To learn a language, you must listen more, read more, recite more, and speak more

I will give you some materials for reference. These are the basics. You can read some Chinese learning textbooks

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Initial consonants list

b p m f d t n l g k h j q x zh ch sh r z c s y w

Final list

a o e i u ü ai ei ui ao ou iu ie üe er an en in un ang eng ing ong

Recognize and read the syllables as a whole

zhi chi shi ri zi ci si yi wu yu ye yue yin yun yuan ying (the first 10 syllables are relatively easy to remember) . The following 6 syllables can be listed with corresponding words and compiled into a sentence: "The moon is hidden at night, and the clouds are willing to welcome it." It means: "The night" is late, the "moon" is bright and wants to "hide", and the "cloud" "Duo is "willing" to help, and she "welcomes" up.)

Alphabet (26)

Lowercase letters: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z

Capital letters: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, l, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X ,Y,Z. < /p>

If there is no a, look for o e, (if there is no a, but o or e, mark it on o or e. For example, lou is marked on o, lei is marked on e

i u The parallel is marked after, (when i and u are parallel, they are marked after. For example, liu is marked on u, gui is marked on i)

There is no need to mention a single final (of course it is a single final). Mark it above)

Front nasal: refers to the finals ending in "n" in Pinyin, such as: an ian uan üan en in uen ün

Back nasal: refers to Pinyin. Finals ending in "ng", such as: ang iang uang eng ing ueng ong iong.

Pingtongue sound: refers to the initial consonants starting with "z, c, s" in Pinyin.

< p>The qiaoting sound: refers to the initial consonants starting with "zh, ch, sh, r" in Pinyin

When and how to pronounce Qingsheng well in Chinese?

What is Qing Ting? Qing Ting means that some syllables in a word or sentence lose their original tone and become a lighter and shorter tone.

So how can we read Qing Ting well? Pay attention to the collection and look for patterns when reading.

First of all, we need to figure out when to read softly.

1. Usually in the second overlapping syllable of a noun or verb. Pronounced softly:

For example: "Mom (ma)", "Try (shi)"

2. Noun endings and locative words, and directional verbs are also often pronounced softly,

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For example: "wood (tou)", "heaven (shang)", "come out (chulai)", etc.;

3. Some particles are also pronounced softly,

For example: "Very good (de)", "Let's go (ba)",

4. The second syllable of a double syllable is sometimes pronounced softly, such as: "radish (bo)" "And so on.

To understand which syllables should be pronounced softly, you need to practice regularly, distinguish the differences between soft tones and the other four tones, and understand that soft tones should be "light and short".

It is worth reminding that you should not read it softly, because it will completely change the meaning of the word. For example, "careless meaning" refers to the general meaning of the content, while "careless meaning (yi)" refers to careless meaning.

In short, as long as you pay attention to accumulation and practice regularly, everyone will be able to read Qingsheng well.

Soundproof symbols:

(1) Why use soundproof symbols?

Most Mandarin syllables have consonant initial consonants. The spelling convention of Chinese Pinyin letters is that consonants are always spelled into syllables with the following vowels. For example, shɑnge can only be pronounced as shɑn ge (folk song). Only when there is no vowel behind it, the consonant letter is combined with the preceding phoneme, such as shɑng. In this way, the initial consonant consonant plays the role of marking the boundaries of syllables. The zero-initial syllables starting with i, u, and ü use y and w to mark the syllable boundaries. The remaining zero-initial syllables starting with ɑ, o, and e are easy to be confused with the boundaries of the previous syllables when written consecutively. There are three situations of syllable confusion:

One is that it is connected to the previous syllable ending in n or ng. If it is not separated by symbols, the last letter n or g of the previous syllable will be mistaken for the latter one. The initial consonant of a syllable. “Reverse the case” (fɑn’ɑn) will be pronounced as “attack” (fɑnɑn), and “file” (dɑng’ɑn) will be pronounced as “go it alone” (dɑngɑn).

The other is connected to the preceding syllables ending in i, u, or ü. If they are not separated by symbols, the two syllables are often mistaken as one syllable. "Xi'an" (xi'ɑn) will be pronounced as "Xian" (xiɑn), "kuai" (ku'ɑi) will be pronounced as "kuai" (kuɑi), and "balance" (yu'e) will be pronounced as "month" (yue).

