College students' entrepreneurship is an entrepreneurial process with college students and graduates as the main body of entrepreneurship. With the recent transformation process in China and the increasing social employment pressure, entrepreneurship has gradually become a career choice for college students and graduates. The following is a brief analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of vocational college students' entrepreneurship, which I collected for your reference only. Welcome to reading.
The policy of higher vocational education is "employment-oriented" to cultivate applied talents for enterprises. However, the employment situation of higher vocational students deviates from the policy of higher vocational education to a certain extent, which will inevitably affect the development of higher vocational education. In 2005, the state took vigorously developing vocational education as an important strategy for China's education development in the coming period, and proposed that by 20 10, the enrollment scale of secondary vocational education in China will reach 8 million, which is roughly equivalent to that of ordinary high schools. The enrollment scale of higher vocational education accounts for more than half of the enrollment scale of higher education. If the export problem is not solved well, it will affect the realization of the national vocational education development strategy.
How to expand the export of higher vocational education? In addition to further grasping the employment work, the important way is to teach students to start their own businesses. Entrepreneurship is an active way of employment. In order to encourage entrepreneurship, the state has greatly revised relevant laws. For example, the company law reduces the registered capital of a company and increases a one-person limited liability company; At the same time, the partnership enterprise law was revised and the form of limited partnership enterprise was added. These adjustments have reduced the cost and risk of individual entrepreneurship. In particular, the state recently passed the property law, which treats public and private property equally and fundamentally encourages self-employment. Local governments in China have also issued a series of preferential policies to actively support entrepreneurship. Visible, China has entered a new era of entrepreneurship. If higher vocational colleges can seize this opportunity and do a good job in entrepreneurship education according to the characteristics of higher vocational students, it will be conducive to expanding the export of higher vocational education and of great significance to the development of higher vocational education.
First, vocational college students have the advantage of vocational skills in starting a business.
Compared with ordinary undergraduate colleges, higher vocational colleges have strong discipline application, and higher vocational students have obvious advantages in entrepreneurial vocational skills.
1. The majors offered in higher vocational colleges have clear career orientation and pay attention to skills. Such as computer application and maintenance, clothing design and production. Higher vocational education aims at cultivating practical technical talents and emphasizes the cultivation of operational skills. On the course setting, on the one hand, we attach importance to the setting of professional skills courses, emphasize practicality and skill in teaching, and pay attention to the cultivation of practical ability. On the other hand, pay attention to the setting of practical courses and the establishment of practice bases, and keep in touch with the market and enterprises. Therefore, after graduation, most students learn a skill. This enables higher vocational students to have the basic skills of starting a business.
2. Higher vocational colleges generally have a strong market awareness, and most of the majors offered are popular in the market, which caters to the market demand. For example, students majoring in computer maintenance, although such companies are limited in society, it is difficult for them to accept all graduates, but if students start their own businesses, there is market space for this major.
3. There are many specialties offered in higher vocational colleges. The threshold of market entrepreneurship is not high, which is suitable for small-scale independent entrepreneurship. For example, students majoring in fashion design and production can start a business with a few sewing machines, and the investment cost of starting a small business will not be too high; Computer application and maintenance major, as long as you have a skill, you can start a business by renting a facade, and the threshold for starting a business is not high. The cost of starting a business is a hurdle for graduates who lack start-up funds, and lower-cost starting a business is an important feasible condition for higher vocational students.
In addition to their professional advantages, vocational college students generally have a good psychological quality to bear setbacks. Most students in higher vocational colleges do not have a good learning foundation in the basic education stage and are often criticized and frustrated. Therefore, most students in higher vocational colleges have strong ability to resist setbacks. Entrepreneurship is a high-risk job, and it is not easy to persist without good psychological endurance. Therefore, the anti-frustration psychological quality of higher vocational students is conducive to the formation of their good entrepreneurial mentality.
Second, the weakness of vocational college students' entrepreneurship lies in their quality.
