Zongshen was in power, the idea of "financial management first" made the people who attached importance to the economy "financial management is urgent" throughout the Song Dynasty. This is a very important prerequisite to ensure economic development. In the early Song Dynasty, officials studied the ways of managing money and seeking money. The Song Dynasty adjusted the traditional practice of emphasizing criminal law over civil law, and specially studied and implemented monopoly laws, such as salt law, wine law and tea law. Song Dynasty became one of the most active periods of economic legislation in ancient China. Moreover, the economic laws and regulations of the Song Dynasty unified the distribution of interests between the state and economic activists, which conformed to the laws of commodity economy and was a very scientific law. These correct policy orientations have enabled the commercial tide to flourish, the commerce and trade to develop rapidly, and the handicraft industry to develop rapidly, making the Song Dynasty the earliest banknote (jiaozi) bank in the world, which is unique! Even banks can make loans and pay in different places, which is a very advanced economic management system even in modern times. Geographically, the development of the Song Dynasty was not limited to the established areas such as Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Sichuan, and the social, economic and cultural development in mountainous areas and ethnic minority areas was also greater than that in the Tang Dynasty, which is also surprising. From handicraft industry, mine mining, tea salt, shipbuilding, paper making, sugar making, textile, porcelain making and so on. Much more advanced than the Tang Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, the handicraft industry not only expanded its production area and increased its output, but also improved its technology significantly. For example, the production technology of "sugar ice" (rock candy), the excavation of "single-barrel well" and the sophistication of Song porcelain all reflect the maturity and innovation of technology, while the rise of commerce and handicraft industry has liberated a large number of farmers who have been captured on the land and put them into business. Handicraft began to mine a large number of gold, silver, copper, iron, coal and other mineral deposits in the mid-Northern Song Dynasty, which first appeared in all parts of the country in the history of the world. Such as shipyards, paper mills, printing houses, weaving mills, firearms factories and official kilns in various places. It can be seen that the prosperity of handicraft industry at that time was unprecedented! As early as the Northern Song Dynasty, China knew how to employ hundreds of full-time industrial workers in coal burning, steelmaking and large-scale handicrafts. And the government's two military industries employ 8 thousand workers-this is already the scale of heavy industry! Taking 1078 as an example, the annual output of iron and steel industry in northern China reached1250,000 tons, while that in Britain was only 76,000 tons at the beginning of the industrial revolution. In addition, mining and metallurgy, paper making, porcelain making, silk weaving and navigation are also well developed. The Song Dynasty was truly a "high-tech" home before modern times. It was also the overlord of the world handicraft industry at that time! From the commercial point of view, cities in the Tang Dynasty tended to be administrative centers, while towns in the Song Dynasty tended to be industrial and commercial. The trading areas in the Tang Dynasty were strictly controlled by officials, while in the Song Dynasty, they were more free. Due to the further development of commodity economy, the breakthrough of "housing system" and the rise of market towns, the boundary between residential areas and commercial areas has gradually disappeared. In the Song Dynasty, some of these "new" cities developed to a considerable scale. For example, Kaifeng and Hangzhou have reached a population of one million, and the latter is an "unprecedented" city that Kelpolo saw in the early Yuan Dynasty. Even at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the largest city outside China was Baghdad, with a population of only 300,000 to 500,000. Hundreds of years later, the Arab traveler Ibn Betuta also called Hangzhou "the world". The population engaged in industry and commerce is gradually increasing, the output is increasing, and the investment capital is greatly expanded. Therefore, it is not only agriculture that constitutes the main body of national fiscal revenue. The proportion of industry and commerce has surpassed that of agriculture, and advertisements printed on copper plates have appeared in its commercial operation, which is more than 300 years earlier than advertisements of western capitalism. As far as bachelor Su Dongpo is concerned, he once wrote an advertisement poem for an old woman who cooked oil, which made it prosperous. More interestingly, in the Song Dynasty, there were tabloids similar to modern newspapers and the earliest trademarks in history. The small trademark is of great significance, which marks the gradual improvement of the commercialization system in Song Dynasty. In addition, On the Velocity of Money Circulation written by Shen Kuo, a famous scholar, also reached the level of modern monetary theory, which was a powerful commercial wave in the Song Dynasty and the earliest mother of capitalism in the world. The rapid economic development in the Song Dynasty created unprecedented wealth and prosperity.
Agricultural development is manifested in
1 is based on the progress of rice planting technology. The rice planting area is expanded and the yield is increased.
Improvement of production tools and innovation of production technology. It is characterized by the improvement of production tools such as Qu Yuan's plough and gondola car.
3 Large-scale water conservancy construction. A series of irrigation canals were dug in the Yellow River and Yangtze River basins, and old canals and weirs were restored.
Reclaim a lot of wasteland. The working people have created a lot of wealth, and the Tang government collects a lot of grain and cloth from farmers every year. The population increased greatly, and the number of households in Xuanzong was nearly three times that in Taizong.