The other is to connect syllables ending with other vowels other than i, u, and ü without separating them with symbols. Although it will not be misread as one syllable, the vowels are connected and it is difficult to see visually. Produces a clear impression and makes reading difficult. For example, huɑɑo ("花衣").

In order to solve these problems, the "Chinese Pinyin Plan" stipulates the usage of soundproof symbols.

(2) How to use soundproof symbols

The soundproof symbols are represented by “’”. When zero-initial syllables starting with ɑ, o, or e are written consecutively after any syllable, the sound insulation symbol is marked on the upper left side of the initial letters ɑ, o, or e of the syllable.

For example: fɑn'ɑnoverturn fɑng'ɑn plan sheng'ou raw lotus root ming'e quota xi'ɑn Xi'an ku'ɑi love yu'e balance pi'ɑo skin

About Beginners must also pay attention to the following two points when using soundproof symbols:

First, zero-initial syllables starting with ɑ, o, and e use soundproof symbols only when they are written consecutively after other syllables. If it is at the beginning of a word, there is no problem of unclear syllable boundaries, and sound isolation symbols cannot be used, such as áoxiáng (flying). Second, syllables with consonant initials and syllables using y or w cannot be preceded by soundproof symbols to prevent the abuse of soundproof symbols.

Polyphonetic

As long as we read, we will encounter polyphonic words. According to preliminary statistics, there are more than 600 polyphonic characters listed in the "Xinhua Dictionary", and some characters have as many as five pronunciations (for example, the word "和" has five sounds: hé, hè, hú, huó, and huò). Therefore, many people inevitably misread it. How to master the different pronunciations of polyphonic words? Are there any rules that can be followed for the pronunciation of polyphonic words?

When we study classical Chinese, we will also encounter polyphonic characters. This situation is called "different pronunciation" in ancient Chinese. The national high school Chinese textbook published by the People's Education Press divides the variant pronunciations of classical Chinese into three categories: variant pronunciations of broken sounds, variant pronunciations of tongjia, and variant pronunciations of ancient pronunciations. This classification reflects the rules of different readings and is helpful for students to recite classical Chinese accurately.

This enlightens us: We can also use classification methods to help students grasp the rules for polyphonic words in vernacular texts. The author organized and classified more than 600 polyphonic characters in the "Xinhua Dictionary" and put them into teaching practice, and achieved relatively satisfactory results. Three character search methods: Phonetic character search method: I know the character, but I don’t know its meaning and cannot be sure of its radicals. Radical search method: I don’t know the character or its meaning, but I can be sure of the radical. Number-of-strokes search method: I don’t know the character or the radical.

These more than 600 polyphonic characters can be divided into six categories.

1. Different parts of speech, different meanings, and different pronunciations. Pronunciation plays a role in distinguishing parts of speech and meanings.

For example: long cháng (adjective) very long\long term\long time zhang (verb) grow\grow\long knowledge

number shǔ (verb) count\countless\count get shù (noun) data\quantity\ Amount

shuò (adverb) is common

for wéi (verb) has great potential \think\becomes wèi (preposition) serves the people\acts as an aide

de (particle) whose book\my motherland dí (adjective) indeed so\when (appropriate)

dì (noun) purpose\targeted

drop jiàng (verb) drop Rainfall (drop: meaning of falling) xiáng (verb) surrender\subdue the dragon and subdue the tiger (drop: surrender, meaning to tame)

Yin yān (adjective) Yin Hong Zhu Yin (referring to black and red)

< p> yīn (adjective) sincere, earnest, and diligent (meaning rich, profound, thoughtful)

Among the six characters listed above, the first four characters have different pronunciations when they have different parts of speech; the last two characters have different pronunciations. The words have the same part of speech, but different meanings and therefore different pronunciations. This type of polyphonic characters is called "polyphonic pronunciation" in classical Chinese, but no one gives it this name in vernacular. Among the more than 600 polyphonic characters, there are about 500 polyphonic characters of this type. Mastering this type of polyphonic characters means mastering the majority of polyphonic characters. Although the number of such polyphonic characters is large, because the pronunciation has the function of distinguishing the part of speech and the meaning of the word, as long as they are carefully compared, its different pronunciations are relatively easy to master.

