I didn't write down the specific turnover times, but only wrote that the turnover materials are amortized according to the turnover times and included in the quota.

amortization amount = one-time usage ×(1+ construction loss )× [1+(turnover times-1 )× loss compensation rate/turnover times-(1-loss compensation rate) 5%/ turnover times]

To be honest, I'm not very proficient in this either. My personal experience is that regular buildings are turned around seven times at a time. But the actual construction can reach 2 times. Irregular is about five times. But the actual construction will be about 1 times. What are the turnover times of formwork in Zhejiang 3 quota

Zhejiang 3 quota: 5 steel formwork, 5 steel support, 5 wood formwork (3cm considered), 7 composite wood formwork, 1 supporting wood and 2 jacking wood formwork?

the same raw materials (whole board)

specification: 122*244MM

urine glue 3-5 times

melamine glue 6-8 times

phenolic glue 1 times or more

specification: 183*915MM is higher than specification: 122*244MM.

the wooden model is hard to say!

what is the turnover number of beer plastic boxes? What is the turnover number of beer bottles?

beer bottle turnover times: it is limited to six times;

the turnover times of beer plastic containers: usually limited to the inability to transport and store beer safely.

The preparation and revision of "Beer Bottle" and other standards.

I. Revision of the Standard for Beer Bottles

In the early 199s, beer consumption was an obvious seller's market, and beer sold quickly. The inspection of packaging materials in breweries was not strict, and the explosion of bottled beer injured people from time to time, which became the focus of consumer complaints. The relevant state departments decided to revise the standard of Beer Bottle to control the occurrence of bottle explosion. Therefore, the revision of the standard of Beer Bottle has attracted attention from all sides. Up to now, the revision of the standard of Beer Bottle has gone through three stages:

1. The revision stage of the standard in 1995

In 1995, the standard GB 4544-91 of Beer Bottle was revised. Due to the significant differences of opinions between the beer industry and the glass bottle manufacturing industry on the revised content of the standard, the main content of the standard was not changed, but only the file of strengthening the quality management of beer bottles by the relevant departments of the former state was added. It is suggested that the recycling period of beer bottles should be two years; List lightweight disposable beer bottles, etc. The revised standard GB4544—1996 was released on June 25th, 1996 and implemented on January 1st, 1997. In 1998, the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine issued Document No.4, which made it clear that beer enterprises must all use beer bottles conforming to GB4544—1996 from April 1, 1999. That is to say, non-"B" bottles are eliminated and all "B" marked bottles are used.

however, during the implementation of GB4544—1996, the following problems appeared, which were greatly reacted by beer enterprises.

① enterprises need to invest a lot of money to replace non-B bottles in a centralized way, and it is difficult to distinguish "B" bottles from non-B bottles in the replacement process;

② For the elimination of non-"B" bottles within a time limit, law enforcement efforts vary from place to place. Some enterprises expand the acquisition of other brands of "B" recycled bottles, and some enterprises still use non-"B" bottles, resulting in market confusion;

③ after the implementation of the new standard, the problem of bottle explosion in the consumer market has not been solved.

in 1998, in order to fully understand the implementation of the beer bottle standard in the beer industry, the beer branch organized a survey on the use of beer bottles, including the proportion of new bottles used in beer production, the proportion of "B" bottles used, the turnover days of beer bottles and the detection of the qualified rate of beer bottles. More than 1 questionnaires were collected, and after sorting out the survey results, the beer branch reflected the situation to the relevant state departments and put forward problems in the implementation of the standard.

2. The standard of "Beer Bottle" was included in the standard making plan for the second time.

Due to strong reaction from enterprises and public opinion, the new standard failed to stop the bottle explosion. In 22, the state included the standard of "Beer Bottle" in the revised plan for the second time. On June 22nd, China National Light Industry Federation held a seminar on standard revision attended by representatives of glass bottle manufacturing and beer industry. The main contents of the discussion were as follows: beer bottles were no longer classified according to quality, but were divided into new bottle standards and minimum use standards, and beer bottles below the index were prohibited from being used; Appropriately improve the physical and chemical indexes of new bottles; Recyclable bottles increase the weight-volume ratio index; Delete "it is suggested that the recycling period of beer bottles should be two years"; The capacity and size of beer bottles are only limited by tolerances, and the specific values are uncertain, so as to guide the development of beer bottles to small capacity; Guide the use of lightweight non-recyclable bottles, which is in line with the development trend of international bottle making industry.

