Scientific research refers to discovering, exploring and explaining natural phenomena, deepening the understanding of nature and seeking its laws, and there is no room for subjectivity. This is seeking truth. To put it simply, if I were a painter and painted a painting with thick ink and heavy colors, others (perhaps including some famous artists) would say it was good after seeing it, but I would be very dissatisfied with it myself. Therefore, scientific research should be defined as: "A kind of research that excludes subjective factors as much as possible. Because most people always tend to understand the subject as the agent." It also supports our view of context as a pragmatic condition. Industrial structure refers to the proportional relationship and structural status between various industrial sectors of the national economy in the process of social reproduction, including industrial composition, industrial development level, and technical and economic connections between industries. Scientific research refers to people’s research on issues that affect human development, and its results are used to solve human development problems.
Scientific research market size
In 2017, the number of invention patent applications reached 1.382 million, a year-on-year increase of 14.2%, ranking first in the world for 7 consecutive years; the number of PCT international patent applications accepted was 51,000. It increased by 12.5% ??year-on-year, ranking second in the world; the number of invention patents per 10,000 people reached 9.8. It accepted 5.748 million trademark registration applications, a year-on-year increase of 55.72%, ranking first in the world for 16 consecutive years. A total of 14.92 million valid trademark registrations have been registered.
Chart: my country's science and technology funding investment from 2015 to 2017
Data source: National Bureau of Statistics
According to the China Research Institute's "China's Scientific Research Industry Market from 2020 to 2025" Foresight and Future Investment Strategy Analysis Report
Analysis of Prospects and Current Situation of the Scientific Research Industry in 2020
In 2017, research and experimental development (R&D) expenditures were 1.75 trillion yuan, an increase of 11.6% over the previous year. %, the ratio to GDP is 2.12%, of which basic research funding is 92 billion yuan. In 2017, the National Key Research and Development Program has arranged 1,115 science and technology projects in 42 key special projects, the National Major Science and Technology Project has arranged 454 topics, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China has funded 43,935 projects. By the end of 2017, a total of 503 national key laboratories, 131 national engineering research centers, 217 national engineering laboratories, and 1,276 national enterprise technology centers had been built. The National Guidance Fund for the Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements has established a total of 5 sub-funds, with a total capital scale of 24.72 billion yuan. In 2017, there were 3.698 million domestic and foreign patent applications, and 1.836 million patent rights were granted; the number of PCT patent applications accepted was 51,000. As of the end of the year, there were 7.148 million valid patents, including 1.356 million valid domestic invention patents, and the number of invention patents per 10,000 people was 9.8. In 2017, 368,000 technology contracts were signed, and the transaction value of technology contracts was 1,342.4 billion yuan, an increase of 17.7% over the previous year. In 2017, the number of invention patent applications reached 1.382 million, a year-on-year increase of 14.2%, ranking first in the world for seven consecutive years; the number of trademark registration applications accepted was 5.748 million, a year-on-year increase of 55.72%, ranking first in the world for 16 consecutive years.
Basic research, applied research, and development research are three interrelated links in the entire scientific research system. They develop in a coordinated manner in the scientific research system of a country and a professional field. Scientific research should meet certain conditions, such as a reasonable scientific and technological team, necessary scientific research funds, complete scientific research technology equipment, and scientific and technological test sites.
The "composite model" is a prominent feature of the national science and technology innovation system in this period, which means that competition methods and means are gradually introduced into the traditional planning system (scientific research institutes have begun to implement the external "paid contract (contract) system" of science and technology Internally, the scientific and technological system reform of the project contract system was implemented and developed into a new type of scientific research, production and operation entity. The reform of the scientific and technological system that began in the mid-1980s significantly enhanced the vitality of scientific research institutes and accelerated the commercialization and industrialization of scientific research results. . At the same time, the market's ability to regulate enterprises has increased, state-owned enterprises have introduced advanced technologies on a large scale, township enterprises and collectively owned enterprises have risen rapidly, and high-tech enterprises and private technology enterprises have flourished.
In addition, the government Try to use a combination of administrative means and market competition to strengthen the research and development of industry-leading technologies and the spread of scientific research results through the implementation of the "863 Plan" and "Spark Plan").
The combined model of planning and market is conducive to the role of competition in stimulating innovation and promotes the improvement of the functions of the national scientific and technological innovation system. However, even so, some deep-seated contradictions have not been effectively resolved. For example, the main role of enterprises in innovation has not been established; the government's macro-control ability to promote science and technology to promote the economy is not strong; when scientific research institutes enter enterprises, the rational distribution of talents and the corporate subjectivization of capital investment still need to be explored.
According to the purpose of research, scientific research can be divided into the following types:
1. Exploratory research. Conduct a preliminary understanding of the research object or problem to obtain a preliminary impression and perceptual understanding, and provide the basis and direction for future careful and in-depth research.
2. Descriptive research. Research that correctly describes the characteristics or overall picture of some overall or certain phenomena. The task is to collect data, discover situations, provide information, and describe the main laws and characteristics.
3. Interpretive research. Explore the causal relationship between certain assumptions and conditional factors, explore the reasons behind the phenomenon, and reveal the internal laws of the occurrence or change of the phenomenon.