2. Some Tongjia characters in classical Chinese continued to be used into modern times and formed polyphonic characters. For example:

齽juàn 齽永jùn is the same as "jun" Junxiujunmaojunba

turtle guī \ turtle\turtle shrink\ turtle mirror (metaphor borrowed from) jūn is the same as "皲" crack

七diàn tenant farmer tenant tenant tián Same as "畋" (hunting)

Pull zhuài to pull the door up and pull it still yè Same as "簋" in "abandoned armor and dragging soldiers"

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Only a very small number of Tongqi characters in classical Chinese are still used in vernacular Chinese. It is not difficult for middle school students with the ability to read simple classical Chinese to master this type of polyphonic characters.

3. Different usages such as common usage and names of people and places lead to polyphony. For example:

Dan dān unit simple menu simple shàn surname Shanxian (place name) chán Chanyu (the monarch of the ancient Huns)

cypress bai cypress pine cypress evergreen asphalt road bó Berlin (place name) ) bò Huangbai (Chinese medicine name)

Pu pǔ simple, hard, simple, frugal and simple piáo surname Pu pō Pu Dao (an old weapon)

pò Hackberry (tree name) Magnolia officinalis (Chinese medicine name) )

This type is called "ancient pronunciation" in classical Chinese. The pronunciation of such characters has been inherited since ancient times, and most of them have not changed because proper nouns are fixed.

The above three types have a one-to-one correspondence with the different readings in classical Chinese. Clarifying this relationship will be of great benefit to students in mastering polyphonic characters in vernacular texts.

4. The pronunciation is also different depending on the usage situation, and the pronunciation plays a role in distinguishing the usage.

For example:

pee bāo (limited to single use) peel peanuts and skin sheep

bō (used in compound words) deprive, exploit and strip

pee xiāo (limited to single use) ) Peel and pencil

xuē (used in compound words) weaken, thin and remove

Thin báo (limited to single use) thin paper is worn too thin

bó (used in compound words) weak, mean and frivolous

Catch d?i (limited to single use) to catch mice and dragonflies

dài (used in compound words) arrest

The number of these polyphonic characters is very small. The reason why they are classified as one category is that these characters are used very frequently, have a high rate of mispronunciation, and are not easy to distinguish from the meaning of the characters. Once you understand that you should distinguish them from the usage point of view, it will be easy to master them.

5. Different language styles have different pronunciations, and pronunciation plays a role in distinguishing language styles. Example

Xue xuè (Reading pronunciation) Blood Sea Deep Enmity Blood Pressure Bloodline

xi? (Colloquial Pronunciation) Bleeding and spitting out two mouthfuls of blood

Kernel hé (Reading Pronunciation) Walnut core cell nucleus

hú (colloquial pronunciation) apricot nucleus coal core child

Xunxún (reading pronunciation) looking for ordinary Xunzhang excerpts

xín (colloquial pronunciation ) Looking for happiness, looking for death, and thinking

Luoluò (reading pronunciation) falling behind, falling behind

lào (colloquial pronunciation) falling asleep, falling on the kang, falling into color

6. The existence of dialect vocabulary And cause polyphony.

特tè Error (meaning error) tuī (Dialect) wind too big house too small (Tui: too)

open chāi open letter open quilt cā (Dialect) open to pieces Dirty (metaphor for irresponsibility)

Gaa yà, croak cotton gá, gaden (check accounts), gafriend (make friends), crowded (crowded)

Two categories Among polyphonic words, spoken pronunciation and dialects generally only appear in literary works when reading, especially dialect vocabulary. Due to its locality, the frequency of use is very low. Moreover, it is not closely related to Mandarin and is generally not used. mix.

For the convenience of explanation, the author summarizes the pronunciation of polyphonic characters into the above six types. In fact, many words have several types of pronunciation. But as long as we master the method of discrimination, we can draw inferences from one example, get twice the result with half the effort, and master multi-phonetic characters relatively easily.

