It should be: Carl Benz 1844-1929 The definition of a car is according to the authoritative statement of "Cihai": "A car is a trackless vehicle that can drive itself and is mainly used for transportation. It was originally called 'automatic' "Car", because it is mostly equipped with a gasoline engine, it is called "car" for short. "Modern Chinese Dictionary" explains that "A car is a vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine and mainly runs on highways or roads. It usually has four or more rubber tires. It is used to carry people or goods." But this gives cars The definition is not rigorous. Firstly, motorcycles are self-propelled, trackless, and use gasoline engines; secondly, tractors also use internal combustion engines, are trackless, and have four or more wheels; thirdly, steam locomotives in the past used external combustion engines; fourthly, today's automobiles can still Use natural gas, coal gas, methanol, etc. as fuel, not to mention solar vehicles, electric vehicles, etc. Therefore, the current explanation of cars has certain limitations, and it is necessary to explore this to reflect the characteristics of cars more scientifically. We believe that the following factors must be taken into consideration when defining a car: First, the emergence and development of cars. The emergence and development of automobiles have gone through a history of more than 200 years. Cars in different periods have different structural characteristics, and the types and uses of automobiles are also changing with each passing day. Secondly, based on the original meaning of automobiles. Cars originate from the West and should be defined mainly based on the original meaning of the Western language and combined with the modern meaning of cars. "Automobile" in English is composed of "Auto (self)" and "Mobif can move". This is the origin of "Automobile", which means that it can move by itself, that is, an automatic car; Chapter 1 Third, there are differences between automobiles and other similar machines. The definition of automobiles should not completely cover all the characteristics of similar machines. Let’s analyze this issue from the emergence and development of steam locomotives. Since ancient times, people have been using human power and animal power as the power source of vehicles. Later, they developed to use natural force to create wind-powered vehicles. Then with the development of the machinery industry, some people created pulleys, clockwork vehicles, etc. But these. The vehicles were not recognized by the world because of their lack of use value. The emergence of the Watt steam engine in the mid-18th century became the trigger for the first industrial revolution in Europe. It laid the foundation for the birth of the steam locomotive in 1769. Nicholas Cugnot, a captain in the army artillery, built the world's first steam engine-powered tricycle (pictured above). The main purpose of building this vehicle at that time was to tow artillery. The body was made of wood. , supported by three huge wheels. The diameter of the front wheel is 1.28 meters and the diameter of the rear wheel is 1.5 meters. The front of the car is equipped with a "pear" shaped boiler, and there are two cylinders with a capacity of 11 gallons at the rear of the boiler. The generated steam is sent to the two cylinders to push the two pistons to move. The force generated by the piston movement is transmitted to the front wheels through a simple crankshaft, and the front wheels drive the entire vehicle. Although the car looks bulky and crudely made. And the working efficiency is not high. But it uses mechanical power to achieve self-driving, that is, "automation" in the modern sense. This can be said to be a historical leap. By the end of the eighteenth century, European countries had achieved great success. The United States has successively manufactured steam locomotives with wider uses such as carrying supplies and transporting people. The body and other structures have been greatly improved. By the mid-19th century, a heyday of steam locomotives was formed (this article refers specifically to road steam). Locomotive). Therefore, steam locomotives occupy an important position in the history of human transportation. Compared with modern cars, steam locomotives have the characteristics of being self-driven, not relying on tracks and wires, and being equipped with wheels. An external combustion engine is used as the power source. However, both external combustion and internal combustion belong to the category of engines, but the forms are different. It can be seen that no matter what fuel it uses, it is sufficient as long as it is driven by itself. The basic conditions of a car. Therefore, a steam locomotive can be called a car. 2. Cars powered by internal combustion engines. In 1885, German engineer Karl Benz made the world's first gasoline-fueled car. Powered by an internal combustion engine, it is mainly used for the modern passenger car "Mercedes-Benz No. 1" (Figure 2), and has been patented. The car is equipped with three solid rubber tire wheels, one small wheel at the front and two large wheels at the back; A single-cylinder four-stroke gasoline engine is placed between the two rear wheels; the power generated by the engine is transmitted to the rear axle equipped with a differential through a gear and chain mechanism, and the driving direction is controlled by a joystick.

