keywords: wine; Quality; Safety; Analysis
Chinese library classification number: TS262.6 Document identification code: A Article number: 11-828X(213)3--1
With the development of economy and the continuous improvement of people's living standards, people have a deeper understanding of food safety. In recent years, problems such as melamine found in milk, excessive carbendazim in fruit juice, and Bactrocera dorsalis have aroused the concern of the whole society, and also sounded an alarm to food producers. Food safety is directly related to the physical and mental health of our people. Now China has attached great importance to food safety and has treated food as a livelihood project. But even so, there are still many food safety hazards in China. Apart from the imperfect laws and regulations on food, poor food supervision and people's weak awareness of food safety, food production enterprises pay insufficient attention to food safety. For the wine producers in China, if they don't pay attention to the food safety in the wine production process, there will be a safety problem, which will lead to the situation that farmers cut down the vines, and foreign wine producers will take this opportunity to occupy the China market vigorously. If this happens, it will be a disastrous blow to the wine industry in China.
first, the main factors that constitute the quality and safety of wine
The quality and safety of wine mainly depends on the raw materials of grapes and the safety in the process of wine brewing and processing.
(1) Safety of raw materials of wine
Grapes are the raw materials of wine, and the hidden dangers of grapes mainly come from excessive pesticide and heavy metal residues.
In the production of wine raw materials, the occurrence of grape diseases and pests has a considerable relationship with the local ecological environment, cultivated grape varieties and grape management methods, so different grape growing areas must analyze and study them according to the local actual situation, mainly focusing on defense and controlling grape diseases and pests before they occur. On the premise of preventing grape diseases and insect pests, the use of pest control drugs should be minimized to ensure the safety of grape production. When preventing grape diseases and insect pests, we can't just rely on drugs to solve them. The most important thing is to pay attention to the scientific and reasonable use of insect-resistant drugs. Of course, only when grape producers really realize the types of pests and diseases can they talk about the scientific and reasonable use of insect-repellent drugs. From this point of view, this requires the government and relevant departments of grape planting and production areas to invest a lot of money to train fruit farmers in technology and knowledge, so that they can understand the types of pests and the methods of defense, use insect-repellent drugs scientifically and reasonably, and reduce the pollution of grapes.
The production environment of grapes must be strict, attention should be paid to grape cultivation and environmental selection around the planting area, and there should be no pollution sources around the grape planting area or production area, such as paper mills, chemical plants and cement plants, so as to lay a basic guarantee for the safe production of grapes. In addition, we must also pay attention to the irrigation water and soil quality standards of grapes, which cannot exceed the prescribed standards.
(II) Safety in the process of wine brewing
In the process of wine brewing, the main safety hazards are fusel oil, methanol, heavy metals and microorganisms exceeding the standard.
1. fusel oil in brewing process. Fusel oil is also called higher alcohol, and its main components are butanol, isobutanol and propanol. It can combine with organic acid to form ester, which makes wine have unique fragrance. In the process of wine brewing, reasonable control of fusel oil can make wine have more sensory characteristics. Although there is no limit on the use of fusel oil in the relevant laws and regulations of wine brewing in China, if the content of fusel oil in wine is too high, it will not only affect the taste, but also have side effects. Fusel oil decomposes much more slowly than ethanol, so it will have a long anesthetic effect and damage the brain. Consumers often feel dizzy after drinking too much wine. Therefore, it is necessary for winemakers to take measures to control the content of fusel oil in the manufacturing process from the aspects of controlling fermentation degree and fermentation temperature.
2. methanol. The content of methanol in wine is related to the soaking time and pectinase in wine production. The content of methanol in white wine is generally lower than that in red wine, because white wine is fermented with juice from peel. Whether it is white wine or red wine, if the methanol content exceeds the standard, it will cause methanol poisoning, which will seriously affect the visual nerve, causing eyeball pain, pupil dilation, severe poisoning and even blindness. Therefore, in the brewing process, the methanol content must be strictly controlled.
Second, there are potential safety hazards in wine at present
In terms of the quality and safety of wine, the safety of quality runs through every link in the food chain: from the production, processing, storage and transportation of wine to the final sale, including environmental pollution factors brought about by the development of agriculture and industry, and human factors such as low quality of storage, transportation and consumers. Up to now, there are the following hidden dangers in wine quality in China:
(1) Pollution at the source of agricultural products
The main pollution of agricultural products in China includes agricultural chemical pollution and industrial chemical pollution. For agricultural chemical pollution, it includes pesticides, fertilizers, hormones and so on.
With the acceleration of society and industrialization, the agricultural environmental pollution in China is becoming more and more serious. The main reason is that the discharge of "three wastes" in industry has exceeded the standard, which has caused the main pollution source to the agricultural environment. The pollution caused by industrial emissions to agricultural environment includes land pollution, water pollution, environmental pollution and air pollution.
(II) Quality problems in the process of wine processing
In the process of wine brewing, we must pay attention to the following problems: some manufacturers have weak food safety awareness and legal awareness, and in order to make huge profits and reduce costs, they use a lot of non-edible raw materials, and the toxic and harmful substances seriously exceed the standard, and illegally use chemical raw materials such as food additives and pigments; What's more, in order to save money, we don't hesitate to use inferior wine raw materials, which makes wine lose its original attributes.
(3) The business order of wine is not standardized
In the process of wine sales, there are mainly the following phenomena: the management in enterprises is not in place, and the traceability management is relatively difficult. In order to prevent wine from expiring, many enterprises use a lot of preservatives in the circulation and storage of wine; There are also unscrupulous merchants who sell inferior or counterfeit wine, which seriously harms the physical and mental health of consumers.
(4) Unqualified wine quality generally occurs
From the investigation report and sampling inspection of the quality control department, it can be seen that the main reasons for unqualified wine quality include: the alcohol content and sugar content do not meet the national standards during brewing; Due to the pollution of equipment, various heavy metals such as iron and lead exceed the standard; Because the health and safety are not comprehensive, the total number of colonies caused by microorganisms exceeds the standard.
Conclusion
To establish a wine safety guarantee system is not only the responsibility of government departments, but also the responsibility of enterprises, fruit farmers and producers. Through the concerted efforts of the industry, the problem of wine quality and safety in China will be further solved.