Combine words for polysyllabic characters

Look at kān( )kàn( ) long cháng( )zhǎng( )

地dì( )de ( ) zhāo( )zhe( )

zháo( )zhuó( ) get děi（ )dé（ ）de（ ）

kind of zhōng（ ）zhòng（ ）only zhī（ ）zhǐ（ ）

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jué jué ( ) jiōo ( ) dāng ( ) dàng ( )

empty kōng ( ) kòng ( ) dry gān ( ) gàn ( )

biapiāo ( ) piào( )phase xiāng( ) xiàng( )

inverted dǎo( ) dào( ) 行xíng( ) háng( )

小shǎo( )shào( ) jiāo( ) jiào( )

Fa fā( ) fà( ) back bēi( )bèi( )

Turn zhuǎn( )zhuàn( ) liǎo( )le( )　

< p>Jie jiē ( )　jié ( ) Chao cháo ( ) zhāo ( )

The number shǔ ( ) shù ( ) is wéi ( ) wèi ( )

And hé ( ) hè ( ) Huán ( ) hái ( )

Which nǎ ( ) na ( ) measure liáng ( ) liàng ( )

Hard nán ( ) nàn ( ) boring mēn ( ) mèn ( )

The de( )dì( ) of the sā ( )sǎ( )

都dōu( )dū( ) the rod gān( )gǎn( )

Grind mó( ) mò( )　无méi( ) mò( )

No. háo( )hào( ) mú( ) mó( )

Xingxīng( ) xìng( ) jijī ( ) jǐ ( )

cage lóng ( ) lǒng ( )fenfēn( )fèn( )

平piān( ) biǎn ( ) 乐yuè( )lè(

)

Chong chōng( ) chòng( ) dandān( )dàn( )

宁níng( ) nìng( )出jǐn( )jìn( )

jiāng( )jiàng( ) Benz bēn( ) bèn ( )

Sweep sǎo( ) sào( )　Béi( )bèi( )

Reference cān( )shēn( ) similar sì( )shì( )

血xuě( )xuè ( ) 佛fú( )fó( )

field cháng( )chǎng( ) dàn( )tán( )

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雷léi（ ）lèi（ ）中zhōng（ ）zhòng（ ）

Fresh xiān（ ）xiǎn（ ） Shi shí（ ） shè（ ）

forbidden jīn（ ) jìn ( ) Zai zǎi ( ) zài ( )

Zang zāng ( ) zàng ( ) Tiao diào ( ) tiáo ( )

Zha zhā ( ) zhá ( ) Luò ( ) là（ ）

PU pū（ ） pù（ ） earn zhēng（ ）zhèng（ ）

Yuyù（ ） yō（ ） Yingyīng（ ）yìng（ ）

< p>pee bāo（ ) Guan guān ( ) guàn ( )

Zhē ( ) shé ( ) Green lǜ ( ) lù ( )

Juan juān ( ) juàn ( ) Zai zǎi ( ) zǐ ( )

Encircle quān ( ) juàn ( ) bury mái ( ) mán ( )

For gōng ( ) gòng ( ) brake shā ( ) chà ( )

Pick tiāo ( ) tiǎo ( ) hide cáng ( ) zàng ( )

正zhēng ( ) zhèng ( ) spray pēn ( ) pèn ( )

she shě ( ) shè ( ) halo yūn （ ）yùn（ ）

Gěi（ ）jǐ（

) solution jiě ( ) jiè ( )

Ping pǐng ( ) bǐng ( ) nail dīng ( ) dìng ( )

强qiáng ( ) qiǎng ( ) jiàng ( ) ahā ( )

difference chā( ) chà( )chāi( ) ahá( )

coax hōng( )hǒng( ) hòng( ) ahǎ( )

má( ) mǎ( ) ma( ) ahà( ) Chinese Pinyin letters

(1) Initial consonants

Initial consonants refer to the consonants at the beginning of the syllable.

There are 23 initial consonants in Mandarin. They are b, p, m, f, d, t, n, l, g, k, h, j, q, x, zh, ch, sh, r, z, c, s, y, w.

Zero initial consonant: Some syllables do not begin with a consonant and have no initial consonant, which are called zero initial consonants. There are 10 zero initial consonants in Mandarin that can form syllables of their own: a (ah), 0 (oh,) e (goose), ai (sadness), ei,

ao (boil), ou (欧 (欧) ), an (安), en (恩), ang (ANG).

Initial consonants are divided into seven categories according to their pronunciation and location.

- Bilabial sound: a sound formed by obstruction of both lips. Include b p m .

- Labiodental: a sound formed by the lower lip approaching the upper teeth. including f .

- Tongue alto: the sound formed by the tip of the tongue against the upper gums, including d, t, n, l.

- Tongue sound: refers to the sound formed when the base of the tongue is against or close to the soft palate. Including g, k, h.

- Tongue surface sound: It is a sound formed when the front of the tongue is against or close to the upper alveolar or front of the hard palate. Including j, q, x, y, w.