In order to improve the comfort of people riding, a leaf spring suspension is installed between the frame and axle, making it more characteristic of modern cars. Using the internal combustion engine as the driving force can make the car body light and flexible, with a high degree of automation and labor-saving operation. At the same time, it also enabled the automobile industry to achieve a technological and conceptual sublimation. The word "car" is a foreign word, and the title "Automobile" does not mean internal combustion engine, external combustion engine or what fuel is used, nor does it specifically refer to gasoline as fuel. Its original meaning is "self-propelled". Therefore, as mentioned above, The above definition of automobile is inevitably one-sided. 3. The coexistence of automobiles with different fuels and different uses. In 1898, the Frenchman Diesel exhibited the diesel internal combustion engine he developed at the Munich Exhibition for the first time, making gasoline available. The dominance of automobiles was challenged. In the same year, American Aldolf Bush successfully built the world's first diesel car. The emergence of diesel cars broadened the ways for people to develop automobile fuels. With the advancement of science and technology, scientists have developed cars that are fueled by natural gas, coal gas, methanol, and powered by electricity and solar energy. The successful development of these cars that are powered by different fuels and different forms of energy has not only broken the trend. In the past, people have always believed that cars are fueled by gasoline, which has also broken the concept that cars are powered by "internal combustion engines". The development and utilization of new energy sources has enabled the car family to continue to grow and become more widely used. Power machinery with various uses has been derived from it, making cars a dazzling and beautiful scene in people's minds, such as: sprinklers, fire trucks, engineering vehicles, large flatbed transport trucks, snow plows, etc. There are countless dump trucks and cars that perform various military tasks (Figure 3). Although these cars are of various types, colors and uses, they all have the same overall characteristics of cars and are all derived from the instinct of transportation. . According to the definition of "automobile" in the West, they all belong to the category of "automatic vehicles". Motorcycle is the transliteration of English "Motorcycle", and cycle is "Motorcycle" published by Jiangsu Children's Publishing House in 1999. There are two types of three-wheel motorcycles. One is a side three-wheel motorcycle with a sidecar with wheels attached to a more powerful two-wheel motorcycle; the other is a side-wheel motorcycle with one wheel in the front and center. , a three-wheeled motorcycle with two wheels at the back. This means that a motorcycle is made by adding an engine to a bicycle or bicycle-like body. Its frame is completely different from that of a car. The car is derived from the two-wheeled motorcycle. Although it belongs to the category of "automobile", it is not a "car". The tractor is a kind of agricultural machinery, and its use was separated with the development of the automobile industry in the 1970s. Before the 1990s, tractors could be seen everywhere on the road, whether in cities or in rural areas. People used them as an important means of transportation and agricultural machinery. This situation is more common in our country. It can be seen that tractors are not cars in terms of use. Compared with cars, there are obvious differences in the overall structure of tractors. The body of a car cannot be separated. Except for some models in certain vehicle categories, such as large flatbed transport trucks, the cab and load flatbed are not connected to the frame. For other types of vehicles, the cab and the carriage are either integrated or fixedly mounted on the same frame; the tractor body is two halves compared to the car, with a flexible connection in the middle. The cab and the carriage cannot be fixed as one, and the driving wheels Large, small driven wheel front. Therefore, tractors also belong to the category of "automatic vehicles", but they are not "cars" either. To sum up: cars belong to a developing family in the category of "automatic cars". Cars in different periods have different technical performance and structural characteristics. A car is a wheeled transportation vehicle that is driven by its own power, does not rely on tracks and wires, has 4 or more wheels, the cab and the cabin are integrated or fixedly mounted on the same frame, and can run on the road. , and trackless automatic vehicles derived from it with other special purposes. It is not easy to give an accurate definition to a car, but one thing must be admitted. The car is a public thing that belongs to the whole world. It is the responsibility of all car owners to give it a true explanation. The Four Kings of the Automobile World Just as there will eventually be only a few major car companies left in the world, there will also be only a few brands of ultra-luxury cars left. Because only large companies have the human, material and financial resources to develop and produce cars for a very small number of people.