In order to fully collect the opinions of beer enterprises on the revision of the beer bottle standard, the beer branch sent a letter asking for the revision opinions of the standard, but the feedback opinions were very messy, with many questions and few specific opinions; Give more general opinions and less specific information. To sum up, the main opinions are as follows:

① Support the suggestion of deleting the service life of beer bottles;

② to improve the physical and chemical indexes of beer bottles, such as internal pressure resistance and impact resistance, it is required to increase the thickness of beer bottles, while individual factories require to reduce the indexes of beer bottles;

③ support to increase the weight-capacity ratio index;

④ Disposable beer bottles must be clearly marked to avoid confusion with recycled bottles;

⑤ There are two opinions on the capacity and tolerance size of beer bottles: one is to suggest diversification and develop special bottles; Second, it is required that the specifications of beer bottles in the country are unified and beer bottles can be used universally;

⑥ expressed concern about formulating the minimum use standard of beer bottles.

After sorting out the above opinions in detail, the Beer Branch forwarded them to the standard revision unit, but they were not published in the industry. Because the beer industry and beer bottle manufacturing industry still have great differences in the content of standard revision, the progress of standard revision is slow.

In September, 22, the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine held the "22 National Beer Bottle Quality Analysis Meeting" in Chengdu, Sichuan, and reported the random inspection of beer bottles in 22 (not announced to the public), but few representatives of beer enterprises attended. From 1999 to 22, the country sampled and tested the quality of beer bottles in the second quarter of each year: the qualified rate was 79.5% in 1999, 76.8% in 2, 83.6% in 21 and 87.3% in 22 (excluding recycled bottles); In 22, 39 breweries in 18 provinces and cities were randomly selected for the first time, and the qualified rate was only 33.3%, including 7% for large enterprises, 33.3% for medium enterprises and 7.1% for small enterprises. The main unqualified items were impact resistance, internal pressure resistance and axial deviation. It can be seen from the above test results that the qualified rate of new beer bottles is increasing year by year, but the qualified rate of recycled bottles is still low; The qualified rate of large enterprises in beer industry is higher than that of small and medium-sized enterprises. At this meeting, Wuhan Budweiser Company introduced the experience of beer bottle quality control.

3. Discussion stage of "Beer Bottle" standard (draft)

On July 12, 24, the Beer Branch received the revision (draft) of "Beer Bottle" standard from the standard drafting unit. Compared with the standard text of GB4544—1996, this revision (draft) mainly has the following modifications:

① It is determined that beer bottles will no longer be used. In principle, it is: the new recyclable bottle adopts the excellent product index in GB4544—1996 standard; In use, the old bottle adopts the qualified product index; The index of disposable new bottle is between the two;

(2) The specific specifications and sizes of beer bottles with effective capacity of 64mL are no longer put forward separately, and the corresponding relative and absolute tolerances of the capacity are stipulated according to the different nominal capacities of beer bottles, which is conducive to guiding the development of beer capacity to miniaturization;

③ The weight-capacity ratio index has been established, but the specific index value has not been determined;

④ put forward the acceptance quality limit (the index is qualified%) when beer bottles are handed over and accepted, but the specific value has not been determined;

⑤ There is no regulation on the service life of beer bottles;

⑥ beer bottles should be marked with "B", and disposable beer bottles should also be marked with "NR" on the shoulder.

In recent two years, the quality management of beer bottles has been strengthened in breweries, and many factories have included the inspection of new bottles entering the factory and the sampling inspection of recycled bottles online in the routine inspection system, and the incidents of injuries caused by bottled beer explosions in the market have also decreased. In order to understand the current usage of beer bottles in the industry and the opinions of enterprises on the draft standard of beer bottles, the beer branch conducted another survey on the usage of beer bottles.

The main contents of this survey are: the specifications of beer bottles currently used and the proportion of new bottles; The use of brand-specific bottles; The main physical and chemical indexes of special bottle: internal pressure resistance, impact resistance and weight-volume ratio; Specific opinions on revising the standard (draft). The Beer Branch sent a survey notice to 315 breweries, but only 67 questionnaires were returned, with a feedback rate of 22%.

① Statistical results of the investigation on the use of beer bottles in the beer industry

a. Among the beer output of the investigated enterprises, bottled beer accounts for 91.9%, which is close to the national statistical results; Among bottled beer, 64mL bottles account for 79.8%, of which new bottles account for 34.3% in 64mL bottles (calculation result: new bottles account for 25% in all beer packaging, which is higher than the national output calculation ratio);

B, 8.6% of the enterprises surveyed used brand-specific bottles (higher than the national proportion). There are 26 kinds of special bottles in 54 breweries, which are produced in 53 glass factories and spread all over the country. Special bottles of beer account for a small proportion in the total output, but the number of brands and specifications shows that breweries have tried their best to highlight brand characteristics and brand personality characteristics.