- Post-apical sound: refers to the sound formed by the tip of the tongue rising up against or close to the front of the hard palate. Including zh, ch, sh, r.

- Tip-front sound: refers to the sound formed by the tip of the tongue against or close to the back of the upper teeth. Including z, c, s.

- According to whether the vocal cords vibrate during pronunciation, initial consonants can be divided into two types: voiceless and voiced.

- Voiceless: When pronouncing, the vocal cords do not vibrate, and the airflow that comes out carries no sound. Including: b, p, f, d, t, g, k, h, j, q, x, zh, ch, sh, z, c, s.

- Consonants: During pronunciation, the vocal cords vibrate and the airflow carries the sound. Including: m, n, l, r, y, w.

(2) Finals

The finals refer to the part of the syllable after the initial consonant.

There are 24 finals. Divided into single finals, compound finals, and nasal finals.

- Single vowels: one to six. Including a, o, e, i, u, v.

- Compound vowels: one***eight. Including ai, ei, ui, ao, ou, iu, ie, üe.

- Nasal vowels: one *** nine. Front nasal finals include an, en, in, un, and ün. Postnasal finals ang, eng, ing, ong.

- Special final: er.

(3) Overall recognition and reading

1 The overall recognition and reading of syllables does not distinguish between initial consonants and finals, nor does it distinguish between spelling methods. It directly notates Chinese characters.

2 includes 16 syllables: zhi, chi, shi, ri, zi, ci, si, yi, wu, ye, yūe, yin, ying, yun, yuan.

2 Pinyin

Pinyin is to quickly read the initial consonants and finals into one syllable.

When spelling, you should pronounce the initial consonants lightly and short, and pronounce the final consonants heavy and long. Pay attention not to pause between the initial consonants and finals, that is, use "the first sound is light and short and the last sound is heavy, and the two sounds are in harmony Read out the syllables using the method of "fight hard and touch".

(1) The formation of syllables

1 The finals themselves become syllables independently. Such as ān (安), ài (love), è (amount).

2 The initial consonants and finals form a syllable. Such as dǎ (fight), hǎi (sea) zhōng (中).

3 The initial consonant plus the medial consonant and the final vowel form a syllable. Such as guà (hang), xiǎo (small), quán (全).

4 Recognize and read syllables as a whole. Such as wǔ (五) zhī (之) sī (斯).

(2) Spelling method

1 The two-spelling method is to divide the entire syllable into two parts: initial consonants and finals. Read the initial consonants first, then the finals, in rapid succession, and then pronounce the syllables. For example: p_a_pa

2 Three-spelling method: Divide the syllable into three parts: initial consonants, finals, and rhymes for spelling. When spelling longer syllables with i, u, or ü in the middle, read the initial consonant first, then i, u, or ü, and then read the following finals. Three parts exhale one syllable in succession. j_i_a_jia

3 Sound-introduction combined spelling method: combine the initial consonant and final into one part, and spell it with the rest of the final. This method is only suitable for syllables with rhymes.gu_an_guan.

3. Tone

(1) The meaning of tone

Tone refers to the syllable Variations of high, low, rising, falling, curved, straight, long, and short.

(2) Classification of tones

There are four tones in Mandarin: Yinping, Yangping, rising tone, and falling tone.

(3) Marking of tones

1. Tone symbols should be marked on the finals.

2. There are also certain rules for standard tuning. When a syllable with a single final vowel appears, it is marked on this final, such as ā (A) é (Ru).

3. When a compound vowel syllable appears, the tone mark is on the letter with a larger opening and a louder pronunciation, such as ài (爱) áng (ANG) ōu (欧), when encountering ui and iu It should be marked on the next letter, such as niú (ox) húi (back) jiǔ (nine).

4. In order to help memory, the single vowels a, o, e, i, u are summarized in the order Mother A appears and puts on her hat. The eldest brother is not looking for the second child, and the second child is looking for the third child. The fourth and fifth children come together, and whoever is behind wears it.

(4) Soft voice

1 Soft voice is a special tone change in continuous reading. The voice is soft and not in tune. The pronunciation of the word "Qingyin" should be pronounced with dots. For example, dad (bā?ba) 2 can distinguish the meaning and part of speech when spoken softly. Such as: brother xiōng di (younger brother) brother xiong dì (brother and younger brother) such as: benefit lì hài (interest and damage, noun) benefit li hai (violent, fierce, adjective).