The four kings of Germany and even the world in the future will be Audi's "Haixi", BMW's "Rolls-Royce", Mercedes-Benz's "Maybach" and Volkswagen's "Bentley". An important feature of these cars is that they are only sold to people with a certain social identity and status. Mercedes-Benz's Maybach not only has the longest body, but also has the highest status in the hearts of Germans. Almost as long as there have been cars, its name has represented the ultimate in luxury. Why do big companies have to have their own superstars? We won’t mention other reasons here, but only give a brief glimpse of the customer’s car-purchasing psychology. Everyone has their own preferences. Based on experience, everyone prefers certain brands of cars: people who drive a Mercedes-Benz C-Class will buy an S-Class when they have more money. So what if people who drive an S-Class become "Dafa" again? If there is no Maybach, he may buy a Rolls-Royce or other brands. Mercedes-Benz S-Class sells tens of thousands of cars every year. If one percent of the customers become "big", hundreds of Maybachs will be needed, and the profit will be equivalent to selling tens of thousands of small cars. In the same way, most people who drive an Audi A3 or A4 will switch to an Audi A6 or A8 when they get richer. So what if people who drive an A8 become "Dafa" again? If there is no better Audi, he can only buy other brands. People who drive a BMW 3 Series or 5 Series will definitely switch to a BMW 7 Series when they get richer. So it is unimaginable that there is no more advanced BMW than the 7 Series, so BMW acquired Rolls-Royce. BMW's Most Expensive: Rolls-Royce After acquiring the British Rolls-Royce, BMW will launch a new Rolls-Royce, a top-notch luxury sedan containing the cutting-edge technology of the BMW 7 Series, in 2003. The engine is a 12-cylinder 450 horsepower. The price is 750,000 marks. Mercedes-Benz Supreme: Maybach Forget all your car dreams, because a true luxury car appears. Mercedes-Benz will produce Germany's most luxurious sedan, the Maybach. The price starts at 650,000 marks, and the V12 engine has 476 horsepower. Because the most expensive Mercedes-Benz RV currently only costs more than 200,000 marks, Mercedes-Benz does not plan to list the car as a series of Mercedes-Benz brand products, but as a separate brand and sell it separately. Audi Zongzong: Haoxi Audi may launch a super-top luxury sedan "Haoxi" on top of its top-end sedan A8. "Horch" is the German word for "Audi", and "Audi" is the Latin word for "Haoxi", both of which mean "listen" in Chinese, and are the names of the founders of Audi. It is estimated that "Haoxi" will use a V12 twelve-cylinder engine, which will use the same platform as the A8, Volkswagen's "Bentley" and other top-end cars. Volkswagen to China: Bentley Rolls-Royce and Bentley were originally two merged British companies. After being acquired by BMW, Bentley was sold to Volkswagen. As a result, Volkswagen also bid farewell to the history of only producing Volkswagen cars and launched the top luxury sedan belonging to German Volkswagen. The most expensive car, the Mercedes-Benz S-Class, is only 220,000 marks, while the cheapest Maybach is 650,000 marks. The huge space in the middle was left for Bentley, with an estimated price of 300,000 marks. It is said that the British royal family Queen Elizabeth used to travel in a Rolls-Royce, but now she switches to a Bentley. The top ten fastest mass-produced cars "Forbes" magazine recently announced the ranking of the fastest mass-produced cars in the U.S. market. Champion: Ford's SSC Ultimate Aero supercar topped the list with a top speed of 273 miles/h (approximately 437km/h). In comparison, the world's fastest commercial airliner - "Concorde" took off at a speed of only 360km /h. Champion: SSC Ultimate Aero Runner-up: Saleen S7 Twin Turbo Third place: Bugatti Veyron (406km/h) Fourth place: Koenigsegg CCR (388km/h) Fifth place: Ferrari Enzo (350km/h) Sixth place: Dodge Viper SRT- 10 (348km/h) Seventh place: Pagani Zonda (345km/h) Eighth place: Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren (334km/h) Ninth place: Lamborghini Murcielago (330km/h) Tenth place: Porsche Carrera GT (330km/h) h) Of course, many high-speed mass-produced cars can compete with fighter jets in speed. The 6th-ranked Dodge Viper SRT-10 exceeds the speed of an F-16 fighter within a distance of 800 meters. It should be pointed out that all the top 10 high-speed cars this time are mass-produced cars.