C, the physical and chemical indicators of special bottles are limited by the processing contract, and there is a big difference among the factories

Internal pressure resistance: 1.2 ~ 4. MPa

Impact resistance: .3 ~ 1.6j

Weight-to-capacity ratio (full capacity of beer bottles): .75 ~ .85 for 64mL bottles, with an average of .77 <

D, price: the average price of a new 64mL beer bottle for ordinary use is .53 yuan/bottle, and the average price of a special bottle is .62 yuan/bottle.

② Comments on the draft standard of Beer Bottles

a. It is emphasized that the service life of recycled bottles should not be specified. A few manufacturers suggested that the service life can be specified according to the test results, and some manufacturers suggested that the service life should not be specified by time alone, but should be combined with other indicators, but no specific opinions were put forward;

B, basically agree with the modified physical and chemical indicators of beer bottles, but there are two opinions, most of them think that the physical and chemical indicators should be improved, and some think that the indicators (draft) are too high;

C, it is in favor of increasing the weight-volume ratio index, and it is more than .8(536g) for a 64mL bottle;

D, worried about the confusion between recyclable bottles and disposable bottles, and poor operability in the circulation process;

E, it is suggested to stipulate several beer bottle capacity indexes. At present, the indexes of brand-specific bottles are messy, which is not conducive to management;

F, there are still a few unrealistic requirements, such as canceling the "B" mark and the quality index of recycling old bottles.

③ Recent progress in the revision of the standard of Beer Bottle

After the revision of the standard (draft), both trade associations organized discussions in their respective industries and solicited opinions extensively, but the results were still quite different. The glass bottle manufacturing industry has a strong response to the weight-volume ratio of beer bottles, and thinks that the international trend is to lighten bottles, and it is necessary to change the process to improve the weight of bottles; It is also considered that the bottle weight is not necessarily of good quality, and the bottle weight has a thick wall and poor uniformity. It is also hoped that the impact resistance index will be appropriately reduced; There are some views on the widespread use of special bottles in breweries, hoping to use more disposable lightweight bottles; It is hoped that the service life of beer bottles will be limited. At present, both sides are looking forward to communication and consultation.

4. Attitude of beer enterprises

The revision of the beer bottle standard has been introduced in detail above. The progress of the standard revision is slow. What is the attitude of beer enterprises? We put forward some views and discuss with you.

① Beer enterprises should have two understandings: First, it is their duty to strengthen the management of beer bottles, and a perfect beer bottle inspection system must be established. In addition to batch inspection of new bottles entering the factory, recycled bottles should also be sampled on the production line to fully understand the quality of beer bottles used. Beer bottle inspection cannot depend on glass factories, and beer factories should have devices and means for beer bottle quality inspection; Second, beer bottles are important beer packaging materials and a part of products. Beer manufacturers should be fully responsible for their quality and bear the responsibility of using unqualified bottles. Simply shirking the poor quality of beer bottles and emphasizing the problems in consumers' use are evading legal responsibility.

② The standard revision (draft) has stipulated the physical and chemical indexes of beer bottles in three categories (recyclable new bottles, used old bottles and disposable new bottles), that is, the old bottles in use have stipulated the minimum quality requirements, and beer bottles below this limit should not be used. This is a mandatory provision, and it is impossible to blindly emphasize the great difference in individual quality of recycled old bottles, the unrepresentative sampling samples and the requirement to delete the quality supervision of using old bottles.

③ The beer industry should adhere to the limits of the weight-volume ratio of beer bottles and other quality indicators, so as to ensure the quality qualification rate of recycled bottles during use. Experiments show that excluding the influence of other factors (collision, friction, exposure, etc.) in the recycling process, the decline speed of beer bottle quality index is inversely proportional to the bottle wall thickness (that is, the bottle weight). The lightweight beer bottle has a thin wall. Although the new bottle is qualified, the quality index drops rapidly in use. It was found in the experiment that the 64mL bottle (weight-volume ratio of .67) of about 45g was used twice, that is, it was unqualified, while the 64mL beer bottle (weight-volume ratio of .9) of 6g was used for two years, and the quality index was still qualified. The weight-volume ratio of recycled bottles abroad (Germany and Japan) is above .9. Judging from the current use of brand-specific bottles, the weight-volume ratio of beer bottles should be above .8. (Draft) The thickness of the bottle wall and bottle bottom has not been changed, and it is still set at no more than 2:1, and the thickness of the bottle bottom is greater than 3mm, and it is better if it can be modified to 1.5:1. While insisting on the weight-volume ratio of beer bottles, breweries should also be prepared to raise prices.

④ It's best for brewery to recycle old bottles at designated places, and not to collect bottles of miscellaneous brands indiscriminately. Using bottles of miscellaneous brands can't guarantee the quality, and it will also damage the brand and corporate image.

⑤ The service life is no longer stipulated in the revised standard, but the brewery should properly eliminate the old bottles according to the quality of the recycled bottles, and the recycled bottles with low qualification rate should not be used.