The special effects department used burning sanitary balls to create the billowing black smoke in the bombing scene. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency supervised the entire filming process. The crew was responsible for assisting in the filming of more than 40 large and small ships. There are 190 computer special effects images in the film. The old-fashioned fighters that appear in the film include three Japanese Aichi 99 carrier-based dive bombers, three replicas of Nakajima 97 carrier-based attack aircraft, three Zero fighters, and the U.S. military's P-40 fighter, and one DC- 3 transport aircraft, 4 B-25 bombers and 1 Messerschmitt ME-109 fighter. Rafe's character is based on fighter pilot Joe Foss, who shot down 32 enemy planes during World War II. Jon Voight considered himself an expert on Roosevelt, so he recommended himself to Michael Bay and got the role of Roosevelt in the film. Kevin Costner turned down the role of Colonel Doolittle. Adrien Brody turned down the role of Ryder. Ashton Kutcher was hoping to play Danny Walker. Charlize Theron declined to star in Sweet November. The producers initially hoped that Matt Damon, Ben Affleck and Gwyneth Paltrow would co-star, but due to filming conflicts, Damon and Paltrow were not involved in the film. The film's script was originally titled "Tennessee," and Disney paid nearly $2 million for the script. Ben Affleck, Josh Hartnett and Alec Baldwin all trained to fly airplanes for their roles in the film. In order to simulate the capsizing of the USS Oklahoma, special effects coordinator John Frazier spent 4 months designing the world's largest universal joint, and building this 700,000-pound pure steel universal joint. It also took 4 months. Not only can it rise 25 degrees, it can also flip 180 degrees. The exterior scenes of the USS Texas were used to film the attacks on the USS Tennessee, USS Oklahoma, and USS West Virginia, while its interior scenes were used for the interior scenes of the USS Hornet. The film took 109 days to shoot, one day longer than originally planned, and had as many as 3,000 crew members. The film's production and publicity costs were roughly the same as the amount of damage caused by Pearl Harbor that year. The film's premiere took place aboard the USS Stennis docked in Pearl Harbor. When scouting locations for filming, the producers discovered that Gary, Indiana was very similar to Tokyo, Japan in 1942, so the crew used aerial footage of Gary to represent Tokyo that suffered the Doolittle Raid. Before filming the film, Michael Bay watched "The Battle of Midway", "Tiger!" Tiger! Tiger! ", "Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo", "Sea of ??Fire", "Memphis Belle" and a large number of battlefield videos. In order to reduce the film's shooting budget, Jerry Bruckheimer and Michael Bay gave up US$4 million in box office dividends, and several leading actors were also willing to cut their own salaries. Before the filming of the film started, the producers provided the crew with a filming budget of US$140 million, which was the highest at the time.