Modern cars ■ American Buick Coupe (Bulck Hardtop Coupe) ■ American Tucker (Tucker Torpedo) ■ American Dodge (Dodye Caston Royal) ■ Swedish Volvo PV444 (Volvo PV444) ■ British Austin (Austin-Healey Sprite MK.1) ■French Renault 4CV (Renaulj 4CV) ■Former Soviet Victory sedan in 1946 ■British Jaguar Mark V-type convertible (Jaguar Mark Convertible) in 1946 ■Italian Ferrari 125 Roadster (Ferrari 125 Roadster) in 1947 ■American Cadillac Type 62 Twin Door sedan (Cadillac Coupe 62) 1947 ■ British Morris Gage TC (MG TC Midget) 1947 ■ British MG model trademark ■ British Daimler Conquest Roadster (Daimler Conquest Roadster) 1948 ■ French Peugeot 203 ( Peugeot 203) 1948 ■ British Morris Minor MM Convertible 1948 ■ American Ford Sportsman Coupe (Ford Sportsman Coupe) 1948 ■ Italian Fiat 500B (FIAT 500B) 1948 ■ Italy Fiat company logo ■ British Singer SM1500 (Singer sm1500) 1949 ■ American Hudson Super Six sedan (Hudson Super Six) 1948 ■ French Citroen 2CV (Citeroen 2CV) 1949 ■ Italian Alfa Romeo SS2500 (Alfa Romeo 6C 2500SS "Villa d'Este") 1949 ■ British Jaguar XK120 (Jaguar XK120) 1949 ■ American Oldsmobile (Oldsmobile Dynamic "88") ■ American Kaiser Blazer (Kaiser Blazer) 1951 ■ British Jaguar C-Type 1951 ■ German Goliath 1952 ■ British Bentley R-Type Continental 1952 ■ British Triumph TR2 1953 ■ Panhard Uniall, France, 1953 ■ Mercedes Benz 220 Cabriolet A, Germany 1953 ■ Loyd, Germany 1953 ■ Mercedes Benz 300SL, Germany 1954 Year ■ Swedish Volvo company logo and Volvo model trademark ■ Swedish Volvo P1800 ES (Volvo P1800 ES) 1954 ■ Italian Lancia B24 light vehicle (Lancia B24 Spider) 1954 ■ American Ford Thunderbird (Ford Thunderbird) 1955 ■ France Simga (SIMCAAronde Plein Ciel) 1955 ■ Japanese Fujitsu Cabin (Fujitsu Cabin) 1955 ■ German Mercedes Benz 300SC Roadster (Mercedes Benz300SC Roadster) 1956 ■ German BMW company logo ■ German BMW 507 (BMM 507 ) 1956 ■ American Buick Roadmaster 1957 ■ American Ford Horizon 500 (Ford Falrlane 500 Skyliner) 1957 ■ British Jaguar XK150 (Jaguar XK150) 1957 ■ American Ford EDSEL series (Ford E

DSEL) 1958 ■ Italian Fiat 500D (FIAT 500D) 1957 ■ British Aston Martin DB4 (Aston Martin DB4) 1958 ■ British Lotus company logo ■ British Austin Healey Sprite MK I 1958 ■ British Austin Healey 100/3000 (Austin Healey 100/3000) 1959 ■ Italian Ferrari 250GT sports car (Ferrari 250GT “SWB”) 1959 ■ German Porsche company logo ■ German Porsche 356B (Porsche 356B) 1959 ■ British Daimler SP250 (Daimler SP250 DART) 1959

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