The overall quality of higher vocational students is generally not high, which is the weakness of their entrepreneurship. The overall quality is not high mainly in two aspects:
First, the basic quality is not high. Poor learning foundation and poor self-control ability are one of the most obvious group characteristics of higher vocational students. In particular, a considerable number of higher vocational students have poor study habits and lack of initiative, which is incompatible with today's society. Nowadays, the world is trying to build a perfect lifelong learning system to meet the requirements of the rapid development of science and technology. Now it is a learning society, which requires every member to meet the requirements of social development with uninterrupted study and efforts. If a person does not have the consciousness of active learning, it is difficult to achieve the great cause of entrepreneurship. "
Second, the entrepreneurial quality is low. Entrepreneurship is a challenging undertaking, a high-level employment, and requires high quality of people. According to statistics, the success rate of college students' entrepreneurship is only 2% ~ 3%. Entrepreneurship can't reach the other side of victory with only one kind of enthusiasm. Only through scientific pre-planning, multi-angle observation and rational analysis, effective resource integration, mature and efficient operation skills and good business mentality can individual entrepreneurship succeed. In fact, most students are limited to their own professional knowledge, lacking relevant knowledge and experience in finance, tax law and market economy, and lacking mature business model and management experience, which eventually leads to the failure of many students' entrepreneurial projects. The quality defects of higher vocational students in these two aspects may affect their success in starting a business. Regrettably, the current higher vocational education is eager for quick success and instant benefit, whether from students or schools. Both sides only pay attention to skill training and have no patience to improve their quality. The specific performance is as follows:
On the one hand, vocational college students are eager for quick success in their studies, and most of them want to have a skill and find a job, so they are often willing to study professional courses that can get immediate results, while excluding other courses, thus affecting the improvement of comprehensive quality. For example, students who study fashion design and production are generally willing to take fashion design classes, but they are perfunctory about literature appreciation, economic law and other courses. In fact, if a fashion designer lacks cultural background, it is difficult to achieve his career. In a market economy, economic and legal problems are inevitable. If you start a business, it will involve signing a contract, designing a trademark, setting up a company, market competition and other legal issues.
On the other hand, higher vocational education is also eager for quick success and instant benefit. Schools only consider the immediate employment effect and cater to students' current employment needs, and often only pay attention to the cultivation of students' professional skills, while ignoring the quality cultivation and paying little attention to students' development potential. To this end, many schools often cut off some courses that are not immediate and conducive to improving quality. Basically, they will teach what to do in the future, implement fast-food education and fast-food employment. Although this is in line with students' psychology of quick success and instant benefit, it is not conducive to their long-term development. Students may have learned some professional skills, but because their basic quality is not high, they have no stamina for development. If they want to start their own business, their quality and ability will be restricted, and the negative impact will be far-reaching.
It can be seen that improving the comprehensive quality of higher vocational students is the key to their entrepreneurial success. The "third passport" of learning proposed by UNESCO is entrepreneurial ability, and quality is the premise and foundation of having ability, which can be further transformed into ability through continuous practical activities. Therefore, higher vocational colleges should pay full attention to the improvement of students' comprehensive quality and take it as a key project. Only by striving to improve the comprehensive quality of higher vocational students can we reduce the cost and improve the success rate of entrepreneurship.
Third, foster strengths and avoid weaknesses, and improve entrepreneurial quality and ability.
(A) School level: the quality of vocational education, and comprehensively improve students' entrepreneurial quality and ability.
1. Try to cultivate students' good study habits. On the one hand, we should be close to the market, improve the teaching content and methods, and strive to stimulate students' interest in learning; On the other hand, through ideological education and rules and regulations, efforts should be made to standardize students' behavior and cultivate students' study habits.
2. Adjust the curriculum and incorporate entrepreneurship education into the vocational education system. The basic principle of offering courses is to take vocational education as the center and fully infiltrate entrepreneurship education. Under this principle, relevant courses should be set up reasonably to comprehensively improve students' entrepreneurial quality and ability.
(1) Offering entrepreneurship courses. There are three ways: first, as a course; The second is to teach as an important topic in the employment guidance course; The third is to set up a series of lectures on special topics, such as how to open a shop online and how to set up a company. , and also introduce some books on successful entrepreneurial cases to students to open their minds. In all kinds of entrepreneurship courses, in addition to teaching students relevant entrepreneurial knowledge, students should also be guided to understand the entrepreneurial direction of their major and how to find business opportunities.
(2) In other courses, strengthen the teaching of relevant knowledge needed for entrepreneurship, and infiltrate entrepreneurship guidance education into the whole process of education and teaching. For example, in the teaching of economic law, we should pay special attention to company law, contract law, trademark law and other relevant laws and regulations to reserve the necessary knowledge for students to start their own businesses.
(3) Combine entrepreneurship education with vocational education practice. Schools should vigorously carry out the second class, increase the intensity of students' practical exercise, let students enhance their perceptual knowledge of the market, shorten the distance from the market, and lay the foundation for future entrepreneurship.
(4) Entrepreneurship column can be set up on the campus network. It can not only introduce a large number of successful entrepreneurial cases, but also provide some entrepreneurial information. You can also hire a group of experts to interact with students who are interested in starting a business online, answer questions and guide entrepreneurs.
(2) Students' personal level: plan early and strive to accumulate entrepreneurial experience.
In addition to seriously regulating their behavior in school and diligently learning knowledge and skills, higher vocational students should also make career plans as early as possible and seize the opportunity to accumulate entrepreneurial experience. Many successful entrepreneurial cases reflect such a rule: often the first venture ends in failure and the second venture succeeds. This shows that the accumulation before starting a business is very important. In this regard, schools should actively guide. There are several ways to accumulate entrepreneurial experience:
1. Students can try to start a business at school to warm up for formal business. For example, students majoring in clothing may want to open a shop online, or set up a design studio with one end connected to the school and the other end connected to the market. Starting a business in school can not only apply knowledge to practice under the guidance of teachers, but also accumulate entrepreneurial experience.
2. Students should make full use of various internships in the school and accumulate entrepreneurial experience. In particular, the graduation internship takes a long time, so students should learn with an open mind, enrich themselves and actively seek business opportunities.
Entrepreneurship is an important form of broadening employment channels, which is not only conducive to the realization of personal value of higher vocational students, but also conducive to the development of higher vocational education and social harmony and stability. However, entrepreneurship is an advanced form of employment. Higher vocational colleges should fully understand the advantages and disadvantages of higher vocational students, provide targeted entrepreneurship guidance and save enough energy for students' entrepreneurship.
Further reading: What preferential personnel policies can you enjoy if you start your own business?
Self-employed college graduates who participate in the basic old-age insurance are employed or recruited by state organs, institutions or state-owned enterprises, and their payment period can be calculated as the length of service. College graduates who start their own businesses enjoy the same treatment as similar personnel in state-owned enterprises and institutions in the evaluation of professional and technical titles, the application for funds for scientific research projects, the declaration of scientific research achievements or honorary titles.
1, preferential tax policies for college students' entrepreneurship
College graduates who hold the Employment and Entrepreneurship Certificate issued by the human resources and social security department (marked with "tax policy for self-employment in graduation year") and set up individual industrial and commercial households and sole proprietorship enterprises in the graduation year (that is, from February 1 day to 1 day) will be deducted in turn according to the limit of 8,000 yuan per household per year within three years. Small and low-profit enterprises founded by college graduates enjoy relevant tax support policies in accordance with state regulations.
2, business guarantee loans and interest subsidies
For qualified college students who want to start their own businesses, they can apply for a business guarantee loan at the place where they start their own businesses, with a loan amount of 654.38+10,000 yuan. Encourage financial institutions to refer to the preferential loan interest rate, combined with risk sharing, and reasonably determine the loan interest rate level. Business guarantee loans issued by individuals will be subsidized if they rise by less than 3 percentage points on the basis of preferential loan interest rates.
3. Exempt from relevant administrative fees.
Ordinary college students who are engaged in self-employment within two years after graduation (except for industries restricted by the state) will be exempted from management, registration, license and other related administrative fees within three years from the date of first registration in the industrial and commercial department.
4. Enjoy training subsidies
Small and micro enterprises founded by college students will be given social insurance subsidies of 1 year if they recruit college graduates in the graduation year, sign labor contracts for more than 1 year and pay social insurance premiums. For college students who have participated in entrepreneurship training in the graduation school year (that is, within July 1 day 12 months of the year before graduation), according to their entrepreneurship training or employment and entrepreneurship qualification certificates, training subsidies are given according to regulations.
5. Free entrepreneurial service
College students who are willing to start a business can get free entrepreneurial guidance services provided by public employment and talent service institutions, including "one-stop" entrepreneurial services such as policy consultation, information services, project development, risk assessment, entrepreneurial guidance, financing services and follow-up support.
6. Cancel the restrictions on the settlement of college graduates.
College graduates can go through the formalities of settlement in the place where they start their business (the municipality directly under the Central Government shall implement it according to relevant regulations).
7. Cultivation of innovative talents
Entrepreneurial college students can enjoy a series of "excellent plans" implemented by colleges and universities all over the country, and collaborative education action plans combining science and education. , as well as interdisciplinary courses and experimental classes for innovation and entrepreneurship education, as well as a new mechanism for cultivating innovative and entrepreneurial talents across departments, disciplines and disciplines.
8. Offering innovation and entrepreneurship education courses.
Self-employed college students can enjoy all kinds of professional courses and innovative and entrepreneurial education resources excavated and enriched by colleges and universities, as well as compulsory courses and elective courses such as research methods, frontier disciplines, entrepreneurship foundation, employment and entrepreneurship guidance developed for all students, and online open courses such as massive open online courses and video open courses enjoyed by various regions and colleges, as well as the learning certification and credit recognition system of online open courses.
9. Strengthen the practice of innovation and entrepreneurship.
Self-employed college students can enjoy scientific and technological innovation resources and experimental teaching platforms open to all students, such as University Science Park, Pioneer Park, Business Incubation Base, Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education, various laboratories, teaching instruments and equipment. Participate in the National College Students' Innovation and Entrepreneurship Competition, the National Vocational College Skills Competition, various special competitions such as scientific and technological innovation, creative design, and entrepreneurial plans, as well as associations such as innovation and entrepreneurship associations and entrepreneurial clubs established by college students to enhance their innovative and entrepreneurial practice ability.
10, reform the teaching system
Self-employed college students can enjoy the credit accumulation and conversion system of self-employed college students' innovation and entrepreneurship, which converts students' innovative experiments, papers, patents and self-employment into credits, and recognizes students' participation in project research and project experiments as a new exploration of classroom learning. At the same time, we also enjoy a series of teaching practice activities that objectively record and quantitatively evaluate students' innovative and entrepreneurial activities, such as providing innovative and entrepreneurial ability training plans, innovative and entrepreneurial files and transcripts for students with willingness and potential. Give priority to supporting students who participate in entrepreneurship to transfer to related majors.
1 1. Improve the regulations on student status management.
College students who are willing to start their own businesses can enjoy the flexible academic system implemented by colleges and universities, relax the number of years of study for students, allow them to adjust their academic progress, retain their student status, and drop out of school to innovate and start businesses.
12, entrepreneurship guidance service for college students
Self-employed college students can enjoy continuous assistance, full guidance and one-stop service provided by universities all over the country. And local and university information service platforms to provide students with real-time information on national policies and market trends, as well as services such as docking entrepreneurial projects and intellectual property transactions. On the basis of giving full play to the role of all kinds of business incubation bases, we can enjoy the business incubation bases for college students built according to local conditions and related training and guidance services.
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