3 The following syllables should be pronounced softly:

The noun endings are "子", "儿", "头" and "人", etc., such as: gun barrel (qiāng gǎn zi) hoe (chú tou) They (tā men) The second syllable of the repeated noun. Such as: father (bà ba) mother (mā ma)

Some directional nouns. For example: bed (chuáng shang) outside (wài bian)

The last syllable of the overlapping verb. For example: look (kàn kan) talk (shuō shuo)

The second syllable of some two-syllable words. Such as: clothes (yī shang) clear (qīng chu) beautiful (piào liang)

Particles "bar", "m", "it", "ah", "of", "地", " "Get", "get", "get", "pass", etc.

For example: go (qù ba), okay (xíng ma), been (qù guo), come (lái le).

(5) Rules of tone changes

1. When two third tones are connected, the first third tone is pronounced as the second tone. Such as: guidance, chalk.

2. When three third tones are connected, the first two third tones are pronounced the second. Such as: iron bucket, exhibition hall.

4. Spelling rules of syllables

(1) The function and use of yw

1. The function of yw is to insulate sound, as long as the syllable begins with i, The letters u and ü must use yw to represent the beginning of the syllable. For example, liù uàn (60,000) is written as liù wàn (60,000).

2. In zero initial consonants, all finals in line i should start with y. If there is no other vowel after i, add y in front of i. The letters adding y include i, in, and ing. (yi, yin, ying).

3. For all syllables starting with ü, add y before ü, and omit the two dots on ü. The letters it includes are: ü(yu) üan(yuan) ün(yun).

4. For any syllable starting with u, if there is no other vowel after u, add w before u. Such as u wū (house).

5. If there are other vowels after i, replace i with y, which indicates the beginning of the syllable. Such as ia(ya) ie( ye ) iao(yao) iou(you) ian(yan) iang(yang) iong(yong).

6. If there is a different vowel after u, replace u with w. Such as: ua(wa) uo(wo) uai(wai) ue(wei) uan(wan) uen(wen) uang(wang) ueng( weng) .

(2) Usage of ü

1. When the initial consonants j, q, and x are combined with the final ü, the compound final üe starting with ü, and the nasal final ün, the Two points can be omitted.

2. When ü is combined with the initial consonants n and l, the two points on ü cannot be omitted.

The use of five capital letters

(1) Capital letters

Including: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I ,J,K,L,M,N,O,P,Q,R,S,T,U,V,W,X,Y,Z.

(2) Usage requirements

1 Learn capital letters and be able to look up the dictionary in phonetic order.

2 In a person’s name, the first letter of the surname and first name should be capitalized. Such as: Lài Níng (Lai Ning).

3 The first letter of each word in proper nouns and special phrases should be capitalized, such as Běi jīng (Beijing). Gòngchǎngdǎng (***Communist Party).

4 The first letter at the beginning of a sentence should be capitalized. Such as Wǒ ài lóo dòng (I love labor).

5 - Some book titles, article titles, and product trademarks use Chinese pinyin in capital letters. Such as: XIN HUA SHU DIAN (Xinhua Bookstore).

Writing the Six Chinese Pinyin Letters

When writing the Pinyin letters, you must write the glyphs correctly, and you must also find the position of each letter in the four-line grid, knowing that the four lines and three The name and function of the grid.

1. The letters occupying the upper middle square of four lines and three squares are: i, u, b, f, d, t, k, l.

2. The letters occupying the middle grid of four lines and three grids are: a, o, e, u, x, n, z, c, s, r, w, m.

3. The letters that occupy the middle and lower squares of four lines and three squares are: y, p, q, g.

4. The letters that occupy the upper, middle and lower spaces in four lines and three spaces are: j

Seven soundproof symbols

a, o, e, starting with When syllables are connected after other syllables, if the boundaries of the syllables are unclear, they must be separated by soundproof symbols (') to avoid confusion in pronunciation.

Such as: ku’ai (love) - kuai block.

Baerhua rhyme

1 er is added after other finals to make this final a retroflex rhyme. This situation is called Erhua rhyme.

2 Erhua syllables are generally represented by two Chinese characters. The writing method is to add an r after the original vowel. For example: "花儿" is written as "huar".

3 Erification can determine the part-of-speech of some words. Such as: Hua (verb), Hua'er (noun), Jian (adjective), Jian